Notes for world history, Summaries of World History

Download Notes for world history and more Summaries World History in PDF only on Docsity! Sources of demographic data https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/census/#faq The importance of population censuses as a procedure to systematically acquire and record information about the members of a population has long been recognized. Since the end of the 19th century, all countries in the world have been encouraged to conduct censuses. Since the 1950s, the UN Statistics Division (UNSD), as the secretariat to the decennial World Programme on Population and Housing Censuses, has promoted population censuses worldwide under the authority of the UN Statistical Com https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/books/9789210541732c002/read https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202004101310174035garima_sw_Sources_of_population_data.pdf https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demog/docs/symposium_03.htm#:~:text=It%20is%20well%20known%20that,statistical%20data %20collection%20and%20compilation. the three main sources of demographic and social statistics are censuses, surveys and administrative records. 1. Population censuses  The most important source of demographic data is the census. The word “census” is derived from the Latin word censere which means “to assess”.  • The population census, according to the United Nations in 2008, is the "total process of collecting, compiling, and publishing demographic, economic, and social data pertaining, at a specified time or times, to all persons in a country or delimited territory."  A population census is an official enumeration of a country's inhabitants, conducted every 10 years, to fulfill specific objectives such as location, age, sex, marital status, literacy, language, educational level, economic activity, number of children, and migration. 2. Registration  Also known as registration of life or vital statistics.  Vital statistics, such as birth, death, marriage, and divorce, are registered by law, providing crucial information about citizenship, marital status, succession rights, and dispute settlement regarding birth and death.  Registration is a secondary source of demographic data which is available from four sources: (1) Vital Registration; (2) Population Register; (3) Other Records, and (4) International Publications.  Vital Registration: Recording of vital events (or vital statistics) like births, deaths, marriages, divorces, etc. is obligatory on the part of every citizen in a country  Population Register: This is another secondary source of collecting population data. It contains the names, addresses, age, sex, etc. of every citizen, of those who migrate to other countries and who enter the country.  Other Records: They maintain population records to meet social security schemes like unemployment insurance and allowance, old age pension, maternity allowance, etc.  International Publications: The WHO, UNDP, and World Bank are key sources of demographic data, including the United Nations Demographic Year Book and Statistical Year Book. These publications provide data on public health, mortality, population growth, projections, fertility, and health for various countries, ensuring accurate and timely information. 3. Survey  A sample survey is a method of collecting population data from a small group of individuals, rather than the entire population. It can be used to study fertility, abortion rates, and contraceptive use.  Some countries use Random Sampling or Stratified Random Sampling for national sample surveys.  A simple random sample is used to represent the entire data population and randomly selects individuals from the population without any other consideration.  A stratified random sample, on the other hand, first divides the population into smaller groups, or strata, based on shared characteristics.  It is less time-consuming and costly than census data, and can supplement it to track population growth trends between census operations.  Sampling is also used to verify census data accuracy, yielding good results if the sample is properly chosen. The tools of demography 1. Count The precise count of a population or any demographic event taking place in a given location during a given time frame. 2. Rate: The ratio of the population "at risk" of the event happening over a given time period (often a year) to the frequency of demographic occurrences in the population at that time. Rates indicate how likely an occurrence is to take place. Rates could be: Crude Rates: These are unadjusted rates that consider the entire population. They are calculated by dividing the total number of cases in a given time period by the total number of persons in the population. Specific Rates: These rates focus on a specific subgroup of the population or a specific event, such as age-specific or gender-specific rates. Standardized Rates: These rates are adjusted to account for differences in population composition, allowing for meaningful comparisons across different populations or time periods. 3. Ratio: The relationship of one population subgroup to the overall population or to another subgroup; that is, one subgroup divided by another. 4. Proportion: A population subgroup's relationship to the total population; that is, a population subgroup divided by the total population. 5. Constant A constant, arbitrary number (for example, 100, 1000, or 100000) that can be multiplied by rates, ratios, or proportions to describe these metrics in a more intelligible manner. either K or Constant. 6. Cohort measure a measure of occurrences that are observed over time that are occurring to a COHORT (a group of persons with similar demographics). Cohorts include: - Cohorts of births - Cohorts of marriage - Cohorts in schools 7. Period Measure: A statistic that counts the occurrences of a population as a whole or in part over a specific time period. In essence, it creates a "snapshot" of a population. https://howmed.net/community-medicine/demography-introduction-and-tools/ Fertility, mortality, and migration Fertility, in its simplest definition, is the ability to have children. Regarding demography, we will refer to fertility as the fertility rate, how many children, on average, a woman will have in her lifetime. Fertility rates are based on four factors: favorable social norms, flexible labor markets, cooperative fathers, and family policies.1 Favorable social norms typically involve flexibility in traditional gender roles to fit mothers who want to have a family and a career. Flexible labor markets can mean not having repercussions for taking a career break to start a family. Tight labor markets are favorable, meaning jobs are plentiful, as high unemployment can make those employed hesitant to cut back on work or quit to focus more on their family.