AAMC MCAT Psych/Soc Study Guide Exam Review Questions Containing 530 Terms with Certified, Exams of Social Psychology

Download AAMC MCAT Psych/Soc Study Guide Exam Review Questions Containing 530 Terms with Certified and more Exams Social Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! AAMC MCAT P/S AAMC MCAT Psych/Soc Study Guide Exam Review Questions Containing 530 Terms with Certified Answers 2024. shadowing task - Answer: two different sounds projecting into different ears. You're asked to repeat the sounds heard by one ear Selective attention - Answer: ability to maintain attention while being presented with masking or interfering stimuli AAMC MCAT P/S divided attention - Answer: attention is a limited resource. Can't split it very well. Doing 2x at once, you end up switching between tasks rather than doing them simultaneously. Occurs when an individual must perform two tasks which require attention, simultaneously Joint attention - Answer: focusing of attention on an object by two separate individuals directed attention - Answer: allows attention to be focused sustainably on a single task, in case a single orientation of the Necker cube attention - Answer: focus/concentrating on something at the exclusion of the other stimuli in the environment Exogenous/external cues - Answer: Used in selective attention don't have to tell ourselves to look for them in order for them to capture our attention ex: bright colors, loud noises exogenous attention - Answer: bottom-up processing/ external events AAMC MCAT P/S This is part of operant conditioning Fixed-ratio - Answer: rewards behavior after a specific number of responses Fixed-interval schedule - Answer: rewards behavior after a specific amount of time Two male children with different biological parents are adopted in infancy and raised together. Which observation best supports the idea that heredity is an important determiner of intelligence? The two boys' IQs ..... - Answer: are less similar to each other than their own biological siblings Which phenomenon will an animal trainer most likely try to avoid when training a rabbit for a television commercial? - Answer: Instinctual drift; is the phenomenon whereby established habits, learned using operant techniques, eventually are replaced by innate food-related behaviors Learned behavior "drifts" to the organism's species-specific (instinctual) behavior Instinctual/instinctive drift - Answer: established habits, learned using operant techniques, eventually replaced by innate food-related behaviors. So the learned behavior drifts to the organism species-specific instinctual behavior. AAMC MCAT P/S It is the tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that interfere with a conditioned response Token economy - Answer: system of behavior modification based on systematic reinforcement of target behavior; reinforcers are "tokens" that can be exchanged for other reinforcers such as prizes Primary reinforcers - Answer: innately satisfying/desirable, like food water and sexual behavior Secondary reinforcers - Answer: those learned to be reinforcers, such as previously neutral stimuli.... It requires a pairing or association with a primary reinforcer for it to have value ex: money Operant extinction - Answer: in operant conditioning, it results from some response by the organism no longer being reinforced getting your dog to sit on command, but you stop giving it a treat or any type of reinforcement. Overtime, the dog may not sit every time you give the command Variable-interval - Answer: responses are reinforced after a variable amount of time has passed, regardless on amount AAMC MCAT P/S ex: bonus can come randomly on different days Partial reinforcement schedule - Answer: behavior is reinforced only some of the time. More resistant to extinction than continuous reinforcement. Behavior is shaped through a process of successive reinforcement of approximations of target behavior serial position effect - Answer: Primacy and recency effects can't recall the middle of the list dual coding hypothesis - Answer: it's easier to remember words associated with images than either one alone method of loci - Answer: imagine moving through a familiar place and in each place leaving a visual representation of topic to be remembered explicit memory (declarative memory) - Answer: events you can clearly/explicitly describe It is a type of long term memory that focuses on recalling previous experiences and information two types: AAMC MCAT P/S socialization - Answer: process of learning the norms and values in a society cultural transmission - Answer: addresses how culture is learned. Culture is passed along from generation to generation through various childrearing practices, including when parents expose children to music Culture lag - Answer: culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, resulting in social problems material culture - Answer: changes rapidly; physical and technological aspects of our daily lives, like food and houses, and phones Culture shock - Answer: feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, or even fear when they encounter unfamiliar culture practices ex: Moving countries, move social environments, or travels to another type of life (urban to rural) Culture assimilation - Answer: interpenetration of fusion of ethnic minorities into the dominant culture proximal stimulus - Answer: Physical stimulation that is available to be measured by an observer's sensory apparatus. It can also refer to the neural activity that results form sensory transduction of the physical stimulus (eyes, ears, etc) AAMC MCAT P/S the stimulation that actually occurs when your sensory receptors are activated... the neural activity Stimulus registered by the sensory receptors (e.g., the pattern of light falling on the retina) Sensory stimulus - Answer: refers to the type of information being received by your receptors which elicits a response ex: light, heat, touch, sound etc distal stimulus - Answer: Are the objects and events out in the would about you actual stimulus or object in the real world that you end up sensing and then perceiving, which results in the proximal stimulus Law of similarity - Answer: items similar to one another grouped together ex: alternating lines of squares and circles are seen as individual columns AAMC MCAT P/S Law of pragnanz - Answer: reality organized reduced to simplest form possible ex: olympic rings Law of Proximity - Answer: objects that are close are grouped together - we are naturally group the closer things together rather than things that are farther apart Law of continuity - Answer: lines are seines following the smoothest path Law of closure - Answer: objects groups together are seen as a whole and the mind fills in the missing information Gestalt - Answer: theoretical approach that emphasized that idea that the ways in which people's perceptual experience is organized result form how human brains are organized Tried to explain how we perceive things the way we do Humanistic theory (carl rogers) - Answer: focuses on healthy personality development and humans are seen as inherently good. The most basic motive of all people is the actualizing tendency, innate drive to maintain and enhance oneself to full potential. People have freewill AAMC MCAT P/S Sick role - Answer: expectation in society that allows you to take a break from responsibilities. But if you don't get better or return, you're viewed as deviant and harmful to society Social epidemiology - Answer: looks at health disparities through social indicators like race, gender, and income distribution, and how social factors affect a person's health Focuses on the contribution of social and cultural factors to disease patterns in populations Social facts - Answer: Durkheim and functions; they are ways of thinking and acting formed by society that existed before any one individidual and will still exist after any individual is dead critical period (sensitive period) - Answer: Period of time a child is most able to learn a language. A point in early development that can have a significant influence on physiological or behavioral functioning in later life Incentive theory - Answer: refers to how factors outside of individuals, including community values and other aspects of culture, can motivate behavior AAMC MCAT P/S Exchange theory/Exchange-Rantional choice theory - Answer: Decision making via cost-benefit analysis Social constructionism - Answer: argues that people actively shape their reality through social interactions/agreement - its something constructed, not inherent. Things are social products made of the values of the society that created it Social construct - Answer: concept/practice everyone in society agrees to treat a certain way regardless of its inherent value money Weak social constructionism - Answer: dependent on brute facts and institutional facts Strong social constructionism - Answer: whole of reality is dependent on language and social habits; all knowledge is social construct and there are no brute facts Symbolic interactionism - Answer: examines small scale (micro level) social interactions, focusing attention on how shared meaning is established among individuals or small groups cultural capital - Answer: non-financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means. AAMC MCAT P/S ex: knowledge, skills, education, things that are associated with difference in social status Social reproduction - Answer: means we are reproducing social inequality across generations (people with rich parents end up wealthy themselves) Social capital - Answer: the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively social networks Hidden curriculum - Answer: standard behaviors that are deemed acceptable that are subtly taught by teachers cognitive dissonance - Answer: discomfort experienced when holding 2 or more conflicting cognitions (ideals, beliefs, emotional reactions) People want to rid themselves of the inconsistencies so they change their cognitions Self-fulfilling prophecy - Answer: stereotypes can lead to behaviors that affirm the original stereotypes "City dwellers are rude" AAMC MCAT P/S fMRI - Answer: imaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow Structural MRI - Answer: describes the shape, size and integrity of gray and white matter structures in the brain. CAT scans - Answer: a detailed X-ray. Takes cross sectional images of bones for example, to provide detailed information superior to that of a regular x ray what are MRI's used for? - Answer: soft tissue- brain, ligaments, tendons etc What are CAT scans used for? - Answer: bone injuries, cancer detection, lung and chest imaging Stage 1 of sleep - Answer: Theta waves; strange sensations (hypnagonic hallucinations); hypnic jerks Stage 2 of sleep - Answer: Theta waves; sleep spindles and K-complexes Stage 3 of sleep - Answer: Delta waves; sleep walking/talking; declarative memory consolidation Stage 4 of sleep (REM) - Answer: MUSCLES ARE PARALYZED; DREAMING ACCURS; MEMORY CONSOLIDATION; FORMATION OF EPISODIC MEMORIES; AAMC MCAT P/S Based on the looking glass self, which reaction is most likely for a person who acquires a stigmatized illness? - Answer: The person will internalize the perceived stigmatization against her/himself Looking-glass self = our self concept is influenced by how we perceive that others are viewing us. A person who acquires a stigmatized illness is likely to internalize the stigmatization directed against him/herself state-dependency effect - Answer: your state at the moment you encode. When you are in a certain mood when you encode you can then remember it when you in the same mood method of loci - Answer: good for remembering things in order, link info to locations. Tie information you need to remember certain stops along a route that you already know rote rehearsal - Answer: say the same thing over and over against to remember Least effective technique for memory encoding specificity - Answer: enhanced memory when testing takes place under the same conditions as learning AAMC MCAT P/S mass hysteria - Answer: behavior that occurs when groups react emotionally or irrationally to real or perceived threats strain theory - Answer: if a person is blocked from attaining a culturally accepted goal, may become frustrated/strained and turn to deviance ex: athlete attends a school that doesn't have proper training equipment/no coach/funding so the athlete turns to deviant behavior such as steroids to get LARGE AND IN CHARGE Primary deviance - Answer: no big consequences, reaction to deviant behavior is very mild and does not affect person's self-esteem. Individual is able to continue to behave in same way without feeling immoral/wrong ex: all athletes of team use steroids, so the act of a play is not labeled as deviant and his actions go unnoticed Secondary deviance - Answer: serious consequences, characterized by severe negative reaction that produces a stigmatizing label and results in more deviant behavior taboos - Answer: behaviors completely forbidden/wrong in any circumstances, and violation results in consequences far more extreme than a "more" AAMC MCAT P/S Piaget's stages of cognitive development - Answer: 1. Sensorimotor - ages: 0-2; learning to perceive the world using senses. During this stage they learn object permanence, the concept that even if you hide a ball under the rug, the ball continues to exist 2. Preoperational stage - ages: 2-7; the child learns that objects and ideas can be shown using symbols, such as images and words. They also learn to speak. During this period of time the child is very egocentric, and do not understand other people's perspectives 3. Concrete operational stage: ages: 7-11; during this period of time the child learns the principle of conservation, which is the concept that a tall slender cup can hold the same amount of fluid as a short wider cup, even though the cups are different. The child is also able to think logically about actual events 4. Formal operational stage - ages: 12+; during this period of time people learn how to reason based on morals, how to form hypotheses; and other forms of abstract reasoning Piaget's water conservation task: Kids are shown two identical beakers, containing equal amounts of water. The water form one of the containers is poured into a thinner and taller beaker. What will most likely be conformed from this task? - Answer: Majority of 11 year old kids state that the amount of water in the taller beaker is the same as the original beaker AAMC MCAT P/S Behaviorist theory of personality - Answer: personality is derived from the interactions between a person and his or her environment trait theory - Answer: a type of humanist theory; emphasizes that personality is the result of a person's multiple traits that are relatively stable over time Wernick'es area - Answer: region in the left hemisphere for the brain responsible for language comprehension self-serving bias - Answer: tendency of people to attribute their successes to themselves and their failures to external causes Just-world phenomenon - Answer: belief that the world is indeed fair and people get what they deserve xenophobia - Answer: fear of which is perceived to be foreign, such as the fear of cultural outsiders. anxious-avoidant attachment style - Answer: results from the child being constantly rejected and rebuffed by the parent. These children learn to be independent early on, depending only on themselves because they learn that they cannot rely on the parent who is never available AAMC MCAT P/S Sapir-whorf hypothesis - Answer: suggests that the structure of a language determines//influences the thought and behavior characteristic of the culture which is spoken Learning (behaviorist) theory - Answer: children aren't born with anything, they only acquire language through operant conditioning. Child learns to say "mama" because every time they say that, mom reinforces the child. Language is learned Interactionist approach - Answer: Known as social interactionist approach; believes biological and social factors have to interact in order for children to learn language. Children's desire to communicate with others Associated with Vygotsky Nativist (innatist/biological) perspective - Answer: children are born with ability to learn language Associated with Noam Chomsky Critical period (sensitive period) - Answer: a point in early development that can have a significant influence on physiological or behavioral functioning in later life behaviorist perspective - Answer: our personalities are produced by patterns of behavior that we learn according to our environment AAMC MCAT P/S thyroid gland - Answer: effects the growth and development of the brain and regulates growth rates pupillary reflex - Answer: constrict pupil when exposed to bright light eyeblink - Answer: involuntary blinking of eye when something comes near head/bright light rooting reflex - Answer: cheek stroking = baby turns head toward finger babinski reflex - Answer: how baby will turn/unturn toes when bottom of the foot is touched Moro/ startle reflex - Answer: if a baby hears a loud noise or sees a sudden movement they will become startled sucking reflex - Answer: if an object touches the roof of a baby's mouth it will begin to suck tonic neck reflex - Answer: if a baby's head is turned to the side, the baby will extend its arm on that side, and bend the opposite arm glant reflex - Answer: when skin is stroked, baby moves/swings to the side it was stroked AAMC MCAT P/S palmer grasp reflex - Answer: children closes their hands on anything that comes in their palm reticular activating system - Answer: responsible for regulating wakefulness, arousal, and sleep-wake transitions 3 components of emotion - Answer: 1. Physiological arousal (how your body reacts to emotions, emotional information or stimuli) ex:elevated HR 2. Behavioral: expressive displays (how you express your emotions) 3. Cognitive: subjective experiences (how you feel and interpret your emotions) Lazarus theory - Answer: experience of emotion depends on how the situation is cognitively appraised (labeled) ex: if we label emotion as good, it is positive Interpretation must occur before arousal or emotion, which happen simultaneously. Schacter-Singer theory - Answer: an event which simultaneously elicits physiological response and an interpretation of an event AAMC MCAT P/S Primary appraisal of stress - Answer: assessing stress in present situation as either: 1. irrelevant 2. benign/positive 3. stressful/negative If primary appraisal is negative, then you move onto secondary appraisal 1. Irrelevant - I see the stress but its not important 2. Benign/Positive - dinosaur takes our the dog which was the rabbits enemy 3. Stressful - threatening - rabbit having to run away from the dog Secondary appraisal of stress - Answer: Evaluation of the individual's ability to cope with the situation 1. Harm - what damage has it already caused? 2. Threat -how much damage could it cause? 3. Challenge - how can the situation be overcome? 4 major categories of stressors - Answer: 1. Significant life changes 2. Catastrophic events 3. Daily hassles 4. Ambient stressors Significant life changes - Answer: Death of loved one, marriage, loss of job, having children, leaving home, etc AAMC MCAT P/S External validity - Answer: Whether results of the study can be generalized to other situations and other people Sample must be random Population validity - Answer: type of external validity which describes how well the sample used can be extrapolated to a popular as a whole (generalizability) test validity - Answer: how much meaning can be placed upon a set of test results Face validity - Answer: how representative a research project is at "face value" and whether it appears to be a good project changes in dependent variable may be due to existence of variations in a third variable known as - Answer: Confounding variables test-retest reliability - Answer: this is shown by a high positive correlation between first and second administration of a test exogamy - Answer: marriage is allows only outside a social group endogamy - Answer: marrying within a specific ethnic group, class or social group, and rejecting others on such a bases as being unsuitable AAMC MCAT P/S Positive symptoms of schizophrenia - Answer: delusions, neologisms, and hallucinations, disorganized speech/thinking/behavior, and catatonic behavior What is catatonic behavior - Answer: extremes of a behavior... often seen as a positive symptom in schizophrenia Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia - Answer: loss of emotional affect or interest and social withdrawal Avolition - reduction or inability to iniate and persist in goal-directed behavior Alogia -speech difficulties experimental studies - Answer: you have a control that allows you to measure the change in one variable in relation to another (always remember though, that correlation is rarely the causation). That means that there would be a set independent variable (by the researchers) that is hypothesized to influence (or not in the H0 null hypothesis). cohort study - Answer: a subset of longitudinal study in which the subjects are picked because they have a share common characteristic or experience within a defined period. Cross-sectional study - Answer: A "snapshot" study of a population at a given time. So for example, you can have a study about a high risk population for X AAMC MCAT P/S disease. The study will have a sample of the population that will include healthy members that don't have X, people with disease, etc. This kind of studies are observational, and therefore cannot be used to draw a relationship. They are good to study a prevalence of a condition, or as a reflection of the current conditions. case-study - Answer: a study in which the subject(s) are hand picked (no random selection) for a detailed analysis. This is useful when encountering a unique subject and intend to gain more information than a regular study. For example, HM was a man with epilepsy and had his hippocampus removed. Researchers studied his unique condition to learn more about the hippocampus and memory. quantitative study - Answer: tangible, "hard data", objective information. Examples: height, weight, age, A1c blood glucose test. qualitative study - Answer: subjective information (more commonly found in social sciences). Examples: pain rating, mood rating,etc. comparative analysis - Answer: studies the difference between different populations. Example: how local diet influences health in US vs Japan. conjuctiva - Answer: thin layer of cells that lines the inside of your eyelids from the eye cornea - Answer: transparent thick sheet fibrous tissue AAMC MCAT P/S 3 phases: 1. Alarm 2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion obedience - Answer: we follow orders/obey authority "I am just following orders" compliance - Answer: situations where we do a behavior to get a reward or avoid punishment Tendency to go along with behavior without questioning why Compliance goes away once rewards/punishments go away internalization - Answer: idea/belief/behavior has been integrated into our own values. We confirm to the belief privately Normative social influence - Answer: we do something to gain respect/support of peers, then we are complying with social norms AAMC MCAT P/S Informational social influence - Answer: when we conform because we feel others are more knowledgeable than us, because we think they know something we don't Why is experimental methods not appropriate for research on residential segregation? - Answer: Due to ethical concerns, as well as practical considerations social reproduction - Answer: spread of inequality; people with rich parents end up wealthy themselves social capital - Answer: networks of relationships among people who live and work with a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively building up reliable, useful social networks Cultural capital - Answer: knowledge, skills, education, and similar characteristics that are used to make social distinctions and are associated with difference in social status ex: education, intellect, style of speech, dress attire, or physical appearance social network analysis - Answer: often utilized when studying communicable diseases; used is some epidemiological studies; involves the mapping of social relationships among individuals AAMC MCAT P/S Gentrification - Answer: the reinvestment of lower income neighborhoods in urban areas, which results from the influx of more affluent groups. With the arrival of more affluent residents, housing demand increases and generally results in a decrease in affordable housing for lower income residents. It usually causes increased neighborhood stratification, displacement lower- income residents, and expanded tax base for local government Urban renewal - Answer: revamping old parts of cities to become better It can lead to gentrification, which means when redone they target a wealthier community which increases property value. Rural rebound - Answer: people getting sick of cities and moving back out to rural areas. People who can afford to leave the city and looking for simple/slower life fertility - Answer: natural ability of human beings to have babies, which add to the population fecundity - Answer: potential reproductive capacity of a female internal migration - Answer: move within same country AAMC MCAT P/S dyssomnias - Answer: abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea parasomnias - Answer: abnormal behaviors that occur during sleep somnambulism (sleep walking) and night terrors (usually during stage 3) genetic drift - Answer: change in allele frequency for a trait in a population that tends to occur by change sublimation - Answer: channeling aggressive or sexual energy into positive, constructive activities, such as producing art continuous reinforcement - Answer: reinforcer given after every single response slow response rate fastest extinction rate *best way to teach new behavior fixed ratio reinforcement - Answer: reinforcer given after set number of responses fast response rate AAMC MCAT P/S medium extinction rate fixed interval reinforcement - Answer: reinforcer given after set amount of time medium response and extinction rate variable ratio reinforcement - Answer: reinforcer given after variable number of responses fast response rate slowest rate of extinction *behavior persisters for a long time Variable interval reinforcement - Answer: reinforcer given after variable amount of time fast response rate slow extinction rate Assimilation - Answer: Process of social integration and generally refers to when new members adopt the main element of a culture AAMC MCAT P/S Aspects of assimilation 1. cultural adaption 2. adopting new norms 3. relinquishing old norms Which statement does not identify an aspect of the concept of assimilation? A) Assimilation is the influence that cultural changes have on an individual's health B) Assimilation is the process of cultural adaptation that results form geographic mobility C)Assimilation occurs when individuals adopt the cultural norms of a dominant culture D) Assimilation occurs when individuals relinquish the cultural norms of their childhood - Answer: A Because this addresses the possible consequences of assimilation rather the concept itself What is sapir-whorf hypothesis also known as? - Answer: Linguistic relativity AAMC MCAT P/S pressure - Answer: mechanoception temperature - Answer: thermoception pain - Answer: nociception position - Answer: proprioception Nativist perspective - Answer: language must be innate; children are born with ability to learn language Noam Chomsky Social networks provide what kind of social support? - Answer: Health! 1. Peer network 2. Family network 3. Community network Social networks provide a valuable resource. What can they do for a person? - Answer: 1. Friends and family members that help patients adhere to medical treatment 2. Friends and family members help patients reduce harmful behaviors 3. social relationships help individuals cope with stressful events AAMC MCAT P/S This is social support — promotes health Social support - Answer: refers to social network ties (friends, family and other relationships) that provide an individual with various types of assistance, which are associated with improving health or reducing harm ***It does not participate in social activities working memory capacity - Answer: between 5 and 9 items magic number 7 +/- 2 Divided attention - Answer: attention is a limited resource. Occurs when an individual must perform two tasks which require attention, simultaneously directed attention - Answer: allows attention to be focused sustainably on a single task joint attention - Answer: attention on an object by two separate individuals Priming - Answer: implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus AAMC MCAT P/S Negative priming - Answer: implicit memory effect; slows down processing speed positive priming - Answer: speeds up processing; caused by experiencing the stimulus; Chunking - Answer: we group info we're getting into meaningful categories Implicit memory (non-declarative) - Answer: type of memory in which experiences aid the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences (procedural memories) Formed unconsciously ex: habits, procedural tasks explicit memories - Answer: declarative and conscious sensory memory - Answer: the first recall of sensory information; it is quick and short-term. For example, if you touch a pan on the stove, you will remember it was hot. There are two types of sensory memory: Echoic memory Iconic memory AAMC MCAT P/S ex: a student has to write two papers, five reading assignments, give a speech, and two lab reports in one week role conflict - Answer: tension between two or more different statuses ex: someone who is a parent, friend, husband, and worker Impression management - Answer: our attempt to control how others see us on the front stage. We do this because we want to be viewed in a positive way. In-groups - Answer: Stronger interactions with those individuals. Interactions are more common and more influential Race/ethnic identity can be an important characteristic of an in-group, resting in a shared culture, language, or community mixed-methods study - Answer: integrating quantitative and qualitative analysis conflict theory - Answer: emphasizes the competition between groups over the allocation of societal resources. It assumes that power and authority are unequally distributed across a society, and that groups attempt to maintain their advantages AAMC MCAT P/S What research methodology involves the extended, systematic observation of a complete social environment? - Answer: Ethnographic methods ethnography - Answer: study of particular people and places Generally combines several research methods including interviews, observation, and physical trace measures. A good ethnography truly captures a sense of place and peoples studied ethnocentric - Answer: judging someone else's culture from the position of your own Viewing your own culture to be superior to that of others Can lead to cultural bias and prejudice Xenocentrism - Answer: judging another culture as superior to your own you think your culture is inferior to someone else cultural imperialism - Answer: deliberate force of one's own cultural values on another culture AAMC MCAT P/S Mere exposure effect - Answer: repeated exposure to novel people or objects increases our liking for them. More often we see something, more often we like it. Applies to everything - music, nonsense syllabus, numbers, objects Projection bias - Answer: when we assume others share this same beliefs we do false consensus - Answer: when we assume everyone else agrees with what we do, even if they do not Authoritarian parenting - Answer: very strict, break will of child. Punishment Permissive(indulgent) parenting - Answer: non-directive and lenient. Few behavioral expectations for child Authoritative parenting - Answer: also strict, consistent and loving but more pragmatic and issue-oriented and listen to children's arguments. Balance responsibilities with rights of child. Discipline This is the best style of parenting deindividualization - Answer: when an individual loses self-awareness in groups social scripts - Answer: when people in new situations rely on instructions provided by society on how to act AAMC MCAT P/S ex: you have to learn your new phone number which makes it hard to remember to previous one long-term potentiation - Answer: since the brain doesn't grow new cells to store memory, the connections between the neurons strengthen ex: synaptic plasticity The same presynaptic stimulation will elicit a stronger and stronger response in the postsynaptic neuron source amnesia - Answer: the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge priming - Answer: prior activation of nodes/associations, often without our awareness ex: hearing a story about a apple and then asked to name word starting with the letter A context - Answer: the environment you encode and take the test (retrieve the information) is helpful AAMC MCAT P/S self-referencing - Answer: think about new information and how it relates to you personally type 1 error - Answer: false positive type II error - Answer: false negative representativeness heuristic - Answer: a heuristic where people look for the most representative answer, and look to match prototype - a given concept to what is typical or representative conjunction fallacy - Answer: co-occurrence of two instances is more likely than one. People tend to think the probably of 2 events occurring together is higher than the probability of one alone ex: linda being a bank teller and feminist is greater than just being a bank teller available heuristic - Answer: actual memories in the mind that can be recalled anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic - Answer: requires a person to create a set point or anchor. The answer is adjusted based on comparing new information to the answer framing effects - Answer: how you present the decision can affect decisions as well AAMC MCAT P/S intergenerational mobility - Answer: change in social class between generations ex: parent is working class and son is upper class intragenerational mobility - Answer: social class happens in one's own lifetime relative poverty - Answer: the inability to meet the average standard of living within a society meritocracy - Answer: a social system where effort and talent is rewarded internal locus of control - Answer: "i should have studied harder" I can control the fate of my own destiny external locus of control - Answer: "that test was unfair" perceive outside forcers that help control fate tyranny of choice - Answer: Where there are too many choices that it negatively impacts your cognition and behavior "information overload and decision paralysis" AAMC MCAT P/S lack of social norms, which leads to the breakdown in the connection between individual and their community Theory of general intelligence - Answer: Charles Spearman 1. factor analysis to identify clusters of related abilities 2. Suggested there is a general intelligence (g-factor) Those who score high in one field usually score high in other fields Theory of Primary mental abilities - Answer: L.L. Thurstone 1. Seven factor of intelligence World fluency, verbal comprehension, spacial reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory Theory of multiple intelligence - Answer: Howard Hardner 7-9 independent intelligences logical-mathematical intelligence, linguistic, musical, spatial, body-kinesthetics, intra, and interpersonal, and naturalist, existential intelligence People have different type of intelligences AAMC MCAT P/S Triarchic theory of intelligence - Answer: Robert sternberg 3 independent intelligence based on real world success Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence Binet's idea of mental age - Answer: how a child at a specific age performs intectually compared to average intellectual performance for that age in years gallon's idea of hereditary genius - Answer: human ability is hereditary belief perseverance - Answer: you ignore or rationalize disconfirming facts latent learning - Answer: learned behavior is not expressed until required classical conditioning - Answer: associate one stimuli with another stimuli that produces a specific response James-lange theory - Answer: suggests that physiological arousal precedes the experiencing of emotions AAMC MCAT P/S Canon-bard theory - Answer: physiological arousal and emotions are experienced simultaneously World systems theory - Answer: theory of global inequalities. It describes countries in terms of their relations to each other and ranks countries as core, semi-periphery or periphery actions Core nations - have strong governments and developed economies Periphery - less economically developed and have weaker governments; dependent on one type of economy Semi-periphery - middle ground between the both modernization theory - Answer: every country has similar path in development from traditional to modern and todays third world countries can reach same development as todays first world countries with help over time facial expressions - Answer: have been accepted to be universally recognized postures and gestures - Answer: varies from culture to culture on interpretation according to mead, the spontaneous and autonomous part of our unified self is the ...? - Answer: "I" AAMC MCAT P/S they distinguish between colors and fine nuances of appearance and are concentrated in the central area of the retina known as the fovea Foot-in-the-door technique - Answer: convincing individuals to make a small commitment toward a cause, because this small commitment increases the likelihood of a larger commitment toward the same cause in the future effort justification - Answer: people's tendency to attribute a greater value to an outcome they had to put effort into acquiring or achieving trivialize - Answer: make less important modifying our cognitions to reduce cognitive discomfort - Answer: We don't change our behavior rather we change our cognitions Freud: Id - Answer: innate; unconscious part; develops after birth and demands immediate gratification drive reduction or pleasure principle because it wants to gain pleasure or avoid pain "Devil on the shoulder" Freud: Ego - Answer: part of conscious and unconscious. Involved in our perceptions, thoughts, and judgements AAMC MCAT P/S seeks long-term gratification "The reality principle" - mediates the demands of reality vs. the desires of the ID and self Mediator of the Id (devil) and the Superego (angel) Freud: Superego - Answer: develops around age 4 Its our moral conscience Part of unconscious and conscious Morals; internalization of cultural ideals and parental sanctions "the angel on the shoulder) social potency trait - Answer: the degree to which a person assumes leadership roles and mastery of roles in social situations Common in twins reared separately B.f. Skinner - Answer: Behaviorist AAMC MCAT P/S Associated with operant conditioning uses rewards/punishments to increase or decrease behavior Pavlov - Answer: associated with classical conditioning Places a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to trigger an involuntary response surface traits - Answer: evident from a person's behavior source traits - Answer: factors underlying human personality (more abstract) cardinal traits - Answer: characteristics that direct most of person's activities they are the dominant trait that influence all of our behaviors, including secondary and central traits central traits - Answer: less dominant than cardinal traits ex: honesty, sociability, shyness secondary trait - Answer: preferences or attitudes ex: love for modern art, reluctant to eat mean AAMC MCAT P/S out-group - Answer: a group that people do not feel connected to social group - Answer: refers to a collection of people with common identity and regular interactions primary deviance - Answer: no big consequences does not affect persons' self esteem Secondary deviance - Answer: more serious consequences Severe negative reaction that produces a stigmatizing label and results in more deviant behavior gender schema - Answer: theory that explains how individuals should be gendered in society. How sex-linked characteristics are maintained and transmitted to other members of a culture What constitutes men/female characteristics and how stereotypes become ingrained in the society. Cognitions regarding what constitutes a sex identity is a gender schema Gender script - Answer: what we expect men and females to do AAMC MCAT P/S ex: organized information regarding the order of actions that are approximate to a familiar situations sex - Answer: biological traits that society associated with being male or female gender - Answer: cultural meanings attached to being masculine and feminine, which influence personal identities sexuality - Answer: sexual attraction, practices and identity which may or may not align with sex and gender ex: hetero/homosexual, queer, gay or lesbian retrograde memory - Answer: the ability to remember the information before brain injury anterograde memory - Answer: the ability to form long-term memories after brain injury semantic memory - Answer: knowledge of facts reticular activating system - Answer: involved in controlling alertness somatosensory cortex - Answer: involved in receiving the sensory signals from the skin AAMC MCAT P/S james-lange theory of emotional arousal - Answer: physiological arousal —> identification of emotion 1. physiological symptoms of a given emotion 2. labeling of this emotion token economy - Answer: rewarding individuals with secondary reinforcers that can be exchanged for appetitive stimuli proactive interference - Answer: earlier information interferes with memory for later information retroactive interference - Answer: later information interfering with memory for earlier information requirement in a meritocracy? - Answer: equality of opportunity meritocracy - Answer: when societal rewards, status, and positions are awarded to individuals based on their own ability and work In order for a meritocracy to operate, everyone within the society would need the same opportunity to succeed, so that rewards are actually based on merit AAMC MCAT P/S The interpretation of a situation causes the action acronym: If Thomas the train is defined as real, it becomes real in consequence impression management - Answer: addresses how individuals actively manifest their sense of self in social interactions back stage self - Answer: more private area of our lives, when the "act" is over. You can be yourself. You can do what you feel makes you comfortable. Private area of your life Hawthorne effect - Answer: Known as the observer effect; It is a type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed Occurs when an individual participant changes his or her behavior, specifically due the awareness of being observed elements of McDonaldization - Answer: efficiency, calculability, uniformity, and technological control AAMC MCAT P/S haptic perception - Answer: is the exploration of objects through touch, most often by the hand or fingers active touch - Answer: occurs when a person uses haptic perception to actively inspect an object Phantom pain - Answer: is the perception of pain in an area of the body, which has been removed or lost due to injury Tonotopy - Answer: the special mapping of sound frequencies that are processed by the brain, also known as tonotopic map dermatome - Answer: an area of skin with sensory nerve fibers from a single posterior spinal root ganglion connectome - Answer: a neural map of the connections within the brain Stroop effect - Answer: the demonstration of interference in the reaction time of a task. When the name of a color (e.g., blue, green, red) is printed in a color not denoted by the name (e.g., the word "red" printed in blue ink instead of red ink), naming the color of the word takes longer and is more prone to errors than when the color of the ink matches the name of the color agoraphobia - Answer: fear of open spaces, crowds AAMC MCAT P/S mesolimbic pathway - Answer: is associated with reward, motivation, and many of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia - Answer: delusions, neologisms, and hallucinations Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia - Answer: loss of emotional affect and social withdrawal social loafing - Answer: tendency to put forth less effort in group task if the individual contributions aren't evaluated impression management - Answer: our attempt to control how others see us on the front stage. Do this because we want to be viewed in a positive way. optic discs - Answer: large membrane structures inside rods sclera - Answer: the whites of the eye, thick fibrous tissue that covers most of the posterior of eyeball attachment point for muscles lined with the conjuctiva choroid - Answer: pigmented black in humans AAMC MCAT P/S ex: "a woman goes blind after watching her son die tragically" reward-seeking motivation is associated with what kind of conditioning - Answer: operant conditioning latent learning - Answer: learned behavior is not expressed until required insight learning - Answer: solve a problem using past skills, the "aha" moment habituation - Answer: response to alarm deceases over time ex: curing phobia by repeated exposure to the fear until intensity of emotional responses decreases "loss of response to repeated stimuli" relative poverty - Answer: social disadvantage by income or wealth as compared to the social advantages linked to income or wealth in a society structural poverty - Answer: refers to the idea that people are poor because of how society is structured rather than individual reasons (systems fault vs. individuals fault). marginal poverty - Answer: is when an individual can't find/keep a job AAMC MCAT P/S absolute poverty - Answer: survival is threatened minimun level of resources a human being needs to survive socioeconomic gradient in health refers to - Answer: the graded relationship between social class and health, in which each "step up" on the hierarchy of social stratification tends to associated with better health fundamental attribution error refers to - Answer: stressing the importance of dispositional (i.e., personality) factors in one's explanation of other people's behavior and underemphasizing situational factors schemas - Answer: mental models or frameworks for us to organize and interpret new information central processing - Answer: creates a lasting attitude change peripheral processing - Answer: creates a temporary attitude change components of attitude (ABCs) - Answer: Affective - emotional = how we feel about a certain object, topic, or subject ex: i am scared (emotion) of spiders AAMC MCAT P/S Behavioral - how we act or behave towards object/subject ex: I will avoid (action) spiders and scream if I see one Cognitive - forms thoughts/beliefs, and have knowledge about subject/topic that will influence and shape our attitude ex: I believe spiders are dangerous Affective component of attitude - Answer: we may feel or have emotions about a certain object, topic, subject. Ex: I am scared (an emotion) of spiders is an emotional attitude and shapers our attitude about spiders. behavioral component of attitude - Answer: how we act or behave towards object/subject Ex; I will avoid (action/behavior) spiders and scream (action/behavior) if I see one. Influence our attitude. cognitive component of attitude - Answer: form thoughts/beliefs, and have knowledge about subject/topic that will influence and shape our attitude (perhaps prior knowledge that will help you shape attitude). Their cognitions. AAMC MCAT P/S groups affected by groupthink wrongly believe they have followed a sound decision-making process attrition bias - Answer: occurs when participants drop out of a long-term experiment or study reconstructive bias - Answer: related to memory; our memories of the past are not as accurate as we think, especially when we are remembering times of high stress left cerebral hemisphere - Answer: linked with vocabulary skills right cerebral hemisphere - Answer: linked with visuospatial skills, music perception, and emotion processing individuals who have the ability to delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards are most likely to be categorized as having which type of intelligence? - Answer: emotional emotional intelligence - Answer: refers to the ability to perceive, express, understand, and manage one's emotions. Emotionally intelligent people are self- aware and can delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards analytical intelligence - Answer: ability to solve well defined problems AAMC MCAT P/S creative intelligence - Answer: ability to adapt to new situations and generate novel ideas and adapt practical intelligence - Answer: solve ill-defined problems, such as how to get a bookcase up a curvy staircase fluid intelligence - Answer: is the ability to think on one's feet, be adaptable, and solve problems using deductive and inductive reasoning. tends to decrease with age crystallized intelligence - Answer: based on fact, experience, prior learning and accumulates as one ages. functionalist's perspective - Answer: all social actions have both manifest functions and latent functions, both of which are connected to overall social stability what is the hawthorne effect - Answer: referred to as the observer effect it is a type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed positive sanction - Answer: a reward for conforming to norms AAMC MCAT P/S negative sanction - Answer: punishment for violating norms formal sanction - Answer: officially recognized and enforced informal sanction - Answer: unofficially recognized and does not result in specific punishment self-fulfilling prophecy - Answer: an individual internalizes a label that leads to a fulfillment of that label what is the thomas theorem? - Answer: it is when an individual believes something to be real, then it is real in its consequences - Answer: