ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, Exams of Nursing

Download ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGYEXAM QUESTIONS ANDANSWERS Within a physiologic range, what does an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (preload) result in? Selected Answer: Increase in afterload People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the condition because of which genetic principle? Selected Answer: Expressive ty The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 American blacks is an example of which concept? Selected Answer: Rati o A person has hypothyroidism. What chemical does the healthcare professional advise the person to include in the diet? Selected Answer: Iodin e A patient has been diagnosed with a renal stone. Based on knowledge of common stone types, what self-care measure does the healthcare professional plan to teach the patient when stone analysis has returned? Selected Answer: Increase water intake. A professor has taught a student about skeletal alterations seen in chronic kidney disease. Which statement by the student indicates the professor needs to give more information? Selected Answer: The effectiveness of calcium and phosphate resorption from bone is impaired. What pathologic change occurs to the kidney's glomeruli as a result of hypertension? Selected Answer: The student wants information about a patient's renal function. What test does the healthcare professional tell the student to evaluate? Selected Answer: Serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine Which hormone is required for water to be reabsorbed in the distal tubule and collecting duct? Selected Answer: Antidiuretic hormone When comparing the clinical manifestations of both diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS), which condition is associated with only DKA? Selected Answer: Kussmaul respirations A patient had a thyroidectomy and now reports tingling around the mouth and has a positive Chvostek sign. What laboratory findings would be most helpful to the healthcare professional? Selected Answer: Serum calcium A parent wants to know how to prevent type 1 diabetes in the newborn. The healthcare professional explains that prevention is not possible, because which of these is a major characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus? Selected Answer: An autoimmune cause factor A student asks the healthcare professional to explain the function of the papillary muscles. What response by the professional is best? Selected Answer: The papillary muscles open the semilunar valves. The Bainbridge reflex is thought to be initiated by sensory neurons in which cardiac location? Selected Answer: Atri a 0 out of 1 points A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient does the professional assess for neurogenic diabetes insipidus (DI)? Selected Answer: Anterior pituitary tumor A patient suffered multiple traumatic injuries and received many blood transfusions within a few days of the injuries. For which medical condition should the healthcare professional monitor the patient? Selected Answer: Hemosidero sis A patient has portal hypertension-induced splenomegaly. Which lab value would the healthcare professional associate with this condition? Selected Answer: Low platelet count A healthcare professional tells a student that a patient has lost atrial kick. What would the student expect to see when examining this patient? Selected Answer: Signs of decreased cardiac output Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response? Selected Answer: The response is innate, rather than acquired. Why is leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injuries significant? Selected Answer: Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis. A healthcare provider notes that tapping the patient's facial nerve leads to lip twitching. What electrolyte value is correlated with this finding? Answer: B Where is two-thirds of the body's water found? Selected Answer: Intracellular fluid compartments The student asks the professor why water and electrolytes are transported in both directions through tight junctions and intercellular spaces rather than across cell membranes. What response by the professor is best? Selected Answer: A balance of cations and ions among the electrolytes on each side of the cell membranes cannot be maintained. A healthcare professional is assessing a child who has complete trisomy of the twenty-first chromosome. What findings does the professional relate to this condition? Selected Answer: An IQ of 25 to 70, low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, and flat, low-set ears A patient had a motor vehicle crash and suffered critical injuries to the brainstem. What physiological responses would the healthcare professional expect to see? Selected Answer: Pulse and blood pressure changes How do free radicals cause cell damage? Selected Answer: Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane What is the only surface inside the nephron where cells are covered with microvilli to increase the reabsorptive surface area called? Selected Answer: Proximal convoluted tubules What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process? Selected Answer: Emigration of neutrophils After a partial gastrectomy, gastric bypass, or pyloroplasty, clinical manifestations that include increased pulse, hypotension, weakness, pallor, sweating, and dizziness are the results of which mechanism? Selected Answer: Rapid gastric emptying A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium- containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate to this behavior? Selected Answer: Potassium 2.5 mEq/L When endothelial cells are injured, what alteration contributes to atherosclerosis? Selected Answer: The release of toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) A patient has been diagnosed with an empyema. What does the healthcare professional tell the patient about this condition? Selected Answer: A mutation in this gene allows continuous cell growth. A healthcare professional cares for older adults in a skilled nursing facility. What should the professional assess for in these individuals related to cardiovascular functioning? Selected Answer: Increased rate of falling and dizzy spells A healthcare professional is educating a patient on asthma. The professional tells the patient that the most successful treatment for chronic asthma begins with which action? Selected Answer: Avoidance of the causative agent A healthcare professional is conducting community education on vaccinations. Which statement about vaccines does the professional include in the presentation? Selected Answer: Most bacterial vaccines contain attenuated organisms. Renal failure is the most common cause of which type of hyperparathyroidism? Selected Answer: Seconda ry Which renal change is found in older adults? Selected Answer: Decrease in the number of nephrons What is the single most common cause of cellular injury? Selected Answer: Hypoxic injury What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps? Selected Answer: Protei ns 1 out of 1 points In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to release what? Selected Answer: Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute inflammation A patient in the clinic reports projectile vomiting without nausea or other gastrointestinal symptoms. What action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate? Selected Answer: Administer intravenous hydration. What does vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis cause? Selected Answer: Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance Facilitating the motility of the colon An amniocentesis indicates a neural tube defect when an increase in protein is evident. Selected Answer: Alpha-fetoprotein Oxygenated blood flows through which vessel? Selected Answer: Pulmonary artery A patient is having an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. What action by the healthcare professional is best? Selected Answer: Give the patient an antihistamine. 1 out of 1 points Which normal physiologic change occurs in the aging pulmonary system? Selected Answer: Stiffening of the chest wall A patient's chart indicates Kussmaul's respirations. The student asks the healthcare professional what this is caused by. What response by the professional is most accurate? Selected Answer: A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis. A patient asks the healthcare professional why tissue damage occurs in acute rejection after organ transplantation. What response by the professional is best? Selected Answer: Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue. A patient asks the healthcare professional to describe the cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). What response by the professional is best? Selected Answer: Presence of Helicobacter pylori in the esophagus 1 out of 1 points What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)? Selected Answer: Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation A healthcare professional is caring for a patient undergoing chemotherapy. What is the skin-related health risk the professional should assess the patient for and be prepared to treat? Selected Answer: Infectio n Which chamber of the heart endures the highest pressures? Selected Answer: Left ventricle A healthcare professional is caring for a patient who has continuous increases in left ventricular filling pressures. What disorder would the professional assess the patient for? The right and left atria; are low-pressure chambers that serve as storage units and conduits for blood. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? Selected Answer: Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease A student asks why carbon monoxide causes tissue damage. What response by the professor is best? Selected Answer: Binds to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygen 1 out of 1 points The glomerular filtration rate is directly related to which factor? Selected Answer: Perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries What is one function of the tumor cell marker? Selected Answer: To screen individuals at high risk for cancer A patient has a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 30mmHg. What assessment finding by the healthcare professional would be most consistent with this reading? Selected Answer: Pink, frothy sputum A patient is in severe shock and is receiving vasopressin. A student asks the health care professional to explain the rationale for this treatment. What response by the professional is most accurate? Selected Answer: The antidiuretic hormone causes vasoconstriction to help increase blood pressure. What are blood pressure variations associated with? Answer: vasoconstriction A person wants to know if eating only plant-based foods is advisable as a way to cut cholesterol to near-zero levels. What response by the health care professional is best? Selected Answer: No, many hormones are made from cholesterol. A student asks why some vaccinations are given orally and some are given by injection. What response by the professor is best? Selected Answer: Different routes allow the speed of onset of the antigen to be varied, with the intravenous route being the fastest. A healthcare professional is working with a person who drinks several 6- packs of beer a week. What testing does the professional encourage the person to get? Selected Answer: Hepatic function