05 arabic verbs & essentials of grammar, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Sport

Download 05 arabic verbs & essentials of grammar and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Sport in PDF only on Docsity! Wo Hi” Quality and Excellence in Education! Vt Essentials of Grammar Second Edition A practical guide to the mastery of Arabic &Essentialsof Grammar Second Edition Verbs Jane Wightwick, Mahmoud Gaatar New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Part Two: Arabic Essentials of Grammar 20. The article and personal pronouns 105 21. Genders 107 22. Sentences without verbs 109 23. Describing things 111 24. Describing position (prepositions of place) 115 25. Plurals 116 26. Describing possession 119 27. Questions and relative clauses 122 28. The dual 123 Appendixes (i) Arabic alphabet and pronunciation 124 (ii) Grammatical case endings 125 (iii)Numbers 126 Verb Index: 400 Arabic verbs for easy reference 127 Arabic–English 128 English–Arabic 144 Introduction This book is intended for beginning and intermediate learners of Arabic. You could be studying in a group or by yourself. Either way, you should find this book an essential and accessible introduction to Arabic verbs and grammar and a helpful on-going reference. We are assuming a basic knowledge of the Arabic script as it is not possible to teach this skill within the parameters of this guide. However, to help you we have also included transliteration throughout, using a simplified system (see Appendix (i), page 124). Arabic Verbs and the Essentials of Grammar aims to make Arabic grammar more understandable by presenting it in an accessible style. This guide covers most of what you will need to know about Arabic verbs during your study of modern Arabic, and also provides a useful summary of the main grammar points. This is a study aid rather than a course. However, there is progression in the two main parts of the book, or you can simply dip in to brush up on a particular area. Verb Index This second edition also includes a comprehensive Verb Index listing 400 high-frequency Arabic Verbs (including all those in this book). The index will enable you to look up individual verbs in Arabic or English alphabetical order and find out their pronunciation, root letters and type. You will then be able to reference them to the relevant sections in this book. Not only this, you will also gain a better insight into how the Arabic verbal system works in general, and so be able to use other advanced dictionaries and references more effectively. We hope you find this book a useful tool in your study of Arabic. Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 1The Arabic rootsystem The key to understanding how Arabic grammar works is in its system of roots. Once you understand how roots work, you can start to identify which are the root letters of a word and understand the patterns they produce. You will then be able to form the different structures following the patterns and use your knowledge to pronounce words correctly and to guess at the meaning of vocabulary. We can begin by looking at some English words: necessary unnecessary necessitate necessarily necessity As a speaker of English, you can see that these words are connected in meaning. You see the combination of letters “necess” and you know that this word is connected with the meaning of “needing.” You can recognize the extra letters on the beginning and end of the word as additional to the meaning: un- meaning “not”; the ending -ity showing that the word is a noun; -ly that it is an adverb, etc. Now look at these Arabic words: (kataba) he wrote (kitaab) book (maktab) office (yaktub) he writes (kaatib) writer Öàc ÜÉàc Öàµe Öàµj ÖJÉc Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. The Arabic root system 9 alphabetization (see page 124 for the order of the Arabic letters). However, the most widely used dictionary for learners (A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, Hans Wehr) uses a system based on the root letters of the word. This means all words with the same root letters are grouped together. You will need to try and figure out the root letters of a word before you can look it up in the dictionary. Here is an example, showing the root Öàc (katab): basic root other words from the same root The Arabic–English verb index on pages 128–143 of this book is arranged in strict alphabetical order. From this you can identify the root letters for a particular verb, enabling you to look it up in Wehr’s dictionary, and other similarly arranged references. 10 The Arabic root system Part One: Arabic Verbs Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. I you (masc.*) you (fem.*) he/it she/it we you (masc. pl) you (fem. pl) they (masc.) they (fem.) Ending (tu) (ta) (ti) (a) (at) (naa) (tum) (tunna) (uu) (na) Example (katabtu) (katabta) (katabti) (kataba) (katabat) (katabnaa) (katabtum) (katabtunna) (katabuu) (katabna) 14 Arabic Verbs ÉfCG nârfnCG pârfnCG nƒ og n»pg oørënf rºoàrfnCG søoàfnCG º og sø og oä nä pä ǹ râ ǹ Énf rºoJ søoJ Gƒ ò** n¿ oârÑnàc nârÑnà nc pârÑnà nc nÖnà nc rânÑnà nc ÉnærÑnà nc rºoàrÑnà nc søoàrÑnà nc GƒoÑnà nc nørÑnà nc singular plural * For an explanation of masculine and feminine genders, see page 107. ** An extra ’alif (G) is written after the waaw (ƒ) but is silent. Note that you will not meet or need the feminine plurals as often as the masculine plurals. This is because you only use the feminine plural if all the people in a group are female. If the group is mixed male and female, the masculine is used. Therefore, this form is the most important to learn and become familiar with in the first place. There are also different endings for two people (the dual). To make it easier to absorb the basics first, an explanation of the dual and its associated verb endings has been separated. Refer to Chapters 17 and 28 for an explanation of the dual if you need it. You do not have to use the personal pronouns (he, she, etc.) before the verb as you do in English. If you see an Arabic sentence like this: (She) wrote a letter to her mother. you can tell it is “she” because of the ending of the verb (katabat). The sentence could be more specific and say exactly who wrote the letter (the subject of the verb). Then you would see: Fatma wrote a letter to her mother. Notice that in written Arabic the subject (Fatma) usually comes after the verb (wrote). More explanation of word order can be found in Chapter 11. The Present The present is used for an action (or state) which is still going on (unfinished). Whereas the past is formed by adding endings to a stem, the present adds letters on the beginning and end of a different present stem to show the subject of the verb. Look first at the present verb below. These letters on the beginning and end are underlined in the third column. Can you identify the stem that appears throughout? Regular verbs: the basic tenses 15 .É n¡ueoC’ ádÉ°S pQ ânÑnà nc .É n¡ueoC’ ádÉ°S pQ áªWÉa ânÑnà nc I you (masc.) you (fem.) he/it she/it ’aktub(u*) taktub(u*) taktubiina yaktub(u*) taktub(u*) ÉfnCG nârfnCG pârfnCG nƒ og n»pg oÖoà rcnCG oÖoàrµnJ nÚpÑoàrµnJ oÖoàrµnj oÖoàrµnJ singular * The final ending (u) on some of the verbs above has been put in parentheses because it is not usually pronounced. If you look at the table, you can see that the present stem — which appears in all the examples — is Öoàrµ` (ktub): the three root letters k/t/b, with no vowel after the first letter and a Damma ( ò`` ) after the second. The different letters added on the beginning and end (prefixes and suffixes) are arranged around this present stem to show the subject of the verb. For example: 16 Arabic Verbs we you (masc. pl) you (fem. pl) they (masc.) they (fem.) naktub(u) taktubuuna taktubna yaktubuuna yaktubna oørënf rºoàrfnCG søoàfnCG º og sø og oÖoàrµnf n¿ƒoÑoàrµnJ nørÑoàrµnJ n¿ƒoÑoàrµnj nørÑoàrµnj plural n¿ƒoÑoàrµnj = n¿ oh + `Ñoà rc + ǹj (Read this way.) prefix (ya)stem (ktub)suffix (uuna)yaktubuuna (they write) ++= nÚ p°ù p∏rénJ = nøpj + `°ù p∏rL + ǹJ prefix (ta)stem (jlis)suffix (iina)tajlisiina (you [fem.] sit) ++= We can apply the same principle to another verb: 3Irregular verbs: introduction Irregular verbs can be defined as verbs that act differently from the basic patterns in all or some cases. Unfortunately for the learner, Arabic has many irregular verbs (although some are more irregular than others!) These fall into three categories and include some of the most common verbs: • Verbs with waaw (h) or yaa’ (…) as one of the root letters • Verbs with hamza (A) as one of the root letters • Doubled verbs, where the second and third letters of the root are the same The first category is the most common, and verbs in this category also display the most irregularities. To help you remember the irregular verbs, we have chosen common verbs in each category to illustrate the patterns in which they appear. The verbs you see in the tables and examples in the following chapters are those you will probably encounter on a regular basis and will need to communicate in Arabic. By studying the way they work and meeting them frequently in spoken and written Arabic, these verbs should help to establish the irregular patterns in your mind. The irregular verbs are covered first in the basic tenses (see Chapter 2 for a review of these tenses). Later chapters cover the various forms and variations. If you need to access this information immediately, go straight to the relevant chapter which will show you how each type of irregular verb behaves in these circumstances. If you want a general overview, work your way more systematically through the chapters in the order they are presented. Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 4Irregular verbs: Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as a root letter Waaw (h) and yaa’ (…) are often called weak letters, and the verbs they contain called weak verbs. These letters do not have a strong sound, unlike letters such as baa’ (Ü) or kaaf (∑), and often drop out of words or become vowel sounds when put into the various patterns. Weak verbs are the largest category of irregular verbs. They can be subdivided into three types depending on which of the root letters is affected: • Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the first root letter (assimilated verbs) • Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the second root letter (hollow verbs) • Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the third root letter (defective verbs) Waaw or yaa’ as first root letter This is one of the simplest irregular patterns. • Verbs with yaa’ as the first root letter are rare and almost completely regular. • Verbs with waaw as the first root letter are regular in the past (perfect) tense: We found a bug (flaw) in the program. .èneÉfrônÑdG ‘ áq∏pY ÉfrónL nh Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as a root letter 21 The government promised a reduction in taxes after the elections. They arrived in Chicago by airplane. In the present, the first root letter almost always drops out completely: (yaSil) he arrives (from the root π°Uh) (yajiduuna) they find (from the root óLh) (taDa´) she puts (from the root ™°Vh) Compare this to the regular form of the present Öoàrµnj (yaktub). In the assimilated verb, the first root letter has disappeared altogether from the stem, leaving just the second and third root letters (Sil/jid/Da´). The table below shows more fully the present tense for the verb (to arrive): .äÉHÉîpàrf’G ór©nH ÖpFGô s°†dG ¢†«ØrînàpH áeƒµo◊G änónY nh .IôpFÉ£dÉH ƒZɵ«°T ¤pEG Gƒo∏ n°U nh π p°ünj n¿hoópénj ™ n°†nJ π p°ünj/nπ n°U nh I you (masc.) you (fem.) he/it she/it ’aSil(u) taSil(u) taSiliina yaSil(u) taSil(u) ÉfnCG nârfnCG pârfnCG nƒ og n»pg oπ p°UnCG oπ p°ünJ nÚp∏ p°ünJ oπ p°ünj oπ p°ünJ singular 24 Arabic Verbs There are a few hollow verbs that behave in the past like verbs with yaa’ as the middle root letter, but which actually have waaw in the middle. One of the most common verbs of this type is “to sleep,” from the root letters Ωƒf: From the table on page 23, you might have noticed that there is a short vowel in the middle of hollow verbs when there is a sukuun ( r` ) over the third root letter. This is a general rule for hollow verbs and is worth remembering as it works for all types, tenses, and forms of hollow verbs: • Sukuun over third root letter of regular verb = short vowel in the middle of irregular hollow verb • Vowel over third root letter of regular verb = long vowel in the middle of irregular hollow verb Hollow verbs in the present In the present tense, hollow verbs also follow the rules highlighted above. Since the present tense usually has a vowel after the third root letter (even if this is not always pronounced), this means that hollow verbs in this tense are characterized mainly by a long vowel in the middle. The difference is that, whereas in the past the long vowel in the middle is always a long aa (kaana), in the present it is a long ii if the second root letter is a yaa’ and usually a long uu if the second root letter is a waaw: (yazuur[u]: “he visits”) from the root QhR (yabii´uuna: “they sell”) from the root ™«H Verbs like Ωƒf (see above) are the exception since they have a long aa .É¡qeoCG ôjô n°S ‘ râneÉf ed.s b’rr motheShe slept in he .ìÉnÑ n°üdG ≈sànM oârªpf rning.ntil moI slept u oQhoõnj n¿ƒo©«pÑnj Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as a root letter 25 in the middle of the present: (yanaam[u]) he sleeps (yanaamuuna) they sleep Here is a complete table and some examples showing the three different types of hollow verb in the present. Pay the most attention to learning the first two types. The third type has been included mainly for recognition. Notice that only the less common feminine plurals have a sukuun over the third root letter and a short vowel in the middle. As in the past, this vowel depends on the middle root letter. oΩÉnænj n¿ƒoeÉnænj Most verbs with waaw (’azuur[u]) (tazuur[u]) (tazuuriina) (yazuur[u]) (tazuur[u]) (nazuur[u]) (tazuuruuna) (tazurna) (yazuuruuna) (yazurna) Verbs with yaa’ (’aTiir[u]) (taTiir[u]) (taTiiriina) (yaTiir[u]) (taTiir[u]) (naTiir[u]) (taTiiruuna) (taTirna) (yaTiiruuna) (yaTirna) Verbs like ΩÉæj ,ΩÉf (’anaam[u]) (tanaam[u]) (tanaamiina) (yanaam[u]) (tanaam[u]) (nanaam[u]) (tanaamuuna) (tanamna) (yanaamuuna) (yanamna) ÉfCG nârfnCG pârfnCG nƒ og n»pg oørënf rºoàrfnCG søoàfnCG º og sø og oQhoRnCG oQhoõnJ nøjQhoõnJ oQhoõnj oQhoõnJ oQhoõnf n¿hoQhoõnJ n¿rQoõnJ n¿hoQhoõnj n¿rQoõnj oÒpWnCG oÒp£nJ nøjÒp£nJ oÒp£nj oÒp£nJ oÒp£nf n¿hoÒp£nJ n¿rôp£nJ n¿hoÒp£nj n¿rôp£nj oΩÉnfnCG oΩÉnænJ nÚpeÉnænJ oΩÉnænj oΩÉnænJ oΩÉnænf n¿ƒoeÉnænJ nørªnænJ n¿ƒoeÉnænj nørªnænj singular plural 26 Arabic Verbs Waaw or yaa’ as third root letter This group of verbs is sometimes called defective verbs. There are three main types: • Verbs with waaw as the last root letter. • Verbs with yaa’ as the last root letter and fatHa as the middle vowel in the past • Verbs with yaa’ as the last root letter and kasra as the middle vowel in the past In the past tense, the first two types are reasonably regular. Only the parts of the verb for ƒg (he/it), »g (she/it) and ºg (they) are irregular: From the root ƒµ°T: (shakaa: “he complained”) (shakat: “she complained”) (shakaw: “they complained”) From the root »°ûe: (mashaa: “he walked”) (mashat: “she walked”) (mashaw: “they walked”) All of the irregular parts of these two types are pronounced the same. The only difference is the spelling of ɵ°T (shakaa) with a final ’alif, .ôr¡ n°T qπoc ÉæÑnàrµne Qhoõnj q» p°ù«pFnôdG ÉæfƒHnR ry month.evfice efr oisits our client vr majoOu .á∏rªo÷G QÉséoàd ∫ƒ o°ürënŸG ™«pÑnf rs.rop to wholesaleWe sell the c .Iô°ûnY á«pfÉnãdG áYÉ°ùdG Ω rƒnj qπoc ΩÉnfnCG e o’clock.elvy at twry daevo to sleep e I g Énµ n°T rânµ n°T G rƒnµ n°T ≈ n°ûne râ n°ûne G rƒ n°ûne Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as a root letter 29 Notice that defective verbs in the present tense can usually be spotted because they have a long vowel instead of the third root letter. In type 1 this is a long uu (yashkuu); in type 2 a long ii (yamshii) and in type 3 a long aa (yansaa) — but note this is written with ’alif maqsura, see Appendix (i). Some of the changes that happen are not very logical and can be difficult to remember. Concentrate on the most common parts first. Leave the other parts (e.g., feminine plural) until you feel confident with the basic patterns. Summary of weak verbs • Weak verbs are those which have waaw (h) or yaa’ (…) as one of the root letters. • There are three types of weak verb: Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the first root letter (assimilated verbs) Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the second root letter (hollow verbs) Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the third root letter (defective verbs) • Assimilated verbs are mainly regular except the first root letter almost always drops out in the present tense. • Hollow verbs have a vowel in the middle instead of the second root letter. This is a short vowel if the third root letter has a sukuun ( r` ) over it, and a long vowel if it does not. • Defective verbs are characterized by a long vowel (aa/uu/ii) or a diphthong (ay/aw) instead of the third root letter, but do not always behave predictably. Each pattern should be learned individually. 5Irregular verbs: Doubled verbs Doubled verbs are those where the third root letter is the same as the second root letter. They are one of the simplest forms of irregular verbs to master. The general rule is similar to the rule for hollow verbs and is dependent on the vowel over the third root letter: • Sukuun over third root letter of regular verb = second and third root letters written separately in doubled verb • Vowel over third root letter of regular verb = second and third root letters written together in doubled verb For example, the past tense pattern (katabuu – they wrote) has the vowel Damma ( ò``) over the third root letter. So, in a doubled verb, the second and third root letters would be written together with a shadda ( q̀``) in this pattern: (shakkuu : “they doubted”) from the root: (raddat : “she replied”) from the root: However, the past tense pattern (katabnaa – “we wrote”) has a sukuun ( r` ) over the third root letter. So in a doubled verb, the second and third root letters would be written separately in this pattern: (shakaknaa : “we doubted”) (radadtu : “I replied”) The same rules apply to the present tense (look back at Chapter 2 if you need to remind yourself of the patterns for regular verbs). GƒoÑnànc ÉnærÑnànc q∂ n°T qOQ Gƒtµ n°T räsOnQ Énærµnµ n°T oärOnOnQ Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. Irregular verbs: Doubled verbs 31 As most parts of the present tense have a vowel after the third root letter, this means that you will see the root letters in a doubled verb written together in most cases. In addition, the middle vowel of the present tense (mostly Damma in doubled verbs) shifts back over the first root letter: Here is a table summarizing the past and present patterns for doubled verbs. A good exercise is to cover the column showing the doubled verb and see if you can predict the pattern according to the rules on page 30. .ÒNC’G n∂pHÉ£pN ≈n∏nY n∑ôoµ r°TnCG r¿nCG qO nhnCG r.r last letteour you foI’d like to thank y .GkQ rƒna É¡nàrÑn∏ nW »àndG äÉeƒ∏r©nŸÉpH n∑tóoenCÉ n°S ou requested immediately.rmation you the infoI will send y I you (masc.) you (fem.) he/it she/it we you (masc. pl) you (fem. pl) they (masc.) they (fem.) Doubled verbs in the past radadtu radadta radadti radda raddat radadnaa radadtum radadtunna radduu radadna Doubled verbs in the present ’arudd(u) tarudd(u) taruddiina yarudd(u) tarudd(u) narudd(u) tarudduuna tardudna yarudduuna yardudna ÉfCG nârfCG pârfCG nƒ og n»pg oørënf rºoàrfCG søoàfCG º og sø og oä rO nO nQ nä rO nO nQ pä rO nO nQ sO nQ rä sO nQ Énf rO nO nQ rºoJ rO nO nQ søoJ rO nO nQ Gh tO nQ n¿ rO nO nQ tO oQnCG tO oônJ nøj uO oônJ tO oônj tO oônJ tO oônf n¿h tO oônJ n¿ rO oO rônJ n¿h tO oônj n¿ rO oO rônj singular plural General rules for verbs with hamza as one of the root letters • If the hamza is at the beginning of the verb, it is written on an ’alif: )eta yeht( GCncn∏oƒG /)koot eh( GCnNnòn • If a pattern means you would need to write two ’alifs, then these are combined as one with a madda sign over it ( BG ), pronounced as a long aa: :)GCnGCrNoò fo daetsni ,”ekat I“( hduhkaa‘ – GBNpò • Otherwise, the letter carrying the hamza tends to relate to the vowel before the hamza: – Damma before hamza = hamza written on waaw (Dh) – Kasra before hamza = hamza written on yaa’without dots (Ç or `Ä`) – FatHa before hamza = hamza written on ’alif (CG) • If the hamza has no vowel before it (i.e., the letter before has a sukuun over it), then the rules above default to the vowel over the hamza itself: )sksa eh( jnù°rÉCn∫ Examples: Don’t worry if these rules seem complicated. In the basic tenses there are very few other irregularities, and the majority of patterns are written with the hamza on an ’alif. If you refer to the tables on page y ate) (the Gƒo∏ncnCGk)/(he toonònNnCG 34 Arabic Verbs (he asks)∫nCÉ r°ùnj .π r°ünØdG ‘ áq«pHnônY áq«pMnô r°ùne ÉnfrCGnônb y in class.We read an Arabic pla . ∞udnDƒoŸG ønY k’GnDƒ o°S ¢SuQnóoŸG oârdnCÉ n°S r.r a question about the authoI asked the teache ...äÉæ«p©rÑ n°ùdG ‘ áq«Mô°ùŸG nÖnànc ∞udnDƒoŸG q¿EG n∫Énb enties...vy in the ser wrote the plaHe said that the autho .∂rænÑdG ‘ p¬p∏nªnY øe nºpÄ n°S ¬sfC’... ank.rk in the boas fed up with his wecause he wb... òoNrCGnCGfake), instead o(I t’aakhudh–òoNBG Irregular verbs: Verbs with hamza 35 Hamza as root 1 (òNCG: to take) (’akhadhtu) (’akhadhta) (’akhadhti) (’akhadha) (’akhadhat) Hamza as root 2 (∫CÉ°S: to ask) (sa’altu) (sa’alta) (sa’alti) (sa’ala) (sa’alat) Hamza as root 3 (Dƒ£H: to be slow*) (baTu’tu) (baTu’ta) (baTu’ti) (baTu’a) (baTu’at) ÉfCG nârfnCG pârfnCG nƒ og n»pg oärònNnCG närònNnCG pärònNnCG nònNnCG ränònNnCG oârdCÉ n°S nârdCÉ n°S pârdCÉ n°S n∫CÉ n°S rândCÉ n°S Dƒ o£nHr oä Dƒ o£nHrnä Dƒ o£nHrpä Dƒ o£nHn Dƒ o£nHnrä singular (’akhadhnaa) (’akhadhtum) (’akhadhtunna) (’akhadhuu) (’akhadhna) (sa’alnaa) (sa’altum) (sa’altunna) (sa’aluu) (sa’alna) (baTu’naa) (baTu’tum) (baTu’tunna) (baTu’uu) (baTu’na) oørënf rºoàrfnCG søoàfnCG º og sø og ÉnfrònNnCG rºoJrònNnCG søoJrònNnCG GhoònNnCG n¿rònNnCG ÉnærdCÉ n°S rºoàrdCÉ n°S søoàrdCÉ n°S GƒodCÉ n°S nørdCÉ n°S Dƒ o£nHrÉnf Dƒ o£nHrrºoJ Dƒ o£nHrsøoJ Dƒ o£nHoGh Dƒ o£nHr¿n plural Past tense *This verb is one of a very few that have Damma as the vowel on the middle root letter (i.e., the • )in the past. It has been chosen to show how the hamza is usually written when preceded by a Damma. 35, you will start to get a feel for how to write these verbs. Look at the general rules on page 34 in conjunction with the later chapters if you need to find out how the verbs with hamza behave in the derived forms or other patterns. 36 Arabic Verbs Hamza as root 1 (òNCÉj: to take) (’aakhudh[u]) (ta’khudh[u]) (ta’khudhiina) (ya’khudh[u]) (ta’khudh[u]) Hamza as root 2 (∫CÉ°ùj: to ask) (’as’al[u]) (tas’al[u]) (tas’aliina) (yas’al[u]) (tas’al[u]) Hamza as root 3 (Dƒ£Ñj: to be slow) (’abTu’[u]) (tabTu’[u]) (tabTu’iina) (yabTu’[u]) (tabTu’[u]) ÉfCG nârfnCG pârfnCG nƒ og n»pg òoNBG òoNrCÉnJ nøjpòoNrCÉnJ òoNrCÉnj òoNrCÉnJ ∫nCÉ r°SnCG ∫nCÉ r°ùnJ nÚpdnCÉ r°ùnJ ∫nCÉ r°ùnj ∫CÉ r°ùnJ Dƒ o£rHnCG Dƒ o£rÑnJ nøjpDƒ o£rÑnJ Dƒ o£rÑnj ƒ o£rÑnJ singular (na’khudh[u]) (ta’khudhuuna) (ta’khudhna) (ya’khudhuuna) (ya’khudhna) (nas’al[u]) (tas’aluuna) (tas’alna) (yas’aluuna) (yas’alna) (nabTu’[u]) (tabTu’uuna) (tabTu’na) (yabTu’uuna) (yabTu’na) oørënf rºoàrfnCG søoàfnCG º og sø og òoNrCÉnf n¿hoòoNrCÉnJ n¿ròoNrCÉnJ n¿hoòoNrCÉnj n¿ròoNrCÉnj ∫nCÉ r°ùnf n¿ƒodnCÉ r°ùnJ nørdnCÉ r°ùnJ n¿ƒodnCÉ r°ùnj nørdnCÉ r°ùnj Dƒ o£rÑnf Dƒ o£rÑnJo¿hn Dƒ o£rÑnJr¿n Dƒ o£rÑnjo¿hn ¿rDƒ o£rÑnjn plural Present tense Remember that in the present tense the middle vowel will vary, as it does with regular verbs (see page 17). In the case of verbs with hamza as the second or third root letter, this could affect the spelling, although a middle fatHa with the hamza carried by an ’alif (CG) is by far the most common. Derived forms of verbs: Introduction 39 All these are different forms of the same root πàb (q/t/l). The verb ending associated with “they” in the past (uu) stays the same, but different letters have been added between and before the root to add to the original meaning. There are eight significant derived forms. Some others exist, but are only seen in poetry or archaic texts. Western scholars of Arabic refer to the forms by Latin numbers: form II (“form two”), form III, form IV, etc. However, native speakers will not be familiar with this. They will know them by the present tense of the pattern, using the root π©a (f/´/l) — see Chapter 1 for more about this. For example, the verb Gƒ∏nJÉb (they battled), shown in the examples earlier, would be referred to as form III by Arabists, but as the pattern πpYÉØoj (yufaa´il) by native speakers and Arab grammarians. In the following chapters, we will refer to the forms by their numbers, with the π©a pattern in brackets. Most of the forms are connected with certain meanings — such as trying to do something, doing something together, etc. — although sometimes these meanings have strayed over time or have been adopted for a new concept. All the derived forms do not exist for all roots, but most roots have at least one or two forms in general circulation. You will need to look in a dictionary under the root to know exactly which forms exist. In addition, Arabic speakers will sometimes make up new verbs from existing roots, either as a joke or in an effort to be creative or poetic. Although the derived forms can at first seem complicated, they are in fact a useful aid for the learner. If you recognize a derived pattern and know another word with the same root, you can often take a good guess at the meaning even if you have never seen that particular word before. The next three chapters will show you the derived patterns and meanings connected with them, as well as any differences in how the irregular verbs behave in these forms. 8Derivedforms II–IV The first of the three main groups of derived forms is made up of forms II (πu©nØoj – yufa´´il), III (πpYÉØoj – yufaa´il), and IV (πp©rØoj – yuf´il). Characteristics Past tense • Form II is made by doubling the second root letter of the basic verb: • Form III is made by adding a long aa (Én``) after the second root letter: • Form IV is formed by adding an ’alif before the first root letter and a sukuun ( r̀``) over it: Present tense In the present tense, these three forms have a Damma ( ò̀ `) as the first vowel and a kasra ( p̀̀ `) as the last. Forms II and III have a fatHa ( ǹ̀ `) over the first root letter. Form IV has a sukuun over the first root letter, as in the past tense: It is worth noting that forms II, III and IV are the only verb forms that have a Damma as the opening vowel. )ala´´farberm II v(fo nπs©na➙)ala´farbeasic v(bnπn©na )ala´faarberm III v(fo nπnYÉna➙)ala´farbeasic v(bnπn©na )ala´fa’rbe vrm IV(fo nπn©ranCG➙)ala´farbeasic v(bnπn©na )il´´yufa(πu©nØojrm II:Fo )il´yufaa(πpYÉnØojrm III:Fo )il´yuf(πp©rØojrm IV:Fo Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. Derived forms II–IV 41 Common meaning patterns 1. Forms II and IV can have the meaning of carrying out an action to someone/something else (making a verb transitive or causative): Sometimes a root can be put into forms II and IV with the same, or almost the same, meaning. Watch for the subtle differences, e.g.: 2. Form II can also give a verb the meaning of doing something intensively and/or repeatedly: 3. Form III often carries the meaning of “doing something with someone else”: ➙to study) –rusadyrbeasic v(b ¢SoQrónj to teach)ris –ryudarberm II v(fo ¢SuQnóoj ➙ecome hot)to b –naskhuyrbeasic v(bøoî r°ùnj to heat [“to make something hot”])yusakhkhin –rberm II v(foøuî n°ùoj ➙o out)to g –akhrujyrbeasic v(bêoôrînj ake something out”])e/eject [“to tvto remoyukhrij –rbe vrm IV(foêpôrîoj ➙w)to kno –lam´ayrbeasic v(bºn∏r©nj ruct), and…to installim –´yurberm II v(foºu∏n©oj rm)to infolim –´yurbe vrm IV(fo ºp∏r©oj ➙to kill) –aqtulyrbeasic v(b πoàr≤nj re)to massacyuqattil –rberm II v(fo πuàn≤oj ➙to break) –raksayrbeasic v(bô n°ùrµnj to smash up)r –yukassirberm II v(foô u°ùnµoj ➙to sit) –ajlisyrbeasic v(b ¢ùp∏rénj to sit with [someone])yujaalis –rberm III v(fo ¢ùpdÉéoj ➙to do) –mal´ayrbeasic v(b πnªr©nj reat/deal with [someone])to taamil –´yurberm III v(fo πpeÉ©oj 44 Arabic Verbs Irregular verbs in forms II–IV Verbs that are irregular in the basic form often also show irregularities in the derived forms. You should still try to apply the same basic rules for the different types of irregular verb: weak verbs, doubled verbs, and verbs with hamza as a root letter (see Chapters 4–6). Note that, in general, if a form requires doubling a root letter or separating root letters with a long vowel, then a basic verb with a doubled or weak root letter (waaw or yaa’) will often behave perfectly regularly when put into these patterns. Here are some notes about how irregular verbs behave in forms II–IV, followed by a summary table: Doubled verbs: • Doubled verbs behave as regular verbs in form II. (Doubling the middle root letter means that the second and third root letters of a doubled verb are always written separately.) • Doubled verbs in forms III and IV follow the same rules as for the basic doubled verb (see page 30). Form IV doubled verbs are much more common than form III. Verbs with hamza as a root letter: • Verbs with hamza behave roughly as regular verbs, but see rules about spelling on page 30. Note in particular the rule about writing two hamzas carried by ’alif together as a madda ( BG ). This rule means the past tense of forms III and IV starts with this combination when hamza is the first root letter (see table). • When hamza is the middle (second) root letter, you may see it by itself on the line in form III because it follows a long vowel (see page 34). Weak verbs: • Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the first or second root letter (assimilated and hollow verbs) behave as regular verbs in forms II and III. • Assimilated verbs in form IV have a long uu vowel at the beginning of the present tense (see table). • Hollow verbs in form IV behave as they do in the basic pattern. They have a short vowel in the middle if the third root letter has a sukuun over it, but this is the short vowel connected to the derived pattern Derived forms II–IV 45 and not to the original root. For example, “I wanted” = oärOnQCG (’aradtu). The short vowel is a fatHa because the form IV past pattern is πn©raCG (’afala). • Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the third root (defective) behave irregularly in all forms. Forms II, III and IV defective verbs all have the same endings as the ≈°ûe/»°ûÁ basic group of verbs (see pages 27–28). Form II (yufa´´il) repeated repeats influenced influences no verbs in common circulation congratulated congratulates facilitated/ delivered facilitates/ delivers frightened frightens bred/raised breeds/raises Form III (yufaa´il) opposed opposes blamed blames questioned questions rewarded rewards agreed with agrees with handed over hands over met with meets with Form IV (yuf´il) liked likes believed (in) believes (in) bored bores founded founds connected connects wanted wants gave gives nOsOnQ OuOnôoj nôsKnCG DƒojnKuô nCÉsæng Åuæn¡oj nô s°ùnj\ °U nhsnπ ô u°ùn«oj\ °U nƒojuπ n± sƒnN ± uƒnîoj ≈sHnQ »uHnôoj sOÉ°V qOÉ°†oj nònNBG DƒojnòpNG n∫nAÉ n°S πpFÉ n°ùoj nCÉnaÉc Åpaɵoj n≥naG nh ≥paG nƒoj n∫ nhÉnf ∫phÉnæoj ≈nb’ »pbÓoj sÖnMnCG qÖpëoj nøneBG Dƒojrøpe nΩnCÉ r°SnCG ºpÄ r°ùoj nCÉ n°ûrfnCG Å p°ûræoj nπ n°U rhnCG π p°Uƒoj nOGnQnCG ójpôoj ≈ n£rYnCG »p£r©oj Doubled verbs past present Verbs with hamza as 1st root letter: past present as 2nd root letter: past present as 3nd root letter: past present Weak verbs assimilated: past present hollow: past present defective: past present 46 Arabic Verbs Summary of forms II–IV • Form II verbs are characterized by the doubling of the second root letter (πu©nØoj – yufa´´il). • Form III verbs are characterized by the long aa vowel after the first root letter (πpYÉØoj – yufaa´il). • Form IV verbs are characterized by the sukuun over the first root letter (πp©rØoj – yuf´il). • Forms II–IV are the only Arabic verbs to have a Damma as the first vowel in the present tense (yudarris, nuHaawil, etc.) • Forms II and IV are most often used with a transitive or causative meaning (doing something to something/someone else). Form III is most often used for mutual actions (doing something with someone else). However, there are also many other possible meaning patterns. • Verbs that are irregular in the basic form may also act irregularly in the derived forms (see table on page 41). Here is a table showing the past and present tenses of forms V and VI, followed by some example sentences: Past Derived forms V–VI 49 Form V (tafa´´ala) (tadhakkartu) (tadhakkarta) (tadhakkarti) (tadhakkara) (tadhakkarat) (tadhakkarnaa) (tadhakkartum) (tadhakkartunna) (tadhakkaruu) (tadhakkarna) Form VI (tafaa´ala) (taHaadathtu) (taHaadathta) (taHaadathti) (taHaadatha) (taHaadathat) (taHaadathnaa) (taHaadathtum) (taHaadathtunna) (taHaadathuu) (taHaadathna) ÉfCG nârfnCG pârfnCG nƒ og n»pg oørënf rºoàrfnCG søoàfnCG º og sø og oärôscnònJ närôscnònJ pärôscnònJ nôscnònJ ränôscnònJ ÉfrôscnònJ rºoJrôscnònJ søoJrôscnònJ GhôscnònJ n¿rôscnònJ oârKnOÉënJ nârKnOÉënJ pârKnOÉënJ nçnOÉënJ rânKnOÉënJ ÉærKnOÉënJ rºoàrKnOÉënJ søoàrKnOÉënJ GƒKnOÉënJ nørKnOÉënJ singular plural Present 50 Arabic Verbs Form V (yatafa´´al) (’atadhakkar[u]) (tatadhakkar[u]) (tatadhakkariina) (yatadhakkar[u]) (tatadhakkar[u]) (natadhakkar[u]) (tatadhakkaruuna) (tatadhakkarna) (yatadhakkaruuna) (yatadhakkarna) Form VI (yatafaa´al) (’ataHaadath[u]) (tataHaadath[u]) (tataHaadathiina) (yataHaadath[u]) (tataHaadath[u]) (nataHaadath[u]) (tataHaadathuuna) (tataHaadathna) (yataHaadathuuna) (yataHaadathna) ÉfCG nârfnCG pârfnCG nƒ og n»pg oørënf rºoàrfnCG øoàfnCG º og sø og ôscnònJnCG ôscnònànJ nøjôscnònànJ ôscnònànj ôscnònànJ ôscnònànf n¿hôscnònànJ n¿rôscnònànJ n¿hôscnònànj n¿rôscnònànj çnOÉënJnCG çnOÉënànJ nÚKnOÉënànJ çnOÉënànj çnOÉënànJ çnOÉënànf n¿ƒKnOÉënànJ nørKnOÉënànJ n¿ƒKnOÉënànj nørKnOÉënànj singular plural .n∂nª r°SG ôscnònJCG ’ ÉfnCG r name.our yeI don’t rememb .QÉ£p≤dG »ænJÉØna ìÉÑ s°üdG ‘ oâr∏ n°SɵnJ rain.rning, and so I missed the tas lazy in the moI w .áÑjônZ á≤jô n£pH n¿ƒasô n°ünànj ¢SÉædG ¢†r©nH r.e mannerange in a stvehaeople bSome p .áæ«Ø n°ùdG çpOÉM nó©nH ÅpWÉ°ûdG nç sƒn∏nJ r the ship’s accident.fteas polluted aThe coast w ?¿ÉNtódG øpe ≥njÉ°†nànJ rπng ou?r yke botheDoes the smoD Irregular verbs in forms V and VI Because of the close link between forms V–VI and II–III, you will find that many of the same rules apply to the irregular verbs in both cases. Doubled verbs: • Doubled verbs behave as regular verbs in form V (as for form II, doubling the middle root letter means that the second and third root letters of a doubled verb are always written separately.) • Doubled verbs in form VI will follow the same rules as for the basic doubled verb (see page 30) but are rare and not worth too much attention. Verbs with hamza as a root letter: • Verbs with hamza behave roughly as regular verbs, but see rules about spelling on page 34. Because past and present verbs in forms V and VI are nearly always vowelized with fatHas ( ǹ``), you will usually see the hamza written on an ’alif (CG). • When hamza is the middle (second) root letter, it can be written by itself on the line in form VI (as in form III) because it follows a long vowel (see page 30). Weak verbs: • Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the first or second root letter (assimilated and hollow verbs) behave as regular verbs in forms V and VI, as they do in forms II and III. • Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the third root (defective) behave irregularly in both forms. Defective verbs in forms V and VI are characterized by an ’alif maqsuura at the end of both the past and present tenses — aa vowel written on a yaa’ without dots, see Appendix (i). This is the same ending as the ≈°ûe basic group of verbs in the past tense, but like the ≈°ùæj group in the present tense (see pages 27–28). Derived forms V–VI 51 10Derivedforms VII–X The third group of derived forms is made of up forms VII (πp©nØrænj – yanfa´il), VIII (πp©nàrØnj – yafta´il), and X (πp©rØnàr°ùnj – yastaf´il). Form IX (characterized by doubling the final root letter) has virtually died out in modern Arabic. The only context in which you might see it is connected with changing color, e.g.: qônªrënj (yaHmarr) – “turn red” or “blush,” etc. Characteristics Past tense • Form VII is made by adding in ( r̀fpG) in front of the root letters: • Form VIII is made by adding i (pG) in front of the first root letter and taa’ (`J) after it: • Form X is formed by adding an ista (n`àr°SpG) in front of the root letters and putting a sukuun over the first root letter: Present tense In the present tense, these three forms keep the same basic features of the past tense but are vowelized differently. They all have a fatHa ( ǹ̀ `) as the first two vowels and a kasra ( p̀̀ `) as the third: )ala´infarberm VII v(fo nπn©nØrfpG➙)ala´farbeasic v(bnπn©na )ala´aftirberm VIII v(fo nπn©nàrapG➙)ala´farbeasic v(bnπn©na )ala´faistrberm VIII v(fo nπn©rØnà r°SpG➙)ala´farbeasic v(bnπn©na Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. Derived forms VII–X 55 Other characteristics • The kasra (i) that begins the past tense of all these three forms will disappear (elide) if the word before ends with a vowel. This is because the kasra is carried by hamzat al waSl – see Appendix (i). • Form VII is almost never formed with verbs whose first root letter is hamza (A), waaw (h), yaa’ (…), nuun (¿), lam (∫), or ra’ (Q). The combination of sounds would be unnatural in Arabic. • The first root letter can affect the beginning of Form VIII verbs. These can seem complicated but follow these general rules: – When the first root letter is taa’ (ä), waaw (h) or hamza (A), this is replaced by a doubling of the taa’ at the beginning of the pattern: – When the first root letter is daal (O), dhaal (P) or zaay (R), the taa’ at the beginning of form VIII is replaced by a daal. In the case of daal and dhaal, this is then usually combined with the first root letter to produce a double daal: – When the first root letter is Taa’ (•), Zaa’ (®), Saad (¢U) or Daad (¢V), the taa’ at the beginning of form VIII is replaced by a Taa’. In the case of Taa’ and Zaa’, this is then usually combined with the first root letter to produce a double Taa’: )il´anfay(πp©nØrænjrm VII:Fo )il´aftay(πp©nàrØnjrm VIII:Fo )il´faasty(πp©rØnà r°ùnjrm X:Fo òNCG– from the root:: “to adopt”)akhidhattakhadha/yitt(òpîsànj/nònîsJpG ≥ah– from the root:ree”)g: “to afiqaattfaqa/yaitt(≥pØsànj/n≥nØsJpG ºMR– from the root:d”)wro: “to cazdaHim/yaizdaHam(ºpMnOrõnj/nºnMnOrRpG ôNP:– fromre”)e/stov: “to sardakhkhiadra/ydakhkhaid(ôpNsónj/ônNsOpG r.evrned o– His boat tu)rkabuhua maqalabin (.o¬oÑncrône nÖn∏n≤rfpG but r.evrned o– Then his boat tu)rkabuhua maqalaba nmmthu(.o¬oÑncrône nÖn∏n≤rfG sºoK 56 Arabic Verbs Common meaning patterns 1. Form VII is relatively uncommon and usually has a passive meaning: 2. Form VIII is a common form and is usually intransitive, but there is no consistent meaning pattern connected with it. These verbs are often close to the basic root meaning: 3. Form X often has the meaning of asking for something: ➙r)evrn [something] orn/turtuevto o –aqlibyrbeasic v(bÖp∏r≤nj rned)rtueve oto banqalib –yrberm VII v(fo Öp∏n≤rænj ➙to break) –raksayrbeasic v(bô n°ùrµnj ken)e broto br –ankasiyrberm VII v(foô p°ùnµrænj ➙r)ethegr/put toatheto g –´ajmayrbeasic v(b ™nªrénj r)ethegto assemble/meet to –´amiajtyrberm VIII v(fo ™pªnàrénj ➙r)e neato b –bruaqyrbeasic v(bÜoôr≤nj ance)roach/advto apprib –aaqtyrberm VIII v(foÜpônàr≤nj ➙fuse)fblish/dito pu –ranshuyrbeasic v(bô o°ûrænj read)ecome widespto br –ashiantyrberm VIII v(foô p°ûnàrænj ➙rmit)eto p –a’dhanyrbeasic v(b¿nPrCÉnj rmission)er pto ask foa’dhin –astyrberm X v(fo ¿pPrCÉnà r°ùnj ➙w)to kno –lam´ayrbeasic v(b ºn∏r©nj e”])ledgwr knore [“ask foto inquilim –´aastyrberm X v(foºp∏r©nà r°ùnj Üô°V– from:ed”)rbe distu: “to bribaDTaa/yrabiDTa(Üpô n£ r°†nj/nÜnô n£ r°VpG ™∏W– from:rmed about”)e info: “to b´TTaliaa/y´TTalai(™p∏ s£nj/n™n∏ sWpG Derived forms VII–X 59 Irregular verbs in forms VII–X Here are some notes about how irregular verbs behave in forms VII–X, followed by a summary table: Doubled verbs: • Doubled verbs in forms VII, VIII, and X follow the same rules as for the basic doubled verb (see page 30). Verbs with hamza as a root letter: • Verbs with hamza are not common in forms VII–X. When they do occur, they behave roughly as regular verbs, but see rules about spelling on page 34. Note in particular that form VIII verbs with hamza as the first letter behave like assimilated verbs (see table). Weak verbs: • Assimilated verbs are virtually nonexistent in form VII and regular in form X. In form VIII, the first letter drops out and is replaced by a doubling of the taa’. • Hollow verbs in forms VII–X behave similarly to basic hollow verbs. They have a long vowel at the end if there is no sukuun over the third root letter. Notice that this long vowel is usually an aa sound ( Én`` ). Only in the present tense of form X is it an ii sound ( » p̀` ). If the third root letter has a sukuun over it, the long vowel will become short. For example, “he resigned” = n∫Én≤nàr°SpG (istaqaala), but “I resigned” = oâr∏n≤nàr°SpG (istaqaltu). • Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the third root (defective) behave irregularly in forms VII, VIII, and X and have the same endings as the ≈°ûe/»°ûÁ basic group of verbs (see pages 27–28). 60 Arabic Verbs Form VII (yanfa´il) joined (club) joins (club) no verbs in common circulation no verbs in common circulation was read is read no verbs in common circulation was led is led bowed, bent bows, bends Form VIII (yafta´il) extended extend adopted adopt was sad is sad began begins agreed agrees needed needs bought buys Form X (yastaf´il) continued continues rented rents no verbs in common circulation mocked mocks stopped stops resigned resigns excluded excludes sº n°†rfpG ænjrqº n°† nCGnôn≤rfpG Çpôn≤rænj nOÉ≤rfpG OÉ≤rænj ≈nænërfpG »pænërænj sónàrepG qónàrªnj nònîsJpG òpîsànj n¢SnCÉnàrHpG ¢ùpÄnàrÑnj nCGnónàrHpG ÇpónàrÑnj n≥nØsJpG ≥pØsànj nêÉàrMpG êÉàrënj inônà r°TpG …pônà r°ûnj sônªnà r°SpG qôpªnà r°ùnj nônLrCÉnà r°SpG ôpLnCÉnà r°ùnj nCGnõr¡à r°SpG Çpõr¡nà r°ùnj n∞nb rƒnà r°SpG ∞pb rƒnà r°ùnj n∫É≤nà r°SpG π«p≤nà r°ùnj ≈nærãnà r°SpG »pærãnà r°ùnj Doubled verbs past present Verbs with hamza as 1st root letter: past present as 2nd root letter: past present as 3nd root letter: past present Weak verbs assimilated: past present hollow: past present defective: past present Derived forms VII–X 61 Summary of forms VII–X • Form VII verbs are characterized by the nuun (¿) before the root letters (πp©nØrænj – yanfa´il). • Form VIII verbs are characterized by the taa’ (ä) after the first root letter (πp©rànØnj – yafta´il). This form can change somewhat depending on the first root letter. • Form X verbs are characterized by the siin (¢S) and taa’ (ä) – or sta sound – before the root letters (πp©rØnàr°ùnj – yastaf´il). • In the past tense, forms VII–X start with i (pG): infa´ala, ifta´ala, istaf´ala. • In the present tense, forms VII–X are vowelled with 2 fatHas and a kasra: yanfa´il, yafta´il, yastaf´il. • Form VII often has a passive meaning. • Form VIII is a common form but has no consistent meaning patterns associated with it. • Form X has two common meaning patterns: to think or consider that something is (beautiful, etc.), and to ask for something. 64 Arabic Verbs The subject of the first sentence above is masculine plural (mudarrisuuna – teachers). The first verb (HaDara – attended) is in the masculine singular because it comes before the subject. The second verb (ittafaquu – agreed) has the plural ending uu since it comes after the subject. The same is true of the second sentence, except that the subject is now feminine plural (banaat – girls) and so the feminine singular ending at (katabat – wrote) and feminine plural ending na (kharajna – went out) are used. These are the basic guidelines for using verbs. You will become more aware of subtle style differences through reading and absorbing Arabic that is written in a natural style by native speakers. 12Verbs in thesubjunctive In previous chapters, we have seen how different verbs work in the standard present tense. Now we need to look at some variations that can occur to the present verb in certain situations. Grammarians often call these variations “moods of the verb.” The two moods you need to know in Arabic are the subjunctive and the jussive. Only in the minority of cases do these moods affect the way a verb is written or pronounced. However, you do need to know the whole story, otherwise you cannot understand or work out the changes that occur in this significant minority of cases. The individual usages of the subjunctive and jussive listed in the next two chapters are relatively limited and easy to remember. You will soon come to connect them with particular words and phrases. Regular verbs in the subjunctive In regular verbs, the subjunctive is very similar to the standard present tense. This is also true of the derived forms. The most significant change is that when the standard present tense ends in a nuun (¿), this is dropped in the subjunctive. This affects the masculine plurals – ºog (hum) and ºoàrfCG (’antum) – and the feminine pârfCG (’anti) parts of the verb. (The dual is also affected – see Chapter 28). These changes affect the spelling and pronunciation. Less significantly, the final (often unpronounced) Damma ( ò``) that ends many parts of the standard present tense (see page 15) changes to a fatHa ( ǹ``) in the subjunctive. In other words oÖoàrµnj (yaktubu) becomes Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 66 Arabic Verbs nÖoàrµnj (yaktuba). As both these alternatives are usually written without vowels and pronounced Öoàrµnj (yaktub), you would not normally notice the change. The table below shows the standard present tense and the subjunctive for the regular verb yaktub (to write): *Notice that the the masculine plurals have an extra ’alif in the subjunctive. As with the past tense (see page 14), this ’alif is silent. I you (masc.) you (fem.) he/it she/it we you (masc. pl) you (fem. pl) they (masc.) they (fem.) Standard present ’aktub(u) taktub(u) taktubiina yaktub(u) taktub(u) naktub(u) taktubuuna taktubna yaktubuuna yaktubna Subjunctive ’aktub(a) taktub(a) taktubii yaktub(a) taktub(a) naktub(a) taktubuu taktubna yaktubuu yaktubna ÉfCG nârfnCG pârfnCG nƒ og n»pg oørënf rºoàrfnCG søoàfnCG º og sø og oÖoàrcnCG oÖoàrµnJ nÚpÑoàrµnJ oÖoàrµnj oÖoàrµnJ oÖoàrµnf n¿ƒoÑoàrµnJ nørÑoàrµnJ n¿ƒoÑoàrµnj nørÑoàrµnj nÖoàrcnCG nÖoàrµnJ »pÑoàrµnJ nÖoàrµnj nÖoàrµnJ nÖoàrµnf GƒoÑoàrµnJ* nørÑoàrµnJ GƒoÑoàrµnj* nørÑoàrµnj singular plural 13Verbs in the jussive(incl. the imperative) The jussive is the second variation of the present tense that you need to know. In many ways it is more important than the subjunctive, partly because it is more frequently used and partly because it displays more irregularities. Regular verbs in the jussive In regular verbs, the jussive, like the subjunctive, is very similar to the standard present tense. Again like the subjunctive, the most significant change in regular verbs is that the nuun (¿) is dropped at the end of the parts of the verb for masculine plurals “they” rºog (hum) and “you” rºoàrfCnG (’antum), and the feminine singular “you” pârfCnG (’anti). (The dual is also affected — see Chapter 28). The difference in regular verbs between the subjunctive and the jussive is that the Damma ( ò``) that ends many parts of the standard present tense (see page 15) changes to a sukuun ( r̀``) in the jussive, rather than the fatHa ( ǹ``) of the subjunctive. In other words oÖoàrµnj (yaktubu) becomes rÖoàrµnj (yaktub) in the jussive. Since the standard present tense, the subjunctive and the jussive are all often written without vowels and pronounced Öoàrµnj (yaktub), you would not normally notice this change in regular verbs. (But it does become significant in irregular verbs — see the section on page 70.) The table on the next page shows the standard present tense and the jussive for the regular verb Öoàrµnj yaktub (to write): Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 70 Arabic Verbs *Notice that the the masculine plurals have an extra ’alif in the jussive as they do in the subjunctive. As with the past tense (see page 14), this ’alif is silent. Irregular verbs in the jussive The fact that the jussive ends in a sukuun, although largely insignificant in regular verbs, does have a big impact on many types of irregular verbs. Because the jussive replaces the Damma over the third root letter of many parts of the present tense with a sukuun, this can fundamentally affect the whole formation of many irregular verbs. The easiest way to approach this is to take each type of irregular verb in turn, as follows: I you (masc.) you (fem.) he/it she/it we you (masc. pl) you (fem. pl) they (masc.) they (fem.) Standard present ’aktub(u) taktub(u) taktubiina yaktub(u) taktub(u) naktub(u) taktubuuna taktubna yaktubuuna yaktubna Jussive ’aktub taktub taktubii yaktub taktub naktub taktubuu taktubna yaktubuu yaktubna ÉfCG nârfnCG pârfnCG nƒ og n»pg oørënf rºoàrfnCG søoàfnCG º og sø og oÖoàrcnCG oÖoàrµnJ nÚpÑoàrµnJ oÖoàrµnj oÖoàrµnJ oÖoàrµnf n¿ƒoÑoàrµnJ nørÑoàrµnJ n¿ƒoÑoàrµnj nørÑoàrµnj rÖoàrcnCG rÖoàrµnJ »pÑoàrµnJ rÖoàrµnj rÖoàrµnJ rÖoàrµnf GƒoÑoàrµnJ* nørÑoàrµnJ GƒoÑoàrµnj* nørÑoàrµnj singular plural Verbs in the jussive (incl. the imperative) 71 Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as a root letter • Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the first root letter (assimilated verbs) follow the same rules as regular verbs: • Verbs with waaw or yaa’ as the second root letter (hollow verbs) change significantly in the jussive. These changes affect both the pronunciation and the spelling and so it is important to understand them. Firstly, remind yourself of the basic rules for hollow verbs (see pages 22–26 if you need more help): • Sukuun over third root letter of regular verb = short vowel in the middle of irregular hollow verb • Vowel over third root letter of regular verb = long vowel in the middle of irregular hollow verb You know that a hollow verb in the standard present tense usually has a long vowel in the middle because the third root letter has a vowel over it — for example, oQhoõnj (yazuur(u) – he visits). In the jussive, however, the third root letter has a sukuun over it, and this means that a hollow verb will have a short vowel in the middle: rQoõnj (yazur). Look at the table below showing how this rule applies to the other parts of the verb Qhõj . You could try covering the right-hand column and predicting the jussive by looking at the rules above. resent tense)rd pandaes (strivr – he aaSil(u)yoπ p°ünj e)es (jussivrivr – he aaSilyrπ p°ünj I you (masc.) you (fem.) he/it she/it Standard present ’azuur(u) tazuur(u) tazuuriina yazuur(u) tazuur(u) Jussive ’azur tazur tazurii yazur tazur ÉfCG nârfnCG pârfnCG nƒ og n»pg oQhoRnCG oQhoõnJ nøjpQhoõnJ oQhoõnj oQhoõnJ rQoRnCG rQoõnJ …pQhoõnJ rQoõnj rQoõnJ singular over the third root letter in a regular verb. Remind yourself of the rule (see also Chapter 5): • Sukuun over third root letter of regular verb = second and third root letters written separately in doubled verb • Vowel over third root letter of regular verb = second and third root letters written together in doubled verb The sukuun that characterizes much of the jussive means that the second and third root letters are written separately more often than in the standard present tense. Try covering the right-hand column of the table below and predicting the jussive for the doubled verb qOoônj (yarudd – to reply), applying the rules above. 74 Arabic Verbs I you (masc.) you (fem.) he/it she/it we you (masc. pl) you (fem. pl) they (masc.) they (fem.) Standard present ’arudd(u) tarudd(u) taruddiina yarudd(u) tarudd(u) narudd(u) tarudduuna tardudna yarudduuna yardudna Jussive ’ardud tardud taruddii yardud tardud nardud tarudduu tardudna yarudduu yardudna ÉfnCG nârfnCG pârfnCG nƒ og n»pg oørënf rºoàrfnCG søoàfnCG º og sø og tOoQnCG tOoônJ nøjuOoônJ tOoônj tOoônJ tOoônf n¿htOoônJ n¿rOoOrônJ n¿htOoônj n¿rOoOrônj rOoOrQnCG rOoOrônJ …uOoônJ rOoOrônj rOoOrônJ rOoOrônf GhtOoônJ n¿rOoOrônJ GhtOoônj n¿rOoOrônj singular plural Verbs with hamza as a root letter • These verbs do not vary from regular verbs in the jussive. However, you should be aware of an alternative for the commonly used verb ∫CnÉr°ùnj (yas’al – to ask): Uses of the jussive The jussive has three main uses in modern Arabic. Negative commands The jussive is used after ’ (laa) to mean “don’t” as an order or command: fal (…∏a) and li (…∏) The jussive is used after …∏a (fal), or less commonly …∏ (li), with the meaning of “(so) let’s:” Negative past The jussive is used after rºnd (lam) to make the past tense negative (“didn’t”): .áWrô t°ûdG ¤EG rÖngrònær∏na !ÉæJnQÉ« n°S ¢Uƒ°üt∏dG n¥nô n°S o to the police.’s gr! So letr cae stolen ouves hav Thie .∫ƒÑ t£dG ŕônb rønY Gƒ©pænàrªnj r¿nCG ÉæpfGÒL øpe rÖo∏ r£nær∏na ms.ruanging drs to stop bghbor nei’s ask ouLet .áYÉ°S ∞ r°üpf øpe ônãrcnC’ ∂ n°†jône rQoõnJ ’ r.f an houre than halr moatient for pouisit yDon’t v .á«dÉ©dG Iôné s°ûdG p√pòg Gƒ≤s∏ n°ùnànJ r¿nCG GƒdphÉëoJ ’ ree.all try to climb this t] tralpluDon’t [ ➞resent tenserd panda) – to ask – st’al(uas y o∫nCÉ r°ùnj e – jussivasal y rπ n°ùnjro’alas y r∫nCÉ r°ùnj Verbs in the jussive (incl. the imperative) 75 The imperative The jussive is also used as a base for forming the imperative, or commands. There are two basic categories and almost all Arabic verbs follow the rules for the appropriate category. Verbs with sukuun over the first root letter If a verb has a sukuun over the first root letter in the jussive, the letters at the beginning (prefix) are taken off and replaced by an ’alif: In a basic (form I) verb, the ’alif on the front of the imperative will have a Damma if the middle vowel of the present is also a Damma, and a kasra if the middle vowel is either a fatHa or a kasra: ➞)ejussivrink (ou d – ybaashrtrÜnô r°ûnJ )erativeimp – Drink! (bashrirÜnô r°TpG ➞)ejussivral] request (ou [plu – ybuuuTlatGƒoÑo∏ r£nJ )erativeimpRequest! ( –buuuTluGƒoÑo∏ rWoG ➞)ejussivo (ou [fem.] g – ybiiaadhht»ÑngrònJ )erativeimp – Go! (biiadhhi»ÑngrPpG .¢ùp∏rØoe »æsfC’ ór©nH rê shnõnJnCG rºnd ke.ecause I’m broet bried yrotten maen’t gvI ha .»°ùcÉJ ≈∏nY rôoãr©nJ rºnd É¡sfC’ »àqªnY ränôsNnCÉnJ axi.ecause she didn’t find a tas late bnt wMy au .´ÉªpàrLp’G nπrÑnb p√pôjôr≤nJ røpe ‹ÉŸG ôjóoŸG p¬nàrænj rºnd re the meeting.foert br didn’t finish his repoegThe finance mana 76 Arabic Verbs ✗ )ou write”“ye –(jussivrÖoàrµnJ )“Write!”e –rative(imprÖoà rc oG 14Making verbsnegative This chapter contains a summary of how to make verbs negative. Some of these have been mentioned in previous chapters, but this summary will be a useful reference. In English, we usually make verbs negative by adding the word “not,” by itself or with another small helping word such as “do,” “did,” etc: I walked ➞ I did not walk. I am going ➞ I am not going. I will find ➞ I will not find. I like ➞ I do not like. In Arabic, there are different ways of making a verb negative for different tenses. You need to remember each individually. Present tense This is the simplest negative to form. You add the word ’ (laa) in front of the standard present verb: oÖoàrµnJ ’ +’ standard present (taktub[u]) (You) do not write/ are not writing. Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 80 Arabic Verbs Past tense The negative of the past tense is formed with rºnd (lam) + jussive: (See Chapter 13 for more details on the jussive.) There is an alternative of the negative past tense formed by simply adding the word Ée (maa) in front of the standard past: nârÑnànc Ée (maa katabta). This is less common in modern written Arabic but is widespread in spoken dialects. Future The negative of the future is formed as follows: (See Chapter 12 for more details on the subjunctive.) rÖoàrµnJ rºnd +rºnd jussive (taktub) (You) did not write. nÖoàrµnJ rønd +rønd subjunctive (taktub[a]) (You) will not write. Making verbs negative 81 Imperative (commands) This is formed by using ’ followed by the jussive: Be careful not to confuse this with the negative of the present tense. Without the vowels, there will not always be a difference in the spelling, but the context should tell you whether it is a command or not. Here are some examples of the different negatives: .OpQÉÑdG AÉŸÉH Ωɪrëpà r°Sp’G tÖpMoCG ’ r.ateathing with cold wI don’t like b !âjôrÑnµdÉH rÖn©r∏nJ ’ y with matches!Don’t pla .kGónHnCG ∂nfƒînj rønd ∂Ñr∏nc ou.y yraetr bevg will ner doYou .ºoµjCGQh ÉæjrCGnQ nør«nH l¥rôna ∑Éæog ¿Éc o¬sfnC’ r≥pØsànf rºnd eenetwrence bfefas a dire wecause theree bgWe didn’t a rs.ouwpoint and yier vou .èpYrõoe ∂Jƒ n°U s¿C’ »NnCG Éj uøn¨oJ ’ ating.ritroice is ir vouecause y] b”rO Brothe“Don’t sing [ .oÒ£nj ’ ôpFÉW áeÉ©sædG rd [that] doesn’t fly.rich is a biThe ost dr∫põrænj rºnd r¿pEG ±ÉØn÷G IÎpa n»p¡nàrænJ røn*.ô n£nŸG f the rain doesn’t* fall.on’t end ir weathery wf driod oeThe p tense.astpf) Arabic uses the(i¿pEGrr* Afte rÖoàrµnJ ’ +’ jussive (taktub) (Do not write!) 84 Arabic Verbs Note: • The middle vowel of the passive reappears on a doubled verb if the second and third root letters are written separately, e.g. oärOpóoY (´udidtu– I was counted/considered). • When hamza is a root, the letter that carries the hamza can change in the passive as the vowels have changed (see page 34). • Assimilated verbs have a long uu (ƒò `) sound at the beginning of the present passive. • All hollow and weak verbs follow the same pattern in the passive, no matter what group they fall into. Active counted counts commanded commands asked asks read read found finds said says threw throws Passive was counted is counted was commanded is commanded was asked is asked was read is read was found is found was said is said was thrown is thrown sónY qóo©nj nônenCG ôoerCÉnj n∫nCÉ n°S ∫nCÉ r°ùnj nCGnônb CGnôr≤nj nónL nh ópénj ∫Éb ∫ƒ≤nj ≈nenQ »perônj sóoY qón©oj nôpeoCG ônerDƒoj nπpÄ o°S ∫nCÉ r°ùoj nÇpôob ≤ojrCGnô nópL oh ónLƒoj π«pb ∫É≤oj n»peoQ ≈nerôoj Doubled verbs past present Verbs with hamza as 1st root letter: past present as 2nd root letter: past present as 3nd root letter: past present Weak verbs assimilated: past present hollow: past present defective: past present Making verbs passive 85 Derived forms in the passive The derived forms are very similar to the basic verb in the passive, with all tenses vowelized initially with a Damma. Like the basic verb, the second root letter carries a kasra in the past passive and a fatHa in the present passive in all the derived forms. Around these vowels, there are some minor variations as shown below: .∫ÉŸÉH ¢SÉ≤J ’ ∫ÉÑdG áMGQ )rbevroArabic py. (red in monef mind is not measuPeace o .ôrenC’G o¬tªp¡oj øne qπoc nºp∏rYoCG .rmedas inforned] wr conce whom the mattelit:rned [one conceryeEv .Òãnc ΩÓnc n∂rænY nπ«pb ou.as said about yalk] wf t lot [oA ?ásjpônKnC’G ópHÉ©ŸG ónLƒJ nørjCG nd]? foulit:ric temples situated [re the histore aWhe .Ωƒéo¡dÉH ¢û«n÷G nôpeoCG ack.red to attrdeas ormy wThe a Past passive was smashed was treated was informed was expected was discussed ````` was respected was extracted Present passive is smashed is treated is informed is expected is discussed ````` is respected is extracted nô u°ùoc nπpeƒoY nºp∏rYoCG n™ub oƒoJ nçpOƒoëoJ ````` nΩpôoàrMoG nêpôrîoà r°SoG ô s°ùnµoj πneÉ©oj ºn∏r©oj ™sb nƒnàoj çnOÉënàoj ````` Ωnônàrëoj ênôrînà r°ùoj Derived Form II III IV V VI VII* VIII X *Form VII has a passive meaning anyway and is virtually never seen in the passive form. Summary of the passive • The passive is not as common in Arabic as in English, but you will meet it from time to time. • The most significant indicator of the passive is the Damma ( ò``) at the beginning of both the past and present verbs. • In the past passive, there is also a kasra under the second root letter: nπp©oa (fu´ila). • In the present passive, there is also a fatHa over the second root letter: πn©rØoj (yuf´al). • Irregular verbs and derived forms are variations on the patterns above but need to be referenced individually. .áMGôn÷G nór©nH ájÉæp©pH ¢†jônŸG nπpeƒoY ry.egrr the suftere areated with caas tatient wThe p .ôrenC’G o¬tªp¡oj øne qπoc nºp∏rYoCG rmed.as inforned] wr conce whom the mattelit:rned [one conceryeEv .ør«ne rƒnj ór©nH ô n£nŸG §o≤ r°ùnj r¿nCG ™sb nƒnàoj ys.o daected to fall in twxpRain is e .ºpLÉænŸG øpe ÖngsòdG ênôrînà r°ùoj racted from [the] mines.xtold is e[The] g 86 Arabic Verbs Uses of verbal nouns • Generalizations Verbal nouns are used for generalizing, much as they are in English. Note that you need to include … r̀dnG (al – the) in Arabic. • In place of r¿nCG (’an) + subjunctive Arabic does not have an infinitive like the English “to walk,” “to see,” etc. Chapter 12 shows how r¿nCG (’an) + subjunctive can be used in Arabic where English would use an infinitive. Another common alternative is to use the verbal noun. Look at these two sentences, which have the same meaning. The first uses r¿nCG (’an) + subjunctive (nÖngrPnCG) and the second a verbal noun with al (ÜÉgnòdG): It is considered good style to use verbal nouns in this way and is often less clumsy than using a repeating r¿nCG. Look at the sentences below and also watch for this usage in authentic Arabic. !ÉfCG ‹Éà IôeÉ≤oŸG ójôoj »LhnR y! monemyamble withants to gand wMy husb .á≤«ªnY äÉ°ûbÉæoe ‘ ∫ƒNoódG ¢†oarQnCG r into deep discussions.fuse to enteI re .¥ƒ t°ùdG ≈ndEG nÖngrPCG r¿nCG qO nhnCG .¥ƒ t°ùdG ≈ndEG ÜÉgnòdG qO nhnCG rket.o to the maI’d like to g .∂àqë u°üd Ió«Øoe áMÉÑ u°ùdG r health.ouficial to yeneSwimming is b .äÉeƒµo◊G Ò«r¨nàpd ≈n© r°ùnJ äÉHÓp≤rfp’G rnments.evoe gCoups attempt to chang .Qƒ¡rªo÷G ¿É°ùrëpà r°SpG GƒdÉæoj r¿nCG n¿ƒdphÉëoj n¿ƒfÉsænØdG blic.f the puration oain the admiry to gArtists t Verbal nouns and other verbal constructions 89 • Together with a verb A verbal noun can be used together with the equivalent verb to add information about the action: In addition, many verbal nouns have also acquired a specific meaning in general circulation. For example, the word ÜÉ£pN (khiTaab) now means “a letter” but is originally the verbal noun from ÖXÉîj ,ÖWÉN (khaaTaba, yukhaaTib) meaning “to address publicly”. Active and passive participles An active participle is the equivalent of the English “-ing,” as in “I went along the road, whistling a tune.”(i.e., I was whistling.) A passive participle is the equivalent of the English “burned” as in “I found the cakes in the oven, burned to a cinder.” (i.e., The cakes had been burned.) These can also be used as adjectives to describe something: “a whistling machine,” “burnt toast,” etc. In Arabic, the active and passive participles are also used to mean “the person/thing that [whistles]” and “the person/thing that is [burned].” Basic verbs The active participle is formed by taking the root letters and putting them into the pattern πpYÉa (faa´il): The passive participle is formed by putting the root letters into the pattern ∫ƒo©rØne (maf´uul): rrisonerisoned/p) impnmasjuu( ¿ƒoé r°ùne ategated/deleg) delebmanduu(Ühoóræne r) writing/writekaatib( ÖpJÉc reyying/pla) plaib´laa( ÖpY’ r) riding/rideraakib(ÖpcGQ IÒ°ünb IQÉjpR »ueoCG oärQR isit].rt v a sholit:rt time [r a shor foisited my motheI v .áÑr© n°U É¡q∏oc IÒãnc äÉÑn∏ nW »æpe rânÑp∏ oW ficult.ff them dif me, all oeen asked oe bvMany requests ha .kGôpªrãoe kÉf ohÉ©nJ Éæn©ne Gƒf nhÉ©nJ ration].e a fruitful cooplit:rated with us fruitfully [ey coopThe 90 Arabic Verbs Don’t forget that the examples above only refer to one masculine person or object. If you want to refer to a female or a group, you will need to add the appropriate ending; for example, áÑpJÉc (kaatiba) would be a female writer and ¿ƒÑpY’ (laa´ibuun) would be a group of players. See Chapters 21 and 22 for more detail on these endings. Irregular verbs show some variations when put into the patterns for the active and passive participles: ken) [thing] brormaksuu(Qƒ o°ùrµne Verbal nouns and other verbal constructions 91 blocking [thing] blocked commanding/commander [person] commanded asking/asker [person] asked reading/reader [thing] read finding/finder [thing] found buying/buyer [thing] sold/[thing] said judging/judge [person] judged/invited qOÉ°S Ohó r°ùne ôpeBG QƒerCÉne πpFÉ n°S Dƒ r°ùneo∫h ÇpQÉb ≤nerAhô óLGh OƒL rƒne ™pFÉH ∫ƒ≤ne/™«Ñne* ¢VÉbm** ≤ner» p°†qróne/ƒoYq* Doubled verbs active participle passive participle Verbs with hamza as 1st root letter: active participle passive participle as 2nd root letter: active participle passive participle as 3nd root letter: active participle passive participle Weak verbs assimilated (1st root): active participle passive participle hollow (2nd root): active participle passive participle defective (3rd root): active participle passive participle * Alternatives are given for verbs with waaw as the weak root letter. ** Pronounced qaaDin. A yaa’ reappears in the definite: »°pVÉ≤dG (al-qaaDii) Summary of verbal nouns and other verbal constructions • There are a number of nouns and participles that can be formed from verbs. The most important of these are verbal nouns, active and passive participles, nouns of place, and nouns of instrument. Familiarizing yourself with the patterns connected to each of these will help you expand your vocabulary. • Verbal nouns are formed from the root letters of a verb using a variety of patterns. These patterns are more predictable in the derived forms than in the basic form. Verbal nouns are mainly used for generalizations and in sentences where English would use an infinitive (“to walk”/“to see,” etc.) • Active participles follow the pattern πpYÉa (faa´il) in the basic verb. In the derived forms they all start with the sound òe (mu) and have a kasra as the final vowel. They are the rough equivalent of the English “-ing,” but can also be used to describe the person/thing carrying out an action. • Passive participles follow the pattern ∫ƒo©rØne (maf´uul) in the basic verb. In the derived forms they are the same as the active participle, except that they have fatHa as the final vowel. They are the equivalent of the English past participle (burned/drunk, etc.), but can also be used to describe the person/thing that is the object of an action. • There are also patterns that are used to describe the place or instrument of an action. Nouns of place start with ǹe (ma) and nouns of instrument with p̀e (mi). The vowels after this vary and each word should be learned individually. 94 Arabic Verbs 17Verbs inthe dual Arabic distinguishes between two things or people (the dual) and more than two (the plural). Chapter 28 gives a more detailed overview of the dual, but this chapter specifically looks at the dual verb endings. The dual verb endings have been deliberately separated so that you can tackle them only when you are confident with other aspects and types of the verb. There are three different dual endings for the following: ɪoàrfnCG (’antumaa: you two – both masculine and feminine) ɪog (humaa: they two – masculine*) ɪog (humaa: they two – feminine*) *Note that although the word for the dual “they” is ɪog (humaa) for both masculine and feminine, the verb endings are different. Here are the dual endings for the verb nnÖnànc/Öoàrµnj (to write): Past ɪoàrÑnà nc )maaabtukat( ÉÑnà nc )aaabkat( ÉànÑnà nc )aaatabkat( ɪoàrfnCG (masc.)ɪ og (fem.)ɪ og Present ¿ÉÑoàrµnJp )aanibaktut( ¿ÉÑoàrµnjp )aanibaktuy( ¿ÉÑoàrµnJp )aanibaktut( *enctivbjuSu ÉÑoàrµnJ )aabaktut( ÉÑoàrµnj )aabaktuy( ÉÑoàrµnJ )aabaktut( *eJussiv ÉÑoàrµnJ )aabaktut( ÉÑoàrµnj )aabaktuy( ÉÑoàrµnJ )aabaktut( * Note that the dual loses the final nuun in the subjunctive and jussive as the masculine plurals do. Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. 96 Arabic Verbs Irregular verbs will follow the same rules in the dual as those for other parts of the verb. Also note that, like the plural, a verb will only be dual if it comes after the subject; otherwise it will be singular (see page 63 for more details.) .Ürôn◊G nór©nH Gónænc ¤pEG ÉJnônLÉg ¿Éà∏pFÉ©dG r.ar the wfterated to Canada ago families emiThe tw .∑rÒ°ùdG ¢VhôoY ‘ ¿ÉcÎ r°ûnj ¿Ó«ØdG ¿Gòg rades.arcus prt in the ciaake po elephants tThese tw .ás« p°ùrfnônØdG á ẗ∏dG ¿ÉëpàrepG ‘ Éb sƒnØnànJ r¿nCG n…ÉànærHpG ójôoJ xamination.e egant to succeed in the French languars wo daughteMy tw