The struggle for unity and liberty pt. 2 of Germany, Slides of History

Download The struggle for unity and liberty pt. 2 of Germany and more Slides History in PDF only on Docsity! The struggle for Unity and Liberty French Revolution: Attempt and failure THE CUILLOTINE. The German Confederation • Holy Roman Empire ends in 1806 • Napoleon creates Confederation of the Rhine • 1815, the German Confederation is created • Structure: Austria leads in Frankfurt, 39 individual states, no democracy, no common currency/taxation/laws • People had hoped for a German national state with a consitution and rights. OPCVL Metternich VALUE • ORIGIN: Metternich is the architect of the Restauration, he manages the congress, he takes decisions. He may give us some insight on why the Congress favoured Restauration. • PURPOSE: Metternich wants to convince a democratic American of the blessings of Restoration / monarchy. This certainly gives us some information on how he, the nobility an the Congress thought about Restauration. OPCVL Metternich VALUE • CONTENT: Metternich clearly says why he likes monarchy: he and only he can decide. Now that he is back in power along with the other nobles, they will of course RESTORE monarchy. This helps us to answer the question. Let‘s do the tasks in the book 1. Conflict between Metternich‘sideas and the principles of the French Revolution: liberty, equality and fraternity 2. Name the groups supporting Metternich‘s ideas and those opposing them. Find support for your arguments in the sources. N.B: Die "Gerechtigkeit" überblickt mit nichtverbundenen Augen den Verhandlungsverlauf! European Unrest 1815-1848 Factors for success • Weak governments • Countries with democratic ideas (France: majority force the king to abdicate) Factors for failure • Strong governments with disciplined armies. • Britain grants more rights – which makes the unrest crumble. Bottom Iine: „Metternich‘s plans to maintain the old order were unlikely to work“ Examples for Unrest in Germany • Congress of Vienna, Restoration • Student Societies „Burschenschaften“ • Wartburg Festival 1817 • Kotzebue • Carlsbad Decrees 1819 • Hambach Festival 1832 • The Göttingen Seven 1837 • Not in the text: Siebenpfeiffer Wartburgfestival 1817 • Student societies protest against reactionary powers and demonstrate for a liberal nation state.. • Honour, Liberty, Nation State = Black, Red and Gold • Burning of books, with „anti-German content“ Book burnings • Code Napoleon • German history and plays (Kotzebue) • Wigs • Lieutenant canes • Prussian Uniforms Cartoon on the Decrees – see page 84 Principles of Student Societies 1817 1. Everbody has a right to prosper freely. 2. The state should minimise its influence and limitations on people – issue few decrees. 3. The state must protect the possession and the person and the liberty of the people. 4. The people‘s representatives control the government. Thus, the only form of the state can be a democracy. 5. Still, Germany must have an emperor. 6. Germany must be united – people who say that there is a division between north and south Germany, a division between protestant and Catholic Germany are WRONG! Hambach Festival 1832 An der Rheinstrasse, Rheinland-Pfalz • 1830 more repression than before – especially on press censorship. • Liberals organise a people‘s festival in 1832 – this is meant to cover the fact that it was a political demonstration – something banned under the Carlsbad Decrees. • 30‘000 people participate. • Demands: freedom of demonstration, free press, freedom of opinion, civil rights and national unitiy Philipp Jakob Siebenpfeiffer • Liberal Publisher • Organises Hambach • Arrested in 1832 • Tried in 1834, escapes to the Swiss Confederatoin („Switzerland“) • Becomes professor in Bern. • Dies in Bümpliz in 1845 Tasks on page 85 1. Explain the connection between the Wars of Liberation and the students‘ ideas. 2. Discuss how realistic Metternich‘s fear of the student societies was. 3. Describe the effect of the Carlsbad Decrees on political life in the German Confederation. 4. Explain the criticism of the Metternich system in M2. 5. See next slide Compare and Contrast various examples of political unrest (in terms of reasons for their success or failure) • Similarities • „Both of these examples.....“ • Differences • „while this example ... The other one.... The Revolution of 1848 • January: Italy • February: Paris > triggers March Revolutions in „Germany“. • Causes: Press censorship and use of army against people. • Fact: limited suffrage kept liberals from parliament = no reforms. • Immediate cause: banning of a political banquet and shooting at the ensuing demonstrators. • Consequences: King must abdicate Vienna 1848 • Cause: Paris Revolution. • Demands: freedom of the press, civil rights and a constitution, dismissal of Metternich . • Immediate cause: demonstrations on 13th March 1848. Troops sent, but barricades kept them back • Consequences: Metternich flees, government published a new constitution. Ferdinand I lifts press cencorship Berlin 1848 • Cause: 1815 promised a constitution for Prussia – but never realised. Paris and Vienna Revolutions. • Demands: a constitution. • Consequences: William promises a new constitution. • 18th March: crowds want to thank the king, but are then shot at. > Barricades set up, 230 killed Problems of the National Assembly • Revolution underway: writing constitutions for the states – PLUS one for all of Germany. • Electing the national assembly: universal and equal male suffrage. • INDIRECT vote: vote electors and they elect representatives. • Assembly starts in late May, 2 months after the revolution. TASKS of the Assembly • SOVEREIGNITY: Can the assembly decide for itself (sovereign), or do the single states have to agree to decisions? • No real power, goodwill of the rulers of the German states necessary – it faded! • CONSTITUTION: Draft of the constitution in April 1849 (=1 year!!). King or elected head? Role of parliament? Form of election? TASKS of the Assembly • BORDERS: How big should Germany be? With all of Austria (=grossdeutsch) or only German-speaking Austria (kleindeutsch)? • HUMAN RIGHTS: A point most agreed on – but a waste of time.... The counter revolution was strong and the monarchs were back. OLA: frat ES Movie time: Modul 2 Revolution 1843 _GSinteraktiv 13 The end of the 1848 Revolution • Reaction in Austria and Prussia. • Austria: Revolutionaries want to play a role in politics, but emperor takes back control in June: ends revolt in Prague and Italy, and then marches into Vienna in October – and shot Robert Blum! • Prussia: September: king‘s troops back in Berlin, in November, Prussian assembly is dissolved = no democratic constitution for Prussia. When the Frankfurt Paulskirche offered the German crown in April 49 to the Prussian king, he refused it! The end of the 1848 Revolution • The Legacy of the Revolution. • Austrian members left when the crown was offered to the Prussian king. • Other members left when he turned down the offer. • 100 members held out in Baden – but were arrested and executed. • Bottom Line: DISAPPOINTMENT of liberal ideas. • BUT: constitution written down and throught through –cannot be undone. • BUT: German middle class became politically conscious! Prussian Constitutional Crisis . The Road to Germany unity BOS fs Sip 4 , ye et oo ay, Tasks • Bismarck to the budget commission p.97 • Change in opinion about Bismarck p.99 • „Prussia chains Alsace to Himself“ p.100 • Benjamin Disraeli p.101