DRAFT Microbe Mission Cheat Sheet 2023, Study notes of Biology

Download DRAFT Microbe Mission Cheat Sheet 2023 and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! 2011 Cheat Sheet - Microbe Mission 2018 Gopher Invitational Test - Microbe Mission 2018 Gopher Invitational Key - University of Florida Test - University of Florida Key - Raisbeck Invitational Test - Raisbeck Invitational Key - Take stuff from here?? pink = archaea, light blue = bacteria, green = viruses, orange = fungi, gold = microscopes, protists = purple Light Microscope: Light passes through lenses and magnifies objects. Fluorescence Microscope: Light of known band-width excites a fluorescent molecule in a sample, which is detected when it emits light of a longer wavelength Scanning Electron Microscope: Electron beam magnifies objects up to two million times Transmission Electron Microscope: Electron beam passes through very thin specimens; Parts of a Microscope: Ocular - magnifies images formed by the objectives, where you look to see the image. Nosepiece - holds the objectives. Base - supports the microscope and acts as a foundation. Objectives - lenses that form the image by receiving light. Arm - connects to base and holds up many parts. Body Tube - tube between ocular and nosepiece/objectives. Coarse adjustment - adjusts the microscope in lower power. Fine adjustment - adjusts microscope higher power or fine tuning. Stage - supports slide and specimen being viewed. Stage clips - clips on stage that hold slides in place. Illuminator - source of light usually below the stage. Diaphragm - controls amount of light reaching specimens. Total magnification = ocular * objectives. Principles of Microscopy: resolution = sharpness of image. refraction = bending/redirection of light as the phase velocity of the wave changes due to passing through a different medium, measured in angle of incidence = angle between a ray of light and the normal line at the point at which the ray entered a new medium. Index of refraction = medium through which light can travel, controls the extent to which light is reflected, sometimes it depends on temperature. Biconvex lens = causes light rays to converge. Biconcave lenses = causes light rays to diverge. Prion: Proteinaceous infectious particle; Nucleic acids not needed for infectivity; Cellular prion protein (PrPC) is present on the cell surface. The mutant protein, PrPSC, has an altered secondary structure. When PrPSC interacts with the normal protein, aggregation occurs. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Scrapie of sheep; Neurodegenerative Shapes: Bacillus (rod) Salmonella, Coccus (Spherical) Streptococcus, Spirochete (spiral), vibrio (Comma) Gram Negative stain: Red thin peptidoglycan Gram Positive: Purple, thick peptidoglycan; Bacterial Diseases: Streptococcus, Salmonella, Diphtheria, Bacterial Meningitis, Pneumonia, Cholera, Bubonic plague; Protists: Apicomplexans, Plasmodium, Diplomonads: Giardia, Gymnamoebas, Parabasalids: Trichomonas, Kinetoplastids: Trypanosoma, Oomycetes: Water, mold, white rust, mildew, Plasmodial (acellular) Slime Molds, Cellular Slime Molds, Euglenoids: Euglena, Dinoflagellates, Ciliates: Paramecium, Diatoms, Foraminifera, Radiolarians; Algae body is called thallus: Thallus: Uses of Lichens: Natural dyes for wool and fabric, food for caribou, Determination of air quality, Antiviral and antibacterial medications, litmus paper dye; Fungal Infections: Superficial, localized skin conditions or deep tissue infections– Caused by exposure to spores, may or may not be transmitted, categorized by: part of the body affected, how deeply the fungus penetrates the body, the organism causing the infection, the form(s) that the fungi take; Superficial:Yeast infection Candida albicans and other species of Candida: Due to the overgrowth of yeast which are part of the normal flora; thrush (mouth), diaper rash; Fungal (dermatophyte) Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton species: Fungus feeds on keratin. Causes reddening, peeling, blistering, and scaling of the skin, itching, deformation and brittleness of affected nails, and brittle hair; Systemic (deep): Aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus or several other Aspergillus species: Fungi commonly found in soil, plants, and house dust. They can cause fungal masses in the sinuses and lungs and, in some cases, can spread to the brain and bones. Spores: Produced by bacteria, protists and fungi, resting stage formed under conditions of stress, asexual reproduction, resistant to cysts– Cysts: Dormant stage of bacteria or protist, thick walls, protective, resistant to chemicals, desiccation and UV light, but not high temperature, no reproductive function, cause water-borne illness; Microbe Growth Curves– Phases of Growth: Lag: Microbes adapt to new environment, cell population does not increase, Log: Microbes start dividing, population increases exponentially, Stationary: Steady state cell division approx. = Cell death, Decline/death: Depletion of nutrients, increase in waste products, conditions inhospitable, leading to cell death; Viruses: acellular, obligate intracellular pathogens with DNA or RNA as their genetic material, which contain instructions for viral particles called virions– coated by viral envelope lipid (sometimes) and by capsid protein→made of capsomeres, which are made of protomers and infect all kinds of life (bacteriophages: infect bacteria, usually consists of DNA rather than RNA), come from plasmids, transposons, or evolved from bacteria, responsible for diseases like the common cold, cowpox, rubella, West Nile fever, dengue fever, shingles, and Zika. Shapes include: helical (tobacco mosaic, ebola– rod-shaped or filamentous), polyhedral (icosahedron– 20-sided 3D shape made of equilateral triangles, hepatitis A + polio), prolate (elongated icosahedron head attached to helical sheath + basal plate + leg-like tail fibers), bullet shapes (rabies aka Lyssavirus), brick shaped (pox viruses), cone shaped (HIV 1&2), spherical (HIV 1&2, influenza A-D, herpes). Caused by lytic infection, where the virus inject genome into the host cell, or by lysogenic infection, where the virus integrates its DNA into the host cell’s DNA→ viral DNA is called prophage.