ABPP Mock Exam 1 LATEST 2024 WITH 180+ EXPERT CERTIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS I ALREADY, Exams of Nursing

Download ABPP Mock Exam 1 LATEST 2024 WITH 180+ EXPERT CERTIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS I ALREADY and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! ABPP Mock Exam 1 LATEST 2024 WITH 180+ EXPERT CERTIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS I ALREADY GRADED A+ 1. It is hypothesized that schizophrenia may be related to an excess of which neurotransmitter:\n \n\na) Serotonin \n\nb) GABA \n\nc) Dopamine \n\nd) Glutamate - CORRECT ANSWER - 1 c 2. Structural abnormalities in the brains of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder have been identified in several areas. Which of the following areas have not been found to be affected?\n \n\na) Cingulate gyrus \n\nb) Orbital frontal cortex \n\nc) Substantia nigra \n\nd) Caudate nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER - 2 c 3. A patient presents with quite limited spontaneous speech, an inability to repeat statements made by the examiner, yet an ability to follow instructions provided by the examiner. This patient may be suffering from:\n \n\na) Wernicke's Aphasia \n\nb) Conduction Aphasia \n\nc) Broca's Aphasia \n\nd) Global Aphasia - CORRECT ANSWER - 3 c From Cummings & Trimble (2002). Neuropsychiatry and behavioral neurology, 2nd edition, Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishing. 4. Another patient presents with quite fluent, spontaneous speech, yet an inability to repeat statements made by the examiner, and an ability to follow instructions provided by the examiner. This patient may be suffering from:\n \n\na) Wernicke's Aphasia \n\nb) Conduction Aphasia \n\nc) Broca's Aphasia \n\nd) Global Aphasia - CORRECT ANSWER - 4 b Same as above 5. A 76 year old woman presents with marked confusion, disorientation, and impaired memory that reportedly became noticeable within the past week. Among the following choices, which is the most likely diagnosis?\n \n\na) Depression \n\nb) Dementia \n\nc) Delirium \n\nd) Dystonia - CORRECT ANSWER - 5 c The diagnostic criteria for dementia requires impairment in 2 or more cognitive functions, which interfere with social/occupational functioning. There must not be clouding of consciousness. Clouding of consciousness, especially in the context of confusion, disorientation, hallucinations, disturbance of attention, or marked behavioral change is typically indicative of delirium. Dystonia involves slow, involuntary, arrhythmic muscle contractions that produce forced, distorted postures. Dystonia may occur as a separate disease entity, or may be the symptom of another disease (Parkinson's). Levodopa may induce dystonia. (INS Dictionary). 6. Which of the following measures would likely be least sensitive to the effects of a brain injury?\n \n\na) Achievement Test \n\nb) IQ Test \n\nc) Memory Test \n\nd) Continuous Performance Test (CPT) - CORRECT ANSWER - 6 a Standardized achievement testing may not be sensitive to the effects of closed head injuries. Long term follow-up studies are needed, however, to determine whether the academic achievement of children with severe injuries gradually lags behind that of their uninjured peers. (Yeates, Ris, & Taylor, Page 102). 7. What is the classic triad of symptoms seen in acute Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?\n \n\na) Ataxia, vertigo, and vomiting \n\nb) Ataxia, eye movement abnormalities, and confusional state \n\nc) Extrapyramidal movement disorder, hallucinations, and personality changes \n\nd) Gradually-developing anterograde amnesia, constructional deficits, and anosmia - CORRECT ANSWER - 7 b Use the mnemonic "ace" if it helps. Acute Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome causes ataxia, confusion, and eye movement abnormalities. The other symptom sets listed are related to other disorders, though not pathognominic for any of them (e.g., increased intracranial pressure with downward herniation for "a", Lewy Body Dementia for "b", and Alzheimer's for "c"). 8. Heschl's gyrus is associated with which of the following? \n\n\na) Primary visual cortex \n\nb) Primary auditory cortex \n\nc) Secondary auditory cortex \n\nd) Somatosensory cortex - CORRECT ANSWER - 8 b 9. A right-handed patient sustains a PCA infarct that results in damage to the left posterior white matter and the splenium of the corpus callosum, with relative gray matter sparing. Which of the following symptom clusters is most likely to occur?\n \n\na) Alexia without agraphia (a.k.a. posterior alexia or associative alexia) \n\nb) Alexia with agraphia \n\nc) Frontal or anterior alexia (a.k.a. literal alexia) \n\nd) Wernecke's aphasia and agraphia \n\ne) A conduction aphasia and agraphia - CORRECT ANSWER - 9 a Alexia without agraphia (aka Posterior alexia, associative alexia) may spare the angular gyrus, but generally involves white matter tracts in the posterior dominant hemisphere and underlying inter-hemispheric commissures (e.g., splenium of the corpus callosum). Frontal alexia is defined in #3, below. 10. Which of the following is most likely to result in dementia? \n\n\na) Parkinson's Disease \n\nb) Huntington's Disease \n\nc) Sydenham's Chorea \n\nd) Primary Dystonia \n\ne) Essential Tremor - CORRECT ANSWER - 10 b Huntington's is most strongly associated with dementia. Parkinson's Disease can result in dementia, but dementia is less common, especially in middle-aged populations. The others are not uniquely associated with dementia. 11. Evidence of which form of validity is most needed for a job screening test? \n\n\na) Concurrent validity \n\nb) Content validity \n\nc) Predictive validity \n\nd) Face validity - CORRECT ANSWER - 11 c 12. Which is most true of a person with Transient Global Amnesia? \n\n\na) oriented and able to correctly provide personal information \n\nb) confabulates \n\nc) shows anterograde amnesia but not retrograde amnesia \n\nd) shows retrograde amnesia but not anterograde amnesia \n\ne) shows decreased level of consciousness - CORRECT ANSWER - 12 a 13. Seizures originating in what area are associated with fear and panic? \n\n\na) dorsolateral frontal convexity \n\nb) supplementary motor area \n\nc) caudate \n\nd) amygdala - CORRECT ANSWER - 13 d 14. Which of the following is a differentiating factor in comparing "familial" Alzheimer's (in which a genetic link has been established) from the more common "nonfamilial" Alzheimer's?\n \n\na) Age of onset \n\nb) Core clinical/behavioral 30. Which is not a neuropathological feature associated with Alzheimer's Dementia?\n \n\na) Neuritic Plaques \n\nb) Neurofibrillary Tangles \n\nc) Granulovacular Bodies \n\nd) Lewy Bodies - CORRECT ANSWER - 30 d 31. Frontal memory disorders are characterized by all but: \n\n\na) Attentional deficits interfere with encoding \n\nb) Loss of autobiographical knowledge \n\nc) Confabulation \n\nd) Limited memory for temporal order of events - CORRECT ANSWER - 31 b 32. Few studies have been conducted on pesticide exposures, however, the deficits associated with them appear to be similar to the core pattern in solvent toxicity, including:\n \n\na) Mental slowing and anxiety/depression \n\nb) Visual spatial deficits \n\nc) Agraphia and alexia \n\nd) Peripheral neuropathy and optic ataxia - CORRECT ANSWER - 32 a From Lezak. On acute exposure to pesticides we see headaches, blurred vision, restlessness, anxiety, depression, mental slowing, slurred speech, and ataxia. For chronically exposed individuals, the most frequent complaints are irritability, confusion and depression, as well as attention, memory, and response speed deficits. 33. In pediatric patients, about ____ % of brain tumors are in the posterior fossa and ___% are supratentorial.\n \n\na) 50, 50 \n\nb) 10, 90 \n\nc) 70, 30 \n\nd) 30, 70 - CORRECT ANSWER - 33 c 34. Which of the following is not a feature of Gerstmann's Syndrome? \n\n\na) Acalculia \n\nb) Ideational apraxia \n\nc) Left/right confusion \n\nd) Finger agnosia - CORRECT ANSWER - 34 b 35. Broca's aphasia is commonly accompanied by which of the following? \n\n\na) Right hemiplegia \n\nb) Contralateral superior quadrantanopsia \n\nc) Gerstmann's syndrome \n\nd) Right visual neglect - CORRECT ANSWER - 35 a 36. Which region of the brain seems to be involved both in habit learning and in OCD?\n \n\na) Amygdala \n\nb) Caudate \n\nc) Hippocampus \n\nd) Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex - CORRECT ANSWER - 36 b 37. Which of the following is not one of the more common symptoms or signs of elevated intracranial pressure?\n \n\na) Headache \n\nb) Generally altered mental status, especially irritability and depressed level of alertness and attention\n \nc) Focal cortical symptoms, such as aphasia \n\nd) Nausea and vomiting - CORRECT ANSWER - 37 c 38. Which of the following is a potentially reversible cause of dementia? \n\n\na) Vascular Dementia \n\nb) Traumatic Brain Injury \n\nc) Subdural Hematoma \n\nd) Dementia with Lewy Bodies - CORRECT ANSWER - 38 c Kasniak, A. (2002). Dementia. In Encyclopedia of the human brain, Vol. 1. Elsevier. Among the more common potentially reversible causes are those due to prescription and nonprescription drug toxicity, metabolic disorder, brain tumors, subdural hematoma, and depression. The more common dementia types that are presently irreversible include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Huntington's disease, frontotemporal dementias, vascular dementia, and traumatic brain injury." 39. Alexia refers to: \n\n\na) The lack of development of normal reading skills. \n\nb) Impaired auditory processing of language \n\nc) An aquired deficit in the interpretation of written language. \n\nd) An inability to understand spoken language. - CORRECT ANSWER - 39 c 40. Dysarthria, dysphagia and hypoactive jaw and gag reflexes without associated cognitive or emotional changes is known as:\n \n\na) Pseudobulbar palsy \n\nb) Bulbar palsy \n\nc) Suprabulbar palsy \n\nd) Meniere's Disease - CORRECT ANSWER - 40 b 41. Use of a highly specific sign or symptom (e.g., contralateral neglect) in identifying brain damage will results in a high rate of:\n \n\na) false negative errors \n\nb) false positive errors \n\nc) true positive errors \n\nd) true negative errors - CORRECT ANSWER - 41 a 42. Which of the following Wechsler scale subtests is the best indicator of premorbid intelligence?\n \n\na) Vocabulary \n\nb) Digit Span \n\nc) Block Design \n\nd) Similarities - CORRECT ANSWER - 42 a 43. Practice effects are most likely to be seen on which Wechsler scale subtest?\n \n\na) Vocabulary \n\nb) Similarities \n\nc) Picture Completion \n\nd) Digit Span - CORRECT ANSWER - 43 c 44. Which statement is correct? \n\n\na) In Multiple Sclerosis intellectual changes typically develop later than physical deteriorations\n \nb) In Alzheimer's Disease intellectual changes typically develop later than physical deteriorations\n \nc) In Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVA's ) physical deteriorations typically develop later than intellectual deteriorations\n \nd) In Parkinson's Disease, physical changes typically develop later than intellectual changes. - CORRECT ANSWER - 44 a Page 360 in Kaufman "The late development of intellectual changes in MS distinguishes it from AD and CVA's. In AD, which affects the gray matter exclusively, intellectual impairment occurs first and becomes profound long before the onset of physical impairments. In CVAs, both gray and white matter damage cause simultaneous intellectual and physical impairment. Particularly in multi-infarct dementia, intellectual and physical deficits progress together. 45. Which of the following statements is true with regard to differentiating depression from dementia (Alzheimer's/AD)?\n \n\na) Cognitive deficits in persons with depression are often more severe than in persons with AD.\n \nb) Persons with depression show memory retention deficits while persons with AD show retrieval deficits.\n \nc) Persons with depression are more likely to show impaired naming ability, verbal fluency, and visuospatial ability.\n \nd) Persons with depression may exert less effort on the performance of neuropsychological tests. - CORRECT ANSWER - 45 d Kasniak, A. (2002). Dementia. In Encyclopedia of the human brain, Vol. 1. Elsevier. Cognitive deficits in depression tend to be less severe and extensive than in AD. AD patients show more consistent impairment on memory tests than depressed patients. Persons with depression are less likely than those with AD to show impaired naming ability, verbal fluency, and visuospatial ability. Depressed patient are more likely to appear to exert less effort, and may complain more about their cognitive difficulties. 46. Which brain region is most often affected by hydrocephalus? \n\n\na) Posterior regions \n\nb) Frontal lobes \n\nc) Temporal lobes \n\nd) All of these are equally affected - CORRECT ANSWER - 46 a According to the Fletcher et al chapter, when hydrocephalus occurs, the ventricles expand in a posterior to anterior direction and white matter is damaged. Due to these factors, the posterior regions of the brain may be particularly susceptible. This may partially explain the PIQ < VIQ findings... interestingly, children who show proportionally greater thinning of the posterior brain regions relative to anterior tend to show the PIQ < VIQ pattern. When the thinning is comparable, so too are the IQ scores. (Dennis et al, 1981). 47. The brain's major inhibitory neurotransmitter is _______, which is primarily affected by benzodiazepines and barbiturates.\n \n\na) Acetylcholine \n\nb) GABA \n\nc) Glutamate \n\nd) Dopamine - CORRECT ANSWER - 47 b 48. A lesion of Brodman's area 44 in the dominant hemisphere is most closely associated with which of the following?\n \n\na) Dysfluent aphasia \n\nb) Diminished sensation in the right face and hand \n\nc) Poor speech comprehension and fluent aphasia \n\nd) Right hemispace neglect - CORRECT ANSWER - 48 a 49. What pattern of IQ performance is typically observed in children with early-onset hydrocephalus?\n \n\na) VIQ > PIQ \n\nb) PIQ > VIQ \n\nc) VIQ = PIQ, with both being on average 10 points below age matched norms \n\nd) VIQ = PIQ, with both being on average 10 points above age matched norms - CORRECT ANSWER - 49 a This came from a chapter by Fletcher et al (??? which book). This finding is somewhat controversial. On average, this is true, but there is substantial variability between cases with shunted hydrocephalus. 50. Lesions of the temporal lobe can cause: \n\n\na) Contralateral inferior quadranopia \n\nb) Contralateral superior quadranopia \n\nc) Bitemporal hemianopia \n\nd) Contralateral homonymous hemianopia - CORRECT ANSWER - 50 b Page 442 Blumenfeld. Lesions of the temporal lobe can cause contralateral superior quadranopia due to interruption of the lower portions of the optic radiations. This is sometimes referred to as the "pie in the sky" phenomenon. 51. Gait difficulties, urinary incontinence, and cognitive decline are highly indicative of which condition?\n \n\na) Pseudotumor cerebri \n\nb) Subdural hematoma \n\nc) Tonsillar herniation \n\nd) Normal pressure hydrocephalus - CORRECT ANSWER - 51 d 52. Following a stroke, a 75 year-old woman is left with impaired language comprehension, but normal fluency and repetition. Her symptoms are most consistent with:\n \n\na) Mixed Transcortical Aphasia \n\nb) Transcortical Sensory Aphasia \n\nc) Transcortical Motor Aphasia \n\nd) Wernicke's Aphasia - CORRECT ANSWER - 52 b 71. Which of the following is not a common characteristic in Tourette's Syndrome?\n \n\na) Changing of tic locations and types \n\nb) Waxing and waning of tics \n\nc) Comorbidity with ADHD and/or OCD symptoms \n\nd) Coprolalia - CORRECT ANSWER - 71 d 72. Which of the following is not commonly associated with Central Alexia (aka alexia with agraphia)?\n \n\na) Finger agnosia \n\nb) Right hemisensory loss (e.g., right homonymous field defect) \n\nc) Right-left confusion \n\nd) Acalculia \n\ne) Environmental sound agnosia (aka auditory sound agnosia) - CORRECT ANSWER - 72 e Options a, c, and d are all associated with Gertsmann Syndrome, which would be compatible with the probable lesion location. Right visual field defects are common in central alexia, which makes sense unless the lesion is tiny. 73. Which area of the brain has been shown to be most involved in response initiation and inhibition?\n \n\na) Orbital frontal lobe \n\nb) Dorsolateral frontal lobe \n\nc) Medial frontal lobe \n\nd) Caudate - CORRECT ANSWER - 73 a 74. Analysis of motion and spatial relationships between objects and between the body and visual stimuli is most likely to occur in the ________________.\n \n\na) Primary visual cortex \n\nb) Frontal association cortex \n\nc) Temporal-occipital association cortex \n\nd) Parietal-occipital association cortex - CORRECT ANSWER - 74 d 75. Which of the following statements is true regarding myelination? \n\n\na) Myelination is complete by the end of the 7th month of gestation. \n\nb) Sensory areas of the brain are myelinated before motor areas. \n\nc) Neural tube defects result from disruption of the myelination process \n\nd) Striatal neurons are primarily involved in myelination. - CORRECT ANSWER - 75 b 76. In lesions of the dominant inferior parietal lobe, centering on the angular gyrus, you would expect that the patient could:\n \n\na) Name individual letters in isolation \n\nb) Likely have some hemisensory loss and/or right homonymous visual field deficit\n \nc) Read nonwords \n\nd) Write (not just copy) words - CORRECT ANSWER - 76 b 77. The pattern of "dementia with psychomotor slowing" occurs in all except which of the following disorders?\n \n\na) HIV-related dementia \n\nb) Progressive supranuclear palsy \n\nc) Huntington's disease \n\nd) Alzheimer's dementia - CORRECT ANSWER - 77 d 78. The memory deficit typically seen in mild AD is characterized by: \n\n\na) Poor immediate repetition \n\nb) Poor new learning and encoding of information when there is intention to learn\n \nc) Deficits in recognition memory \n\nd) Deficits in autobiographical memory - CORRECT ANSWER - 78 b 79. The pattern of new learning in the course of normal aging is characterized by:\n \n\na) Somewhat poorer initial learning but intact delayed recall of what they learned\n \nb) Normal initial learning, but poor recognition memory \n\nc) Vastly impaired initial learning with severe interference effects on delayed recall\n \nd) Somewhat poorer initial learning with very impaired delayed recall - CORRECT ANSWER - 79 a 80. The type of memory deficit most apparent in patients with alcoholic Korsakoff amnesia is a deficit in:\n \n\na) Initial encoding of new material \n\nb) Recall of personal information \n\nc) Poor retrieval despite adequate encoding \n\nd) Recognition memory - CORRECT ANSWER - 80 a 81. A right MCA stroke in the distribution of the inferior division would most likely cause:\n \n\na) Left hemineglect, decreased voluntary movements, and left-sided weakness \n\nb) Left hemineglect, decreased tone, and left-sided weakness \n\nc) Left hemineglect, decreased tone, and relatively normal left-sided strength \n\nd) Left hemineglect, decreased voluntary movements, and relatively normal left-sided strength - CORRECT ANSWER - 81 d 82. What is the most likely cause for transient global amnesia? \n\n\na) Carotid artery TIA \n\nb) Basilar artery TIA \n\nc) Carotid artery stroke \n\nd) Basilar artery stroke - CORRECT ANSWER - 82 b 83. Alexia without agraphia is most likely due to damage to what region(s)? \n\n\na) Infarction of left posterior artery territory including the splenium of the corpus callosum\n \nb) Angular gyrus \n\nc) Border zones of MCA including Broca's area \n\nd) Arcuate Fasciculus - CORRECT ANSWER - 83 a 84. Research has shown that right-sided brain damage can lead to subtle language deficits in all of the following except?\n \n\na) Prosody \n\nb) Grammatical rules and structure \n\nc) Articulation \n\nd) Use of abstract constructs - CORRECT ANSWER - 84 b 85. Research has shown that individuals with mild cognitive impairment will develop dementia at a rate of?\n \n\na) 1-2 % per year, no different than the general population \n\nb) <1% per year, at a lower rate than the general population \n\nc) 25% per year, at a greater prevalence than the general population \n\nd) 10-15% per year, at a greater prevalence than the general population - CORRECT ANSWER - 85 d 86. Which area of memory is found to be most intact in normal aging? \n\n\na) Working memory \n\nb) Learning and Recall \n\nc) Recognition \n\nd) Remote memory - CORRECT ANSWER - 86 d 87. Which of the following is true about Lewy Body Dementia? \n\n\na) It presents with Parkinsonian motor symptoms but the cognitive functioning more similarly looks like Alzheimer's dementia.\n \nb) It is a variant of Parkinson Dementia in which Lewy Bodies are present in the substantia nigra.\n \nc) Patients are responsive to l-dopa like Parkinson's dementia, but are insensitive to DA blocking agents.\n \nd) Auditory hallucinations are frequently present. - CORRECT ANSWER - 87 a 88. Confabulation is frequently seen in all but which of the following conditions:\n \n\na) Temporal Frontal Dementia \n\nb) Primary Progressive Aphasia \n\nc) Pick's Disease \n\nd) Wernicke-Korsakoff's Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER - 88 b 89. Which statement is false? \n\n\na) Rolandic epilepsy occurs nocturnally and is usually in remission by age 15 \n\nb) Landau-Kleffner syndrome is characterized by an acquired aphasia, and seizures are most commonly generalized motor seizures.\n \nc) Febrile seizures occur in 2-4% of all children, and most go on to develop temporal lobe epilepsy.\n \nd) Lennox-Gastaut is a mixed seizure disorder in which the seizures are difficult to control, and status epilepticus is common. - CORRECT ANSWER - 89 c 90. Difficulty recalling events prior to amnesia onset is called ________________, while difficulty recalling previously learned information because new information interfered with it is called __________________.\n \n\na) Retrograde amnesia; retroactive interference \n\nb) Retrograde amnesia; proactive interference \n\nc) Anterograde amnesia; retroactive interference \n\nd) Anterograde amnesia; proactive interference - CORRECT ANSWER - 90 a 91. Which of the following would not be expected from frontal lobe damage? \n\n\na) Acute eye deviation with persistent neglect \n\nb) Contralateral hemiplegia \n\nc) Anosmia \n\nd) Acalculia - CORRECT ANSWER - 91 d 92. Which of the following is true regarding childhood leukemia? \n\n\na) Chemotherapy, such as methotrexate, does not cause cognitive impairments as it is administered intrathecally and does not pass the blood/brain barrier.\n \nb) Whole brain and partial brain radiation therapy is equally damaging in regards to cognitive impairment.\n \nc) Older children are comparatively more vulnerable to radiation- induced cognitive impairment than younger due to plasticity issues.\n \nd) Children who have been treated with radiation therapy often present with cognitive impairment that can look like a nonverbal learning disability (i.e., performance based IQ more affected than verbal based IQ, particularly processing speed). - CORRECT ANSWER - 92 d 93. Which of the following is not an advantage of an MRI over CT? \n\n\na) MRI has greater resolution, being able to detect smaller objects \n\nb) There is no distortion from bone \n\nc) It detects hemorrhages and hematomas more accurately \n\nd) It can be applied to intra- and extracranial arteries - CORRECT ANSWER - 93 c 94. Which of the following is not a typical means of determining premorbid IQ? \n\n\na) Barona Regression Equation \n\nb) Reading Tests (e.g., NART, WRAT-3) \n\nc) Reading Comprehension Tests (WIAT-II) \n\nd) Demographically based regression equations - CORRECT ANSWER - 94 c 95. A neuropsychologist assesses a patient and finds an 18 point difference between the patient's WAIS-III Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) score and WMS-III General Memory Index (GMI) score. What other information is crucial in order to find the statistical significance of this difference at the .05 level?\n \n\na) The patient's gender \n\nb) The patient's performance on memory recognition measures \n\nc) The patient's age \n\nd) The patient's FSIQ - CORRECT ANSWER - 95 d FSIQ and GMI scores are highly correlated in patients with IQ's in the average range, but are less related for patients at the lower and upper ends of the intelligence spectrum. It is not