Cambridge Pre IGCSE Year8 Science course book., Slides of Earth science

Download Cambridge Pre IGCSE Year8 Science course book. and more Slides Earth science in PDF only on Docsity! 97 81 10 76 79 61 0 M ar y Jo ne s, D ia ne F el lo w es -F re em an a nd D av id S an g: C am br id ge C he ck po in t Sc ie nc e W or kb oo k 8 C ov er . C M Y K Cambridge Checkpoint Science Workbook 8 matches the requirements of stage 8 of the revised Cambridge Secondary 1 curriculum framework. It is endorsed by Cambridge International Examinations for use with their programme. The series is written by a highly experienced author team. This accessible Workbook is intended to be used alongside the Cambridge Checkpoint Science Coursebook 8. It contains exercises that will help students develop the skills they need to succeed with the Secondary 1 programme. The Workbook aims to develop a range of skills: applying knowledge planning investigations recording and interpreting results. Answers to the exercises are included on the Teacher’s Resource CD-ROM 8. Other components of Cambridge Checkpoint Science 8: Coursebook 8 ISBN: 978-1-107-65935-3 Teacher’s Resource 8 ISBN: 978-1-107-62505-1 Completely Cambridge – Cambridge resources for Cambridge qualifi cations Cambridge University Press works closely with Cambridge International Examinations as parts of the University of Cambridge. We enable thousands of students to pass their Cambridge exams by providing comprehensive, high-quality, endorsed resources. To ! nd out more about Cambridge International Examinations visit www.cie.org.uk Visit education.cambridge.org/cie for information on our full range of Cambridge Checkpoint titles including e-book versions and mobile apps. Cambridge Checkpoint Science Workbook 8 Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman and David Sang C am bridge C heckpoint Science W orkbook 8 Jones, Fellow es-Freem an and Sang 8 Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman and David Sang Workbook Cambridge Checkpoint Science Introduction Introduction What is this workbook for? This workbook will help you to develop your knowledge and skills in science. As you work carefully through it, you should fi nd that you get gradually better and better at doing things such as: using your knowledge to work out the answers to questions, rather than just remembering the answers organising, displaying and using data from secondary sources planning experiments, recording results, drawing graphs and making conclusions. How is the workbook organised? The workbook exercises are arranged in the same order as the topics in your coursebook. Each exercise has the same number as a topic in the coursebook. There is not always an exercise for each topic. For example, there is an exercise for each of topics 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4. There is no specifi c exercise for topic 1.5. The exercises will help you to develop the skills you need to do well in science. The exercises are not quite the same as the questions that you will meet in the Progression Tests or your Checkpoint examination. This is because the exercises are to help you to get better at doing particular things, rather than testing how well you can do them. Introduction 3 Contents 4 5 Contents Con nts Introduction 3 Biology Unit 1 Plants 1.1 The beginning of photosynthesis 6 1.2 Drawing leaves 8 1.3 The e1 ect of di1 erent colours of light on the rate of photosynthesis 10 1.4 Plants in space – Extension 13 Unit 2 Food and digestion 2.1 Fibre in food 15 2.2 Energy requirements 17 2.3 Digestion 19 2.4 Functions of the digestive system 21 2.6 How do teeth help in digestion? 22 Unit 3 The circulatory system 3.1 Blood fl ow in the human circulatory system 24 3.2 Hummingbirds 26 3.3 Adapting to high altitude – Extension 28 Unit 4 Respiration 4.1 A model of the human respiratory system 30 4.2 Lung surface area and body mass 32 4.3 An investigation using hydrogencarbonate indicator 34 4.4 Recording breathing rate and depth 38 4.5 Smoking statistics 40 Unit 5 Reproduction and development 5.1 External fertilisation 42 5.3 The menstrual cycle 44 5.4 Gestation periods 46 5.5 Human growth 48 5.6 Does ca1 eine a1 ect birthweight? 50 Chemistry Unit 6 States of Matter 6.1 Particle theory 52 6.2 Di1 usion 54 6.3 Investigating di1 usion 56 6.5 Gas pressure 58 Unit 7 Elements and compounds 7.1 Atoms 60 7.3 The Periodic Table 62 Contents 4 5 Contents 7.4 Compounds 64 7.5 Using formulae 65 Unit 8 Mixtures 8.1 Mixtures 66 8.2 More about mixtures 67 8.4 Chromatography 70 8.5 Scientific terms related to solutions 71 8.6 Solubility 72 8.7 Solubility investigation 74 Unit 9 Material changes 9.1 Physical and chemical changes 76 9.3 Reactions with acids 77 9.4 Before and after the reaction 78 9.5 Explaining unexpected results 80 9.6 Detecting chemical reactions 82 9.7 Why does iron rust? 84 Physics Unit 10 Measuring motion 10.1 All about movement 86 10.3 Calculations involving speed 88 10.4 Patterns of movement 92 10.5 All in a graph 96 Unit 11 Sound 11.1 Making music 99 11.3 The speed of sound 101 11.4 Louder and louder 104 11.5 Range of hearing 106 Unit 12 Light 12.1 Travelling light 108 12.2 Shadows 111 12.3 Seeing by reflection 113 12.4 Refraction of light 115 12.6 Coloured light 116 Unit 13 Magnetism 13.1 Magnets and magnetic materials 119 13.2 Magnetic forces, making magnets 121 13.3 Representing magnetic fields 124 13.5 Magnets and electromagnets 127 13.6 Revising magnets and electromagnets 128 Unit 1 Plants 8 91 Plants Exercise 1.2 Drawing leaves You don’t need to be a good artist to be able to make good scienti!c drawings. This exercise will help you to learn some of the important things to think about when you are drawing a biological specimen. Choose an interesting leaf. In the space provided below, make a large, labelled drawing of the upper surface of the leaf. Before you start, read through the checklist on the next page. When you have completed your drawing, give yourself a mark out of three for each statement. Unit 1 Plants 8 91 Plants Checklist 0 = I didn’t even try 1 = I tried, but didn’t do very well 2 = I did quite well 3 = I did really well Statement Mark out of 3 I used a sharp pencil for my drawing. I used a good eraser and completely erased all the mistakes I made. I did not use any colour or shading on my drawing. I made my drawing bigger than the actual leaf. The shape and proportions of my drawing are exactly like those of the leaf. I showed the edges of the leaf very clearly. I showed the pattern of veins on the leaf very clearly. I labelled at least three things on my drawing. I used a ruler to draw the labelling lines. I made sure the end of each labelling line touched the part of the leaf I was labelling. I wrote the labels around the drawing, not on top of it. Total (maximum possible mark = 33) Unit 1 Plants 10 111 Plants Exercise 1.3 The e! ect of di! erent colours of light on the rate of photosynthesis Sunil wanted to fi nd out which colour of light would make a plant photosynthesise fastest. The diagram shows the apparatus that he set up. red – 10, 12, 11 green – 4, 5, 6 blue – 8, 12, 10 colourless – 11, 13, 12 Sunil shone a light onto each piece of pondweed. He counted the number of bubbles that was given o1 in one minute. He did this three times for each piece of pondweed. These are his results. red cellophane test tube pondweed blue cellophane test tube pondweed green cellophane test tube pondweed colourless cellophane test tube pondweed water water water water Unit 1 Plants 12 131 Plants The International Space Station has been orbiting the Earth since the year 2000. More than 200 astronauts, from many di1erent countries, have worked on the Space Station. Some of the astronauts carry out experiments to investigate how plants grow in space. The plants are grown in small, enclosed, transparent containers. They are given artificial light. Air and water are pumped around their roots. The experiments show that, when there is no gravity at all, the plant roots and shoots grow randomly in all directions. So some of the plants are spun gently in a machine called a centrifuge. This produces a force to which the plants respond just as they would respond to gravity. One experiment has tested how the plants grow in di1erent kinds of soils. If a soil has very large particles, the water in it escapes easily. The water forms little droplets and floats away into the air. If the particles in the soil are very small, then air does not flow through it easily and the roots don’t get enough oxygen to survive. The plants grown in the Space Station include dwarf wheat, strawberries and mizuna. If humans ever travel to Mars, they will need plants to provide them with oxygen and food. The experiments also show that the astronauts enjoy growing the plants. 1 Suggest why the plants in the Space Station are grown in enclosed containers. ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… 2 Suggest why water has to be pumped directly to the plant roots, rather than just poured into the container from a watering can. ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Exercise 1.4 Plants in space – Extension You will need to use both your own knowledge and the information in the box to answer these questions. Some of the questions will make you think back to topics that you learnt about last year – gravity and soil. Read the information, and then answer the questions that follow. 14 15 Unit 1 Plants 1 Plants 3 a Explain why the roots of a plant grow in all directions if there is no gravity. ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… b Describe how this problem has been solved in the Space Station. ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… 4 Explain why a sandy soil would not be a good choice for growing plants in the Space Station. (Use what you know about soils, and also the information on page 13, to help you write your answer.) ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… 5 Describe three reasons why it would be useful for astronauts travelling on a long journey to grow plants in their spaceship. first reason ……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… second reason …………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… third reason ……………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………