AP US History Exam Review QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025, Exams of History

Download AP US History Exam Review QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 and more Exams History in PDF only on Docsity! 1 AP US History Exam Review QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 Chapter3:DiscoveringandSettlingtheNewWorld1492-1700-ANSWER... JohnCalvin-ANSWERFrenchhumanistwhosetheologicalwritingsprofoundlyinfluencedreligious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion MartinLuther -ANSWERaGermanmonkwhobecameoneofthemostfamouscriticsoftheRoman CatholicChruch.In1517,hewrote95theses,orstatementsofbeliefattackingthechurchpractices. JohnSmith-ANSWER...,HelpedfoundandgovernJamestown.Hisleadershipandstrictdisciplinehelped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. ProtestantReformation-ANSWER...,areligiousmovementofthe16thcenturythatbeganasanattempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches TreatyofTordesillas-ANSWER...,SettheLineofDemarcationwhichwasaboundaryestablishedin1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas. Roanoke-ANSWER...,Establishedin1587.CalledtheLostColony.ItwasfinancedbySirWalterRaleigh, and its leader in theNew Worldwas John White.Allthe settlersdisappeared,and historians still don't know what became of them. VirginiaCompany-ANSWER...,Joint-stockcompanycharteredbyKingJamesIofEngland;established the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607. elect-ANSWER...,inCalvinistdoctrine,thosewhohavebeenchosenbyGodforsalvation. 2 encomienda-ANSWER...,agrantoflandmadebySpaintoasettlerintheAmericas,includingtheright touseNativeAmericansaslaborersonit Chapter4:TheAtlanticWorld1600-1750-ANSWER... JohnWinthrop-ANSWER...,PuritanGovernorofMassachusettsBayColony,envisionedcolonyasa"city upon a hill" Anne Hutchinson - ANSWER..., She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals insteadofthroughthechurchelders.ShewasforcedtoleaveMassachusettsin1637.Herfollowers(the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639. RogerWilliams-ANSWER...,HefoundedRhodeIslandforseparationofChurchandState.Hebelieved that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs. JohnRolfe-ANSWER...,marriedPocahontasandstartedtheplantingoftobaccoinJamestown LordBaltimore-ANSWER...,1694-HewasthefounderofMaryland,acolonywhichofferedreligious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics. Sir William Berkeley - ANSWER..., the royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large plantersandneglectedtheneedsofrecentsettlersinthe'backcountry.'HisshortcomingsledtoBacon's Rebellion NathanielBacon-ANSWER...,Planterwholedarebellionin1676againstthegovernoroftheVirginia Colony 5 FundamentalOrders-ANSWER...,documentwhichestablishedaregimedemocraticallycontrolledby thesubstantialcitizensofHartford Salem-ANSWERwitchtrials antimonianism-ANSWER...,IdeaspreadbyAnneHutchinson,consideredhighheresy.Thosewho believed they were truly saved, did not believe they had to obey the law plantationsystem-ANSWERThedivisionofthelandintosmallerunitsunderprivateownership headrightsystem-ANSWER...,Headrightswereparcelsoflandconsistingofabout50acreswhichwere given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists. proprietarycolonies-ANSWER...,Coloniesinwhichtheproprietors(whohadobtainedtheirpatents from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval. indenturedservants-ANSWER...,ColonistswhoreceivedfreepassagetoNorthAmericainexchangefor working without pay for a certain number of years Chapter5:LifeintheColonies1700-1800-ANSWER... JonathanEdwards-ANSWER...,Americantheologianwhosesermonsandwritingsstimulatedaperiodof renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758) GeorgeWhitefield-ANSWER...,CreditedwithstartingtheGreatAwakening,alsoaleaderofthe"New Lights." 6 NewLightPreachers-ANSWER...,Thesepreacherscrisscrossedthecoloniesspeakingtolargecrowds aboutthe"fireandbrimstone"eternityallsinnerswouldfaceiftheydidnotabsolvetheirsinspublicly. Thesepreacherssoughttounderminethepowerandprestigeof"OldLight"ministersbyproclaiming that ordinary people couldunderstand the gospelof the Lord without the leadership of a manof the cloth. TriangularTrade-ANSWER...,Athreewaysystemoftradeduring1600-1800sAfericasentslavesto America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa TheGreatAwakening-ANSWER...,religiousrevivalinthe1730-40s,helpedbyJonathanEdwardsand George Whitefield; inspired controversy over emotionalism/revivalism versus traditionalist Protestantism, nevertheless united the Americans as a people SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod-ANSWERJonathanEdward'ssermon stratification-ANSWER...,theactorprocessorarrangingpersonsintoclassesorsocialstrata mercantilism-ANSWER...,aneconomicsystem(Europein18thC)toincreaseanation'swealthby government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests Chapter6:TheEveoftheRevolution1754-1775-ANSWER... BenjaminFranklin-ANSWER...,Printer,author,inventor,diplomat,statesman,andFoundingFather.One ofthefewAmericanswhowashighlyrespectedinEurope,primarilyduetohisdiscoveriesinthefieldof electricity. JohnLocke-ANSWER...,Englishempiricistphilosopherwhobelievedthatallknowledgeisderivedfrom sensory experience (1632-1704) WilliamPitt-ANSWER...,EnglishstatesmanwhobroughttheSevenYears'Wartoanend(1708-1778) 7 StampActCongress-ANSWER...,Ameetingofdelegationsfrommanyofthecolonies,thecongress was formedtoprotestthenewlypassedStampActItadoptedadeclarationofrightsaswellassentlettersof complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance. SonsandDaughtersofLiberty-ANSWER...,Organizationsthatledprotests,helpedAmericansoldiers, instated a boycott, and generally resisted the British. The French and Indian War - ANSWER..., (1754-1763) was the North American chapter of the Seven Years'War.ThenamereferstothetwomainenemiesoftheBritish:theroyalFrenchforcesand thevariousAmericanIndianforcesalliedwiththem.Theconflict,thefourthsuchcolonialwarbetween the kingdoms of France and Great Britain, resulted inthe Britishconquest of allof New France east of the Mississippi River, as well as Spanish Florida. Pontiac'sRebellion-ANSWER...,1763 -AnIndianuprisingaftertheFrenchandIndianWar,ledbyan OttowachiefnamedPontiac.TheyopposedBritishexpansionintothewesternOhioValleyandbegan destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed. BostonMassacre-ANSWER...,ThefirstbloodshedoftheAmercanRevolution,asBritishguardsatthe Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans BostonTeaParty-ANSWER...,demonstration(1773)bycitizensofBostonwho(disguisedasIndians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor TheAlbanyPlanofUnion-ANSWER...,BenFranklin'splantounitethecolonists(andIroquois)and create a defense against the French PeaceofParis-ANSWERThePeaceofParis(1783)wasthesetoftreatieswhichendedtheAmerican Revolutionary War. 10 ThomasJefferson-ANSWER...,3rdPresidentoftheUnitedStates FirstContinentalCongress-ANSWER...,Delagatesfromallcoloniesexceptgeorgiamettodiscuss problems with britain and to promote independence Patriots-ANSWER...,ColonistswhowantedindependencefromBritain Loyalists-ANSWER...,AmericancolonistswhoremainedloyaltoBritainandopposedthewarfor independence Tories-ANSWER...,apersonwhosupportedtheBritishcauseintheAmericanRevolution;aloyalist BattleofSaratoga-ANSWER...,abattleduringtheAmericanRevolution(1777) Shay's Rebellion - ANSWER..., this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederationandadmittheweakcentralgovernmentwasnotworking;uprisingledbyDanielShaysin an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes ConstitutionalConvention-ANSWER...,theconventionofUnitedStatesstatesmenwhodraftedthe United States Constitution in 1787 DeclarationofRightsandGrievances -ANSWER...,createdbydelegatesfromninecolonies,setforth viewofBritishpowerincolonies.Parliamentdidn'thaverighttotaxcolonistswithouttheirlegislative consent and demanded repeal of Stamp and Sugar Acts Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Arms - ANSWER..., A declaration by the representativesoftheunitedcoloniesofNorthAmerica,nowmetinCongressatPhiladelphia,setting forth the causes and necessity of their taking up arms." Our cause is just, our union is perfect" 11 OliveBranchPetition-ANSWER...,OnJuly8,1775,thecoloniesmadeafinalofferofpeacetoBritain, agreeingtobeloyaltotheBritishgovernmentifitaddressedtheirgrievances(repealedtheCoercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies. CommonSense-ANSWER...,apamphletwrittenbyThomasPainethatclaimedthecolonieshadaright to be an independent nation DeclarationofIndependence-ANSWER...,thedocumentrecordingtheproclamationofthesecond Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain TreatyofParis-ANSWER...,ThistreatyendedtheSevenYearsWar ArticlesofConfederation-ANSWER...,awrittenagreementratifiedin1781bythethirteenoriginalstates LandOrdinanceof1785-ANSWER...,AlawthatdividedmuchoftheUnitedStatesintoasystemof townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers. NorthwestOrdinanceof1787-ANSWER...,CreatedtheNorthwestTerritory(areanorthoftheOhioRiver and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery arsenal-ANSWER...,aplacewherearmsaremanufactured insurrection -ANSWER...,organizedoppositiontoauthority Chapter8:TheBuildingofANewNation1787-1800-ANSWER... 12 JamesMadison-ANSWER...,4thPresidentoftheUnitedStates JohnAdams-ANSWER...,America'sfirstVice-President andsecondPresident.SponsoroftheAmerican RevolutioninMassachusetts,andwrotetheMassachusettsguaranteethatfreedomofpress"oughtnot to be restrained." ThomasJefferson-ANSWER...,3rdPresidentoftheUnitedStates BarbaryPirates-ANSWER...,PlunderingpiratesofftheMediterraneancoastofAfrica;PresidentThomas Jefferson'srefusalto paythemtributeto protect Americanshipssparkedanundeclarednavalwarwith North African nations HouseofRepresentatives-ANSWERthelowerlegislativehouseoftheUnitedStatesCongress Senate-ANSWER...,assemblypossessinghighlegislativepowers ElectoralCollege-ANSWER...,thebodyofelectorswhoformallyelecttheUnitedStatespresidentand vice- president Federalists-ANSWER...,SupportersoftheConstitutionthatwereledbyAlexanderHamiltonandJohn Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution. Anti-federalists-ANSWER...,peoplewhoopposedtheConstitution Bank of the United States - ANSWER..., Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan.Heproposedapowerfulprivateinstitution,inwhichthegovernmentwasthemajorstockholder. Thiswouldbeawaytocollectandamassthevarioustaxescollected.Itwouldalsoprovideastrongand stablenationalcurrency.Jeffersonvehementlyopposedthebank;hethoughtitwasun-constitutional. 15 navelshipstostopthepirates,resultinginafour-yearfight.Theforcewasabletoputadentinthework ofthepiratesandgainedtheUScredibilityoverseas. Napoleonicwar-ANSWER...,(1796-1815)WarsbetweenNapoleonandtherestofEuropewhichhelped spread the ideas of the French Revolution. [227] BattleofTippecanoe-ANSWER...,1811TecumsehandtheProphetattack,butGeneralHarrisoncrushes them in this battle ends Tecumseh's attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi. BattleofNewOrleans-ANSWER...,JacksonledabattlethatoccurredwhenBritishtroopsattackedU.S. soldiersinNewOrleansonJanuary8,1815;theWarof1812hadofficiallyendedwiththesigningofthe Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S. TheHartfordConvention-ANSWERNewEnglandFederalistsmettodiscusstheirgrievancesconcerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power.DespiteradicaloutcriesamongFederalistsforNewEnglandsecessionandaseparatepeacewith Great Britain, moderates outnumbered them and extreme proposals were not a major focus of the debate.[1] PinckneyTreaty-ANSWER...,agreementbetweentheunitedstatesandspainthatchangedfloridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans JudiciaryActof1801-ANSWER...,alawthatincreasedthenumberoffederaljudges,allowingPresident John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists Twelfthamendment-ANSWER...,Beginningin1804,electorswouldvoteseparatelyforPresidentand VicePresident,1806-issuedbyNapoleon,institutedtheContinentalSystem,intheresponsetoBritish blockade of commercial ports under French control. BerlinDecree-ANSWER...,1806-issuedbyNapoleon,institutedtheContinentalSystem,intheresponse to British blockade of commercial ports under French control. 16 OrdersinCouncil-ANSWER...,BritishlawswhichledtotheWarof1812.Orders-in-councilpassed in 1807permittedtheimpressmentofsailorsandforbadeneutralshipsfromvisitingportsfromwhich Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods. MilanDecree-ANSWER...,in1807whichproclaimedthatanyvesselthatsubmittedtoBritishregulation or allowed itself to be searched by the Royal Navy was subject to seizure by France. EmbargoAct-ANSWER...,signedbyThomasJeffersonin1807-stopexportofallAmericangoodsand American ships from sailing for foreign ports Non-IntercourseActof1809-ANSWER...,reopenedtradewithallnationsexceptBritainandFrance Macon'sBillNumber2-ANSWER...,1810ThisbillsoughttolifttraderestrictionsagainstBritainor France but only after those nations agreed to honor US neutrality. TheStar-SpangledBanner-ANSWER...,ThenationalanthemoftheUnitedStateswrittenbyFrancisScott Key, inspired by the battle of Fort McHenry TreatyofGhent-ANSWER...,December24,1814-EndedtheWarof1812andrestoredthestatusquo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. midnightjudges-ANSWER...,The16judgesthatwereaddedbytheJudiciaryActof1801thatwere called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration. writofmandamus-ANSWER...,anextraordinarywritcommandinganofficialtoperformaministerial act that the law recognizes as an absolute duty and not a matter for the official's discretion 17 judicialreview -ANSWER...,reviewbyacourtoflawofactionsofagovernmentofficialorentityorof someotherlegallyappointedpersonorbodyorthereviewbyanappellatecourtofthedecisionofatrial court impeachment-ANSWER...,aformaldocumentchargingapublicofficialwithmisconductinoffice partisan-ANSWER...,devotedtoacauseorparty secession-ANSWER...,formalseparationfromanallianceorfederation Chapter10:TheNationalSpiritandMarketRevolution1817-1850-ANSWER... AmericanParty-ANSWER...,aformerpoliticalpartyintheUnitedStates Know-Nothing Party - ANSWER..., Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the timewhentheKKKgrew.Anti-Catholicsandanti-foreign.TheywerealsoknownastheAmericanParty. EraofGoodFeeling-ANSWER...,theperiodfrom1817to1823inwhichthedisappearanceofthe federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony. Panic of 1819 - ANSWERThe Panic of 1819 was the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States[1][2]followedbyageneralcollapseoftheAmericaneconomypersistingthrough1821.[3][4][5] The Panic announced the transition of the nation from its colonial commercial status with Europe Tariff of 1816 - ANSWERis notable as the first tariff passed by Congress with an explicit function of protecting U.S. manufactured items from foreign competition. Prior to the War of 1812, tariffs had primarilyservedtoraiserevenuestooperatethenationalgovernment.[1]Anotheruniqueaspectofthe tariff was the strong support it received from Southern states.[2] 20 peculiarinstitution-ANSWER...,southerneuphemismforslavery Chapter12:Jackson'sDemocracy1824-1840-ANSWER... JohnC.Calhoun-ANSWER...,SouthCarolinaSenator-advocateforstate'srights,limitedgovernment, and nullification Anti-Masons-ANSWER...,peoplewhobelievedthattheFree-MasonSocietywas"undemocratic"and "exclusive"becauseitwasasecretsociety.FormedpartoftheWhigParty,becausebothJacksonand Van Buren were Free-Masons NationalRepublicans-ANSWER...,supportersofastrongcentralgovernmentwhofavoredroadbuilding and supported the Bank of the United States to shape the nation's economy; many were farmers or merchants Whigs-ANSWER...,conservativesandpopularwithpro-Bankpeopleandplantationowners.Theymainly camefromtheNationalRepublicanParty,whichwasoncelargelyFederalists.Theytooktheirnamefrom the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster Panicof1837-ANSWER...,WhenJacksonwaspresident,manystatebanksreceivedgovernmentmoney thathadbeenwithdrawnfromtheBankoftheU.S.Thesebanksissuedpapermoneyandfinancedwild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federallandswithgoldorsilver.Manystatebankscollapsedasaresult.Apanicensued(1837).Bankof the U.S. failed,cotton prices fell, businesseswentbankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. Southern Carolina Exposition - ANSWER..., written by john c. calhoun of SC; outlined south's anger towardsthe"tariffofabominations"&thattheybelievedittobeunconstitutionalbecauseitseverely altered trade with europe 21 Trail of Tears - ANSWER..., The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from NorthCarolinaandGeorgiathroughTennessee,Kentucky,Illinois,Missouri,andArkansas-morethan800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. Gibbonsv.Ogden-ANSWER...,Regulatinginterstatecommerceisapowerreservedtothefederal government Specie Circular - ANSWER..., issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It requiredthatthepurchaseofpubliclandsbepaidforinspecie.Itstoppedthelandspeculationandthe sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed. Tariffof1828-ANSWER...,aprotectivetariffpassedbytheU.S.Congressthatcametobeknownasthe "Tariff of Abominations" to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southerneconomy;itwasthehighesttariffinU.S.peacetimeanditsgoalwastoprotectindustryinthe northernUnitedStatesfromcompetingEuropeangoodsbyincreasingthepricesofEuropeanproducts. Tariffof1832-ANSWER...,atariffimposedbyJacksonwhichwasunpopularintheSouth;SouthCarolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act Force Bill - ANSWER..., 1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared thesetariffsnullandvoid,andSouthCarolinawouldnotcollectdutiesonthem.TheForceActwasnever invokedbecauseitwaspassedbyCongressthesamedayastheCompromiseTariffof1833,soitbecame unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act. IndianRemovalAct-ANSWER...,Passedin1830,authorizedAndrewJacksontonegotiateland-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West. 22 CherokeeNationv.Georgia-ANSWER...,(1831)TheCherokeesarguedthattheywereaseperatenation andthereforenotunderGeorgia'sjurisdiction.Marshallsaidtheywerenot,butratherhad"special status" Worcesterv.Georgia-ANSWER...,SupremeCourtDecision-CherokeeIndianswereentitledtofederal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it AndrewJackson-ANSWER...,7thpresidentofthe US DanielWebster-ANSWER...,UnitedStatespoliticianandorator(1782-1817) RobertHayne-ANSWER...,Believedthatstatesshouldhavemorerights.HewasfromSouthCarolina.He debated Daniel Webster about the doctrine of states rights. corrupt bargain - ANSWER..., In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the SpeakeroftheHouseatthetime,andheconvincedCongresstoelectAdams.AdamsthenmadeClayhis Secretary of State. petbank-ANSWER...,StatebankswhereJacksondepositedallfederalmoneyinhisattempttokillthe Bank of the United States. spoilssystem-ANSWER...,thesystemofemployingandpromotingcivilservantswhoarefriendsand supporters of the group in power kitchencabinet-ANSWER...,aninnercircleofunofficialadvisorstotheheadofagovernment 25 Shakers-ANSWER...,acelibateandcommunisticChristiansectintheUnitedStates OneidaCommune-ANSWER...,areligiouscommunityestablishedincentralNewYorkin1848,its memberssharedproperty,practicedgroupmarriage,andrearedchildrenundercommunalcare. Knickerbockers-ANSWER...,trousers endingabovetheknee NatTurner'sRebellion-ANSWER...,RebellioninwhichNatTurnerledagroupofslavesthroughVirginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families MaineLaw-ANSWER...,passedin1851inMaine,wasoneofthefirststatutoryimplementationsofthe developing temperance movement in the United States. TheNorthStar-ANSWER...,antislaverynewspaperpublishedbyFredrickDouglass DeclarationofSentiments-ANSWER...,declaredthatall"peoplearecreatedequal";usedthe Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights Walden-ANSWER...,writtenbyHenryDavidThoreau;apersonalaccountofhislifespentinacabinon the edge of Walden Pond, where he lived simply and found truth OnCivilDisobedience-ANSWER...,thoreau'swritingscontemplatingthemexicanwar,"theworkof comparatively few individuals using the government as their tool" refused to pay his taxes UndergroundRailroad-ANSWER...,abolitionistssecretaidtoescapingslaves SenecaFalls-ANSWER...,Thesiteofthewomen'srightsconventionthatmetinJulyin1848.Theymetin the Wesleyan Chapel, and 300 men and women attended. At the convention, they vote in the Seneca Falls Declaration, which was signed by 32 men. 26 Perfectionism-ANSWER...,adispositiontofeelthatanythinglessthanperfectisunacceptable cultofdomesticity-ANSWER...,theidealwomanwasseenasatender,self-sacrificingcaregiverwho providedanestforherchildrenandapeacefulrefugeforherhusband,socialcustomsthatrestricted women to caring for the house antebellum-ANSWER...,belongingtoaperiodbeforeawarespeciallytheAmericanCivilWar Chapter14:ManifestDestiny1830-1860-ANSWER... SamHouston-ANSWER...,UnitedStatespoliticianandmilitaryleaderwhofoughttogainindependence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863) JamesK.Polk-ANSWER...,presidentinMarch1845.wantedtosettleoregonboundarydisputewith britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union. BearFlagRepublic-ANSWER...,akatheCaliforniarepublic;theresultofarevoltbyAmericansonJune 14, 1846, in the town of Sonoma against the authorities of the Mexican province of California; the Republiclastedlessthanamonth.Therepubliceventuallybecamethepresent-daystateofCalifornia. WilmotProviso-ANSWER...,BillthatwouldbanslaveryintheterritoriesacquiredaftertheWarwith Mexico TreatyofGuadalupeHidalgo-ANSWER...,TreatythatendedtheMexicanWar,grantingtheU.S.control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million Webster-AshburtonTreaty-ANSWER...,1842betweentheUSandtheBrits,settledboundrydisputesin the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition 27 OregonTrail-ANSWER...,pioneertrailthatbeganinmissouriandcrossedthegreatplainsintothe oregon country Mandate-ANSWER...,thecommissionthatisgiventoagovernmentanditspoliciesthroughanelectoral victory Chapter15:ATenuousBalance-OntheBrinkofCivilWar1848-1860-ANSWER... HarrietBeecherStowe-ANSWER...,UnitedStateswriterofanovelaboutslaverythatadvancedthe abolitionists' cause (1811-1896) GeorgeFitzburgh-ANSWER...,saysslaveryinSouthisbetterthanwageslaveryinNorth JohnBrown-ANSWER...,abolitionistwhowashangedafterleadinganunsuccessfulraidatHarper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858) apologists -ANSWER...,ChristianthinkerswhodefendedandexplainedChristianbeliefs Free-soilparty-ANSWER...,Formedin1847-1848,dedicatedtoopposingslaveryinnewlyacquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory. 49ers-ANSWER...,Peoplewhorushedtocaliforniain1849forgold. RepublicanParty-ANSWER...,theyoungeroftwomajorpoliticalpartiesintheUnitedStates borderruffians-ANSWER...,missourianswhotraveledinarmedgroupstovoteinkansas'selection during the mid-1850's 30 Copperheads-ANSWER...,northerndemocratwhoadvocatedmakingpeacewiththeConfederacy during the Civil War freedmen-ANSWER...,formerslaves New York Draft Riots - ANSWER..., July 1863 just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working- class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathedtheideaofbeingdraftedtofightawaronbehalfofslaveswho,oncefreed,wouldcompetewith them for jobs. BullRun-ANSWER...,eitheroftwobattlesduringtheAmericanCivilWar(1861and1862) Second Battle of Bull Run - ANSWER..., Lee and Pope fought and Lee came out victorious and then continuedontoMDinhopeofstrikingablowthatwouldnotonlyencourageforeigninterventionbut also seduce the still wavering Border State and its sisters from the Union Antietam-ANSWER...,thefirstmajorbattleintheAmericanCivilWartotakeplaceonNorthernsoil.It wasthebloodiestsingle-daybattleinAmericanhistory,withalmost23,000casualties.Afterthis"win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg-ANSWER...,asmalltowninsouthernPennsylvania,ThemostviolentbattleoftheAmerican Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863. AnacondaPlan-ANSWER...,UnionwarplanbyWinfieldScott,calledforblockadeofsoutherncoast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south EmancipationProclamation-ANSWER...,IssuedbyAbrahamLincolnonSeptember22,1862itdeclared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free 31 ThirteenthAmendment-ANSWER...,TheconstitutionalamendmentratifiedaftertheCivilWarthat forbadeslaveryandinvoluntaryservitude. TheHomesteadActof1862-ANSWER...,providedasettlerwith160acresoflandifhepromisedtolive and work for it at least five years, about 500,000 families took advantage of it TheMorrillLandGrantof1862-ANSWER...,Theactgavefederallandstostatesforthepurposeof building schools that would teach agriculture and technical trades ThePacificRailwayActof1862-ANSWER...,Thisactapporvedthebuildingofatranscontinentalrailroad that would utterly transform the West by linking the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific AppomattoxCourtHouse-ANSWER...,famousasthesiteofthesurrenderoftheConfederateArmy under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant greenbacks-ANSWER...,NameforUnionpapermoneynotbackedbygoldorsilver.Valuewould fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural) ironclads-ANSWER...,Woodenshipswithmetalarmorthatwereemployedbybothsidesduringthe Civil War. scorched-earth-ANSWER...,burninggrainfieldsandslaughteringlivestocksoastoleavenothingthat the enemy could eat. Used by Alexander in Russia against Napoleon writofhabeascorpus-ANSWER...,courtorderthattheauthoritiesshowcauseforwhytheyareholding a prisoner in custody. Deters unlawful imprisonment agrarian-ANSWER...,relatingtoland;relatingtothemanagementorfarmingofland 32 Chapter17:TheTrialsofReconstruction1863-1877-ANSWER... Freedmen'sBureau-ANSWER...,1865-Agencysetuptoaidformerslavesinadjustingthemselvesto freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs scalawags-ANSWER...,southernwhiteswhosupportedrepublicanpolicythroughtreconstruction carpetbaggers-ANSWER...,northernwhiteswhomovedtothesouthandservedasrepublicanleaders during reconstruction kukluxklan-ANSWER...,asecretsocietyofwhiteSouthernersintheUnitedStates redeemers - ANSWER..., Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking backsouthernstategovernments.Theirfoundationrestedontheideaofracismandwhitesupremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans. exodusters -ANSWER...,AfricanAmericans whomovedfrompostreconstruction SouthtoKansas. rutherfordB.hayes-ANSWER...,19thpresidentoftheunitedstates,wasfamousforbeingpartofthe Hayes- Tildenelectioninwhichelectoralvoteswerecontestedin4states,mostcorruptelectioninUS history reconstruction-ANSWER...,theperiodaftertheCivilWarintheUnitedStateswhenthesouthernstates were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction - ANSWER..., (Dec. 1863) issued by Lincoln: offered full pardontoSouthernerswhowouldtakeoathofallegiancetotheUnionandacknowledgeemancipation 35 sodbusters-ANSWER...,namegiventoGreatPlainsfarmersbecausetheyhadtobreakthroughsomuch thicksoil,calledsod,inordertofarm nationalGrangeofPatronsofHusbandry-ANSWER...,ThisorganizationbetterknownastheGrange,was organized in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelley; its objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social,educational,andfraternalactivities;theGrangersgraduallyraisedtheirgoalsfromindividualself- improvement of the farmer' collective plight InterstateCommerceCommission-ANSWER...,aformerindependentfederalagencythatsupervised and set rates for carriers that transported goods and people between states Turner'sFrontierThesis-ANSWER...,arguedthattheAmericancharacterwasshapedbytheexistanceof the frontier and the way Americans interacted and developed the frontier, he felt that the frontier encouraged individualism and democracy HomesteadActof1862-ANSWER...,thisallowedasettlertoacquire160acresbylivingonitforfive years, improving it and paying about $30 Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 - ANSWER..., dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land,andsetup individual Indianfamilyheads with160 free acres.If the Indians behaved like"goodwhitesettlers"thentheywouldgetfulltitletotheirholdingsaswellascitizenship.TheDawes Act attempted to assimilate the Indians with the white men. The Dawes Act remained the basis of the government's official Indian policy until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. Plessyv.Ferguson-ANSWER...,A1896SupremeCourtdecisionwhichlegalizedstateordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal JimCrowlaws-ANSWER...,Limitedrightsofblacks.Literacytests,grandfatherclausesandpolltaxes limited black voting rights 36 InterstateCommerceAct-ANSWER...,EstablishedtheICC(InterstateCommerceCommission)-monitors thebusinessoperationofcarrierstransportinggoodsandpeoplebetweenstates-createdto regulate railroadprices ACenturyofDishonor-ANSWER...,WrittenbyHelenHuntJackson,itdetailedtheinjusticesmadeto Native Americans during US expansion Sutter'sMill-ANSWER...,locationwheregoldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniain1848,settingoffthegold rush longdrives-ANSWER...,AcattledriveinwhichTexasranchersdroveherdsofcattlenorthtobesoldin northern markets GhostDance-ANSWER...,areligiousdanceofnativeAmericanslookingforcommunicationwiththe dead grandfatherclauses-ANSWER...,lawthatexcusedavoterfromliteracytestifhisgrandfatherhadbeen eligible to vote on Jan. 1 1867 agribusiness-ANSWER...,alarge-scalefarmingenterprise Chapter19:TheRiseofIndustry1865-1900-ANSWER... CorneliusVanderbilt-ANSWER...,UnitedStatesfinancierwhoaccumulatedgreatwealthfromrailroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877) AndrewCarnegie-ANSWER...,UnitedStatesindustrialistandphilanthropistwhoendowededucation and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919) 37 JohnD.Rockefeller-ANSWER...,WasanAmericanindustrialistandphilanthropist. Revolutionizedthe petroleumindustryanddefinedthestructureofmodernphilanthropy. HoratioAlger-ANSWER...,UnitedStatesauthorofinspirationaladventurestoriesforboys robberbarons-ANSWER...,Referstotheindustrialistsorbigbusinessownerswhogainedhugeprofits bypayingtheiremployeesextremelylowwages.Theyalsodrovetheircompetitorsoutofbusinessby selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price. U.S.Steel-ANSWER...,powerfulandwealthy19thcenturysteelcorporationfoundedbyAndrew Carnagie and JP morgan Standard Oil Company - ANSWER..., Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industryin1881.KnownasA.D.Trust,itwasoutlawedbytheSupremeCourtofOhioin1899.Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. scabs-ANSWER...,Stirkebreakershiredbyemployersasreplacementworkerswhenunionswenton strike NationalLaborUnion-ANSWER...,1866-establishedbyWilliamSylvis-wanted8hrworkdays,banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers KnightsofLabor-ANSWER...,1stefforttocreateNationalunion.Opentoeveryonebutlawyersand bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed AmericanFederationofLabor-ANSWER...,afederationofNorthAmericanlaborunionsthatmerged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955 40 collectivebargaining-ANSWER...,Negotiationsbetweenrepresentativesoflaborunionsand managementtodeterminepayandacceptableworkingconditions. Chapter20:FromaRuraltoanUrbanAmerica1865-1900-ANSWER... "Boss" Tweed - ANSWER..., William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defraudingthecity.Example:ResponsiblefortheconstructionoftheNYcourthouse;actualconstruction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million. ThomasNast-ANSWER...,Newspapercartoonistwhoproducedsatiricalcartoons,heinvented"Uncle Sam"andcameupwiththeelephantandthedonkeyforthepoliticalparties.Henearlybroughtdown Boss Tweed. JaneAddams-ANSWER...,thefounderofHullHouse,whichprovidedEnglishlessonsforimmigrants, daycares, and child care classes FrancisWillard-ANSWER...,DeanofWomenatNorthwesternUniversityandthepresidentofthe Women's Christian Temperance Union. CarrieA.Nation-ANSWER...,muscualrandantiderrangedwoman,sheestroyedsaloonsinherwildanti drinking crusade. ElizabethCadyStanton-ANSWER...,UnitedStates suffragistand feminist SusanB.Anthony-ANSWER...,socialreformerwhocampaignedforwomensrights,thetemperance,and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation MarkTwain-ANSWER...,UnitedStateswriterandhumoristbestknownforhisnovelsaboutTomSawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910) 41 FrederickLawOlmsted-ANSWER...,UnitedStateslandscapearchitectprimarilyresponsibleforthe designofCentralParkinNewYorkCity(1822-1903) ScottJoplin-ANSWER...,UnitedStatescomposerwhowasthefirstcreatorofragtimetowritedownhis compositions (1868-1917) JosephPulitzer-ANSWER...,UnitedStatesnewspaperpublisher(borninHungary)whoestablishedthe Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911) WilliamRandolphHearst-ANSWER...,UnitedStatesnewspaperpublisherwhoseintroductionoflarge headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (1863-1951) Nativists-ANSWER...,oforrelatingtooradvocatingnativism Woman'sChristianTemperanceUnion-ANSWER...,anorganizationthatblamedalcoholforcrime, poverty, and violence against women and children, and fought against it. TheAnti-SaloonLeague-ANSWER...,Startedinthe1890sandwasagainstsaloonsanddrinking NationalAmericanWomanSuffrageAssociation-ANSWER...,militantsuffragistorganizationfoundedby Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony TheGildedAge-ANSWER...,1877-1900;rapidindustrialization,urbanization,immigration;riseofbig business and the labor movement; the Populist movement ChineseExclusionAct-ANSWER...,(1882)DeniedanyadditionalChineselaborerstoenterthecountry while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. 42 OurCountry-ANSWER...,writtenin1885intendedtopromotedomesticmissionaryactivityinthe AmericanWest.ItmayhaveencouragedsupportforimperialisticUnitedStatespolicyamongAmerican Protestants.Hepleadedformoremissionaryworkinthenation'scities,andforreconciliationtoend racial conflict. He was oneof the first to warnthat Protestants (most of whom lived in rural areas or small towns) were ignoring the problems of the cities and the working classes. TammanyHall-ANSWER...,apoliticalorganizationwithintheDemocraticPartyinNewYorkcity(late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism SocialGospel-ANSWER...,MovementledbyWashingtonGladden-taughtreligionandhumandignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization ghettos-ANSWER...,cityslumareasinhabitedbyminoritygroupslivingthereduetosocialoreconomic pressures tenement-ANSWER...,arundownapartmenthousebarelymeetingminimalstandards politicalmachines-ANSWER...,Corruptorganizedgroupsthatcontrolledpoliticalpartiesinthecities.A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party. temperance-ANSWER...,restraintormoderation,especiallyinregardstoalcoholorfood Chapter21:PopulistsandProgressives1890-1919-ANSWER... Stalwarts-ANSWER...,RepublicansfightingforcivilservicereformduringGarfield'sterm;they supported Cleveland. halfbreeds-ANSWER...,republicanreformerswhowereaccusedofbackingreformsimplytocreate openings for their own supporters. 45 greatmigration-ANSWER...,movementofover300,000AfricanAmericanfromtheruralsouthinto Northern cities between 1914 and 1920 pendleton civil service act of 1881 - ANSWER..., This act reformed the corrupt patronage system of obtainingcivilservicejobs.Nolongercouldpoliticalcronyismsecuregovernmentpositions-allpotential civil service employees had to take an exam to prove their worthiness. seventeenthamendment-ANSWER...,allowedamericanstovotedirectlyforU.Ssenators squaredeal-ANSWER...,ProgressiveconceptbyRooseveltthatwouldhelpcapital,labor,andthepublic. It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good. elkinsact-ANSWER...,(1903)gavetheInterstateCommerceCommissionmorepowertocontrol railroads from giving preferences to certain customers hepburnact-ANSWER...,This1906lawusedtheInterstateCommerceCommissiontoregulatethe maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods. theJungle-ANSWERnovelbyUptonSinclairwhichcalledforreforminthemeat-packingindustry PureFoodandDrugAct-ANSWER...,theactthatprohibitedthemanufacture,sale,orshipmentof impure of falsely labeled food and drugs MeatInspectionAct-ANSWER...,LawthatauthorizedtheSecretaryofAgriculturetoordermeat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption. 46 Mann-elkinsact-ANSWER...,passedin1910,itempoweredtheInterstateCommerceCommission(ICC) forthefirsttimeto initiateratechanges,extendregulationtotelephoneandtelegraphcompaniesand set up a Commerce Court to expedite appeals from the ICC rulings 16thamendment-ANSWER...,AmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution(1913)gaveCongressthe power to tax income. underwoodtariffbill-ANSWER...,Congressionalmeasuretoprovidetheasubstantialreductionofrates, and the first ever implementation of a graduated income tax on incomes $3000+ federalreserveact-ANSWER...,a1913lawthatsetupasystemoffederalbanksandgavegovernment the power to control the money supply federalreservesystem-ANSWER...,thecentralbankoftheUnitedStates claytonantitrustact-ANSWER...,Newantitrustlegislationconstructedtoremedydeficienciesofthe Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions nineteenthamendment-ANSWER...,grantedwomentherighttovotein1920 birthofanation-ANSWER...,Controversialbuthighlyinfluentialandinnovativesilentfilmdirectedby D.W.Griffith.ItdemonstratedthepoweroffilmpropagandaandrevivedtheKKK. triangleshirtwaistfactory-ANSWER...,thisfactorykeptdoorslockedtoavoidthefttrappingworkers inside when a fire erupted; alerted reformers to the terrible conditions of industrial workers initiative, referendum, and recall - ANSWER..., These were three changes intended to increase the individual voter's influence in government. It gives a person the power to propose laws, states that certainlawspassedbythestatelegislaturedonottakeeffectunlesstheyareapprovedbyamajorityof the citizens, and strengthens the control of voters over elected officials. 47 accommodation-ANSWER... spoilssystem-ANSWER...,thesystemofemployingandpromotingcivilservantswhoarefriendsand supporters of the group in power patronage-ANSWER...,(politics)grantingfavorsorgivingcontractsormakingappointmentstoofficein return for political support directprimaries-ANSWER...,anelectioninwhichvoterschoosecandidatestorepresenteachpartyina general election JacobCoxey-ANSWER...,PopulistwholedCoxey'sArmyinamarchonWashingtonDCin1894toseek government jobs for the unemployed. TheodoreRoosevelt-ANSWER...,26thPresidentoftheUnitedStates IdaTarbell-ANSWER...,Aleadingmuckrakerandmagazineeditor,sheexposedthecorruptionoftheoil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil. LincolnSteffens-ANSWER...,UnitedStatesjournalistwhoexposesin1906startedaneraofmuckraking journalism (1866-1936) JacobRiis-ANSWER...,Early1900'smuckrakerwhoexposedsocialandpoliticalevilsintheU.S.withhis novel"HowTheOtherHalfLives";exposedthepoorconditionsofthepoortenementsinNYCandHell's Kitchen RobertLaFollete -ANSWER..., progressiveleader/ gov. ofWisconsingave powerback to people, regulatedutilitiesrates, institutedtaxesoninheritance, firsttotiestategov. &universitytogether 50 Gentleman'sAgreement-ANSWER...,aninformalagreementbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheEmpire ofJapanwherebytheU.S.wouldnotimposerestrictiononJapaneseimmigrationorstudents,andJapan wouldnotallowfurtherimmigrationtotheU.S. GreatWar-ANSWER...,awarbetweentheallies(Russia,France,BritishEmpire,Italy,UnitedStates, Japan,Rumania,Serbia,Belgium,Greece,Portugal,Montenegro)andthecentralpowers(Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918 CommunistRevolution-ANSWER...,ApoliticalrevolutioninRussiabeginningin1917.TheBolsheviks, nowknownasCommunists,overthrewCzarNicholasIIandcreatedasocialistgovernmentbasedupon the writings of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Also know as the Bolshevik Revolution. RedScare-ANSWER...,aperiodofgeneralfearofcommunists TellerAmendment-ANSWER...,LegislationthatpromisedtheUSwouldnotannexCubaafterwinning the Spanish-American war InsularCases-ANSWER...,DeterminedthatinhabitantsofU.S.territorieshadsome,butnotall,ofthe rights of U.S. citizens. PlattAmendment-ANSWER...,LegislationthatseverelyrestrictedCuba'ssovereigntyandgavetheUS the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble OpenDoorPolicy-ANSWER...,ApolicyproposedbytheUSin1899,underwhichALLnationswould have equal opportunities to trade in China. HayPauncefoteTreaty-ANSWER...,permissiongrantedbyPanamafortheUStodigacanal;permitted bytheBritishinordertomake friendswithUSinhopeoffuturesupportagainstGermany;negociated under Roosevelt ; greatly facilitated trade 51 RooseveltCorollary-ANSWER...,Roosevelt's1904extensionoftheMonroeDoctrine,statingthatthe United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force TreatyofPortsmouth-ANSWER...,(1905)endedtheRusso-JapaneseWar(1904-1905).Itwassignedin Portsmouth,NewHampshire,afternegotiationsbrokeredbyTheodoreRoosevelt(forwhichhewonthe NobelPeacePrize).Japanhaddominatedthewarandreceivedanindemnity,theLiaodongPeninsulain Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island, but the treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more. SussexUltimatum-ANSWER...,InresponsetotheGermantorpedoesSussexsteamer,Wilsontold Germany that if they didnt stop sinkingmerchant ships withwarning, he would break diplomatic relations. FourteenPoints-ANSWER...,PresidentWoodrowWilson'splanforajustworldbasesontheAllies'aims to end World War I Nosecrettreaties,freedomoftheseas,notariffs,reduce arms, adjust colonial claims, establish an association of nations SelectiveServicesAct-ANSWER...,This1917lawprovidedfortheregistrationofallAmericanmen betweentheagesof21and30foramilitarydraft.Theagelimitswerelaterchangedto18and45. EspionageAct-ANSWER...,Thislaw,passedaftertheUnitedStatesenteredWWI,imposedsentencesof up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection. SeditionAct-ANSWER...,madeitacrimetowrite,print,utter,orpublishcriticismofthepresidentof government 52 SchenckvsUnitedStates-ANSWER...,undertheEspionageActof1917,apersoncannotusethefirst ammendmentasprotectionwhenspeakingagainsttheUSgovernmentandmilitary ArticleX-ANSWER...,ThispartoftheVersaillesTreatymorallyboundtheU.S.toaidanymemberofthe League of Nations that experienced any external aggression. Versailles-ANSWER... jingoism-ANSWER...,extreme,chauvinisticpatriotism,oftenfavoringanaggressive,warlikeforeign policy reconcentrating-ANSWER...,ThispracticeplacedCubannativesintocentrallocationsunderdirect Spanish control to help prevent revolution. yellowjournalism-ANSWER...,sensationalistjournalism gunboatdiplomacy-ANSWER...,diplomacyinwhichthenationsthreatentouseforceinordertoobtain their objectives dollardiplomacy-ANSWER...,diplomacyinfluencedbyeconomicconsiderations moraldiplomacy-ANSWER...,foreignpolicyproposedbyPresidentWilsontocondemnimperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace Uboat-ANSWER...,aGermansubmarinethatwasthefirstsubmarineemployedinwarfare,initially used during WW1 Lusitania-ANSWER...,AmericanboatthatwassunkbytheGermanU-boats;madeAmericaconsider entering WWI 55 JazzAge-ANSWER...,Nameforthe1920s,becauseofthepopularityofjazz-anewtypeofAmerican musicthatcombinedAfricanrhythms,blues,andragtime RoaringTwenties-ANSWER...,thedecadeofthe1920'swhichgotthisnicknamebecauseofthetimes presperity and excitement HarlemRenaissance-ANSWER...,aperiodinthe1920swhenAfrican-Americanachievementsinartand music and literature flourished DawesPlan-ANSWER...,AplantorevivetheGermaneconomy,theUnitedStatesloansGermanymoney whichthen canpay reparations to EnglandandFrance, whocanthen pay back their loansfromthe U.S. This circular flow of money was a success. McNary-Haugen Bill - ANSWER..., A plan to rehabilitate American agriculture by raising the domestic pricesoffarmproducts*Effectsoftheprotectivetariffandburdensofdebtandtaxationhadcreateda serious agricultural depression and grew steadily worse Kellogg-BriandPact-ANSWER...,agreementsignedin1928inwhichnationsagreednottoposethe threat of war against one another Hoover-Stimson Doctrine - ANSWER..., This said that the United States would not recognize any territorialacquisitionsthatweretakenoverbyforce.(ThisdoctrineisrelatedtoJapaneseaggressionin Manchuria in 1931) GoodNeighborPolicy-ANSWER...,FDR'sforeignpolicyofpromotingbetterrelationsw/LatinAmericaby using economic influence rater than military force in the region Volstead Act - ANSWER..., The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import,export,deliver,furnishorpossessanyintoxicatingliquorexceptasauthorizedbythisact."Itdid not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors 56 QuotaAct-ANSWER...,LimitedthenumberofimmigrantsallowedintotheUnitedStates.Itfavored immigrantsfromNorthernandwesternEurope. immigrationact -ANSWER..., This waspassed in1924whichcut quotas for foreigners from3% to2%of the total number of immigrants. The main purpose was to freeze America's existing racial composition whichwaslargelyNorthernEuropean.ItalsopreventedJapaneseimmigrationwhichledtofuryinJapan. nationaloriginsact-ANSWER...,Actwhichrestrictedimmigrationfromanyonenationtotwopercentof thenumberofpeoplealreadyintheU.S.ofthatnationaloriginin1890.Severelyrestrictedimmigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely scientificmanagement-ANSWER...,amanagementtheoryusingefficiencyexpertstoexamineeach work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it ruggedindividualism-ANSWER...,Thebeliefthatallindividuals,ornearlyallindividuals,cansucceedon their own and that government help for people should be minimal. Popularly said by Hertbert Hoover. laissez-faire-ANSWERisaneconomicenvironmentinwhichtransactionsbetweenprivatepartiesare free from government restrictions, tariffs, and subsidies, with only enough regulations to protect property rights.[1] speakeasies-ANSWER...,Secretbarswherealcoholcouldbepurchasedillegally Chapter24:TheGreatDepressionandtheNewDeal1929-1938-ANSWER... Dr. Francis Townsend - ANSWER..., Advanced the OldAge Revolving PensionPlan, which proposed that everyretiredpersonover60receiveapensionof$200amonth(abouttwicetheaverageweek'ssalary). It required that the money be spent within the month. 57 HueyLong-ANSWER...,Assenatorin1932ofWashingtonpreachedhis"ShareOurWealth"programs.It wasa100%taxonallannualincomesover$1millionandappropriationofallfortunesinexcessof $5 million.WiththismoneyLongproposedtogiveeveryAmericanfamilyacomfortableincome,etc FranklinDelanoRoosevelt-ANSWER...,32ndPresidentoftheUnitedStates ReconstructionFinanceCorporation-ANSWERgave$2billioninaidtostateandlocalgovernmentsand made loanstobanks, railroads, mortgageassociationsandother businesses. Theloans werenearlyall repaid. It was continued by the New Deal and played a major role in handling the Great Depressionin theUnitedStates andsetting upthereliefprogramsthat weretakenoverbytheNewDealin1933.[1] BonusArmy-ANSWER...,GroupofWWIvets.thatmarchedtoD.C.in1932todemandtheimmediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash BrainTrust-ANSWER...,GroupofexpertpolicyadviserswhoworkedwithFDRinthe1930stoendthe great depression CongressofIndustrialOrganizations-ANSWER...,afederationofNorthAmericanindustrialunionsthat merged with the American Federation of Labor in 1955 unitedautoworkers-ANSWER...,Outofseveralcompetingautounions,thisonewasgraduallyemerging preeminent in the early and mid-1930s. But although ot was gaining recruits, it was making little progress in winning recognitions from the corperations. Automobile workers eployed an effective new technique for challenging corperate oppositions: the sit-down strike. blackcabinet-ANSWER...,groupofAfricanAmericansFDRappointedtokeyGovernmentpositions; served as unofficial advisors to the president. Americanlibertyleague-ANSWERformedin1934,primarilybyconservativeDemocratstoopposethe New Deal of Franklin D. Roosevelt. 60 nationalindustrialrecoveryadministration-ANSWER...,ThiswascreatedbytheNationalIndustrial RecoveryActin1933tosuperviseindustry—theactalsocreatedthePublicworksAdministrationto create jobs. national labor relations act - ANSWER..., A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workerstherightofcollectivebargainingsetsdownrulestoprotectunionsandorganizers,andcreated the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations. fairlaborstandardsact-ANSWER...,1938actwhichprovidedforaminimumwageandrestricted shipments of goods produced with child labor judicialreorganizationbill-ANSWER...,proposedthatFDRbeallowedtonameanewfederaljudgefor every sitting judge who had reached the age of seventy and had not retired; soundly defeated in Congress; FDR came under intense criticism for trying to seize too much power indian reorganizationact -ANSWER..., Governmentlegislation that allowedthe Indians a form of self- government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians directownershipoftheirland,credit,aconstitution,andacharterinwhichIndianscouldmanagetheir own affairs. dustbowl-ANSWER...,aregionsubjecttoduststorms bullmarket-ANSWER...,amarketcharacterizedbyrisingpricesforsecurities thethreeRs-ANSWER...,Relief,Reform,Recovery firesidechats-ANSWER...,informaltalksgivenbyFDRovertheradio;satbyWhiteHousefireplace; gained the confidence of the people 61 margin-ANSWER...,(finance)thenetsalesminusthecostofgoodsandservicessold repatriation-ANSWER...,theactofreturningtothecountryoforigin mobilization-ANSWER...,actofassemblingandputtingintoreadinessforwarorotheremergency: "mobilization of the troops" anti-semetic-ANSWER...,adj.anti-jew;againsttheJewishpeople fascist-ANSWER...,amemberofapoliticalpartywhosupportsextremenationalismandadictator Chapter25:TheroadtotheSecondWorldWar1929-1945-ANSWER... ilDuce-ANSWER...,"theleader,"Mussolini'snickname Benito Mussolini - ANSWER..., Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935),joinedGermanyintheAxispact(1936),andalliedItalywithGermanyinWorldWarII.Hewas overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786) RosietheRiveter-ANSWER...,symbolofAmericanwomenwhowenttoworkinfactoriesduringthewar Roosevelt-ANSWER...,26thPresidentoftheUnitedStates Churchill-ANSWER...,BritishstatesmanandleaderduringWorldWarII Stalin-ANSWER...,RussianleaderwhosucceededLeninasheadoftheCommunistPartyandcreateda totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953) 62 Luftwaffe-ANSWER...,theGermanairforce Kamikazes-ANSWER...,Japanesesuicidepilots Women'sarmycorps-ANSWER...,womenvolunteerswhosevedinnon-combatpositions womenappointedforvoluntaryemergencyservice-ANSWER...,Thesewomensupportedthewareffort by flying supply missions, decoding codes, and repairing machines (Not WAFS or WAC) women'sauxiliaryferryingsquadron-ANSWER...,WAFS;thesewomensupportedtheww2effort officeofwarmobilization-ANSWER...,Federalagencyformedtocoordinateissuesrelatedtowar production during World War II officeofpriceadministration-ANSWER...,WWIIOfficethatinstallspricecontrolsonessentialitemsto prevent inflation officeofwarinformation-ANSWER...,establishedbythegovernmenttopromotepatriotismandhelp keep Americans united behind the war effort. navajocodetalkers-ANSWER...,NavajosoldiersinthePacificusedtheirownlanguageasacodefor sending vital messages. Hard to understand. unitednations-ANSWER...,anorganizationofindependentstatesformedin1945topromote international peace and security 65 bracero-ANSWER...,aMexicanlaborerwhoworkedintheUnitedStatesonfarmsandrailroadsinorder toeaselaborshortagesduringWorldWarII genocide-ANSWER...,systematickillingofaracialorculturalgroup Chapter26:TheColdWar1945-1963-ANSWER... MaoTse-Tung-ANSWER...,CommunistleaderofChina;gainedpowerthroughtheChinesecivilwar; defeated US backed Chiang Kai Shek DwightD.Eisenhower-ANSWER...,leaderoftheAlliedforcesinEuropeduringWW2--leaderoftroopsin Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School FidelCastro-ANSWER...,Cubansocialistleaderwhooverthrewadictatorin1959andestablisheda Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927) AlgerHiss-ANSWER...,AformerStateDepartmentofficialwhowasaccusedofbeingaCommunistspy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon. JosephMcCarthy-ANSWER...,1950s;WisconsinsenatorclaimedtohavelistofcommunistsinAmerican gov't,butnocredibleevidence;tookadvantageoffearsofcommunismpostWWIItobecomeincredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists DepartmentofDefense-ANSWER...,Adepartmentofthefederalexecutivebranchentrustedwith formulatingmilitarypoliciesandmaintainingAmericanmilitaryforces.Itstopofficialisthecivilian secretary of defense. It is headquartered in the Pentagon. 66 NationalSecurityCouncil-ANSWER...,Acommitteeintheexecutivebranchofgovernmentthatadvises thepresidentonforeignandmilitaryandnationalsecurity CentralIntelligenceAgency-ANSWER...,anagencycreatedafterWorldWar2tocoordinateAmerican intelligence activities abroad, conspiracy, and meddling as well. Nationalists(koumintang)-ANSWER...,ChinesenationalistswhoretreatedtoTaiwanin1949withChaing Kai- Shek after being defeated by the People's Liberation Army during the Chinese CivilWar; established Red China, the Republic of China, and set up the Cold War SouthEastAsianTreatyOrganization-ANSWER...,IdenticaltoNATOinAsia,oneofthereasonsthatthe United States was drawn into the Vietnam War HouseUn-AmericanActivitiesCommittee-ANSWER...,aninvestigativecommitteeoftheUnitedStates HouseofRepresentatives.In1969,theHousechangedthecommittee'snameto"HouseCommitteeon InternalSecurity".WhentheHouseabolishedthecommitteein1975,itsfunctionsweretransferredto the House Judiciary Committee NASA - ANSWER..., Founded in 1958 to compete with Russia's space program. It gained prestige and powerwithKennedy'schargetoreachthemoonbytheendofthe1960s.Overtheyears,NASAhassent experditions to the moon, developed and managed the space station and space shuttle programs and sent probes to Mars The Geneva Convention - ANSWER..., At this convention in 1954, the region of Indochina was divided intothreenations:Vietnam,Cambodia,andLaos.TheconventionalsodecidedtodivideVietnamatthe 17th parallel, with the communists led by Ho Chi Minh in the North and anti-communists led by Ngo Dinh Diem in the South. It was further decided that elections to reunite Vietnam would occur in two years. CubanMissileCrisis-ANSWER...,aninternationalcrisisinOctober1962,theclosestapproachtonuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba,PresidentJohnF.Kennedydemandedtheirremovalandannouncedanavalblockadeoftheisland; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later. 67 TrumanDoctrine-ANSWER...,Firstestablishedin1947afterBritainnolongercouldaffordtoprovide anti-communistaidtoGreeceandTurkey,itpledgedtoprovideU.S.militaryandeconomicaidtoany nation threatened by communism. Marhshall Plan - ANSWERAmerican program to aid Europe, in which the United States gave economic supporttohelprebuildEuropeaneconomiesaftertheendofWorldWarIIinordertopreventthespread of Soviet Communism. Warsaw Pact - ANSWER..., treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countriesbehindtheIronCurtain;USSR,Albania,Bulgaria,Czechoslovakia,EastGermany,Hungary, Poland, and Romania National Security Act - ANSWER..., Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet UnionafterWWII.ItestablishedtheDepartmentofDefenseandtheCentralIntelligenceAgency(CIA) and National Security Council. EisenhowerDoctrine-ANSWER...,EisenhowerproposedandobtainedajointresolutionfromCongress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East. SmithAct-ANSWER...,1940actwhichmadeitillegaltospeakoforadvocateoverthrowingtheU.S. government. Was used by Truman 11 times to prosecute suspected Communists NationalHighwayAct-ANSWER...,Eisenhower'splantobuildaninterstatehighwaysystemthatwould connect the US and help in military movements during a war. Aswan Dam - ANSWER..., It was built in 1956 to control the flooding of the Nile River. The dam gives Egyptianfarmersamoredependablesourceofwaterfortheircrops.ItalsogivesEgyptelectricalpower. 70 Chapter28:TurbulentTimes1960-1969-ANSWER... RichardM.Nixon-ANSWER...,37thPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1969-1974)andtheonlypresidentto resigntheoffice.HeinitiallyescalatedtheVietnamWar,overseeingsecretbombingcampaigns,butsoon withdrew American troops and successfully negotiated a ceasefire with North Vietnam, effectively ending American involvement in the war. Watergate Scandal. JohnF.Kennedy-ANSWER...,presidentduringpartofthecoldwarandespeciallyduringthesuperpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war. MalcolmX-ANSWER...,1952;renamedhimselfXtosignifythelossofhisAfricanheritage;convertedto Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality StokelyCarmichael-ANSWER...,headoftheSNCCmakingaseparatistphilosophyofblackpowerasthe official objective of the organization HoChiMinh-ANSWER...,VietnamesecommuniststatesmanwhofoughttheJapaneseinWorldWarII and the French until 1954 and South Vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969) WarrenCommissionOfficeofEqualOppurtunity-ANSWER... ThedepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment-ANSWER...,Thisdepartmentwasfoundedin1966 to provide low-cost housing and federal funding to rid cities of urban blight. TheNationofIslam-ANSWER...,TheBlackMuslims-believeinseparationbetweentheblacksand whites 71 KernerCommission-ANSWER...,createdinJuly,1967byPresidentLyndonB.Johnsontoinvestigatethe causesofthe1967raceriotsintheUnitedStates Vietcong-ANSWER...,theguerrillasoldiersoftheCommunistfactioninVietnam,alsoknowasthe National Liberation Front National Organization of Women - ANSWER..., founded by Betty Friedan, Bella Abzug, and Aileen Hernandez;lobbiedforequalopportunitywheretheEEOCwaslacking(genderdiscrimination);lawsuits and mobilization of public opinion NewFrontier-ANSWER...,ThecampaignprogramadvocatedbyJFKinthe1960election.Hepromisedto revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights. FreedomSummer-ANSWER...,In1964,whenblacksandwhitestogetherchallengedsegregationand led a massive drive to register blacks to vote. Woodstock-ANSWER...,3dayrockconcertinupstateN.Y.August1969,exemplifiedthecounterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field TetOffensive-ANSWER...,1968;NationalLiberationFrontandNorthVietnameseforceslaunchedahuge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment HoChiMinhTrail-ANSWER...,AnetworkofjunglepathswindingfromNorthVietnamthroughLaosand CambodiaintoSouthVietnam,usedasamilitaryroutebyNorthVietnam to supplytheVietcongduring the Vietnam War. TheGreatSociety-ANSWER...,1964LyndonJohnson'sprogramforpovertyrelief,healthcare,civilrights, etc. during his presidency. Improved nation's moral and people's lives 72 ImmigrationActof1965-ANSWER...,Abolishedthenational-originsquotasandprovidingforthe admissioneachyearof170,000immigrantsfromtheEasternHemisphereand120,000fromtheWestern Hemisphere civilrightsactof1964-ANSWER...,thelawthatmaderacialdiscriminationagainstanygroupinhotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbade many forms of job discrimination votingrightsactof1965-ANSWER...,alawdesignedtohelpendformalandinformalbarrierstoAfrican Americansuffrage.Underthelaw,hundredsofthousandsofAfricanAmericanswereregisteredandthe number of African American elected officials increased dramatically. gulf of tonkin resolution - ANSWER..., The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. CongresspassedonAugust7,1964indirectresponsetoaminornavalengagementknownastheGulfof Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization,withoutaformaldeclarationofwarbyCongress,fortheuseofmilitaryforceinSoutheast Asia. port huron statement - ANSWER...,1962 Manifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society, which criticizedthefederalgovernmentforracialinequality,poverty,andalsotheColdWarandinternational peace. equalrightsamendment-ANSWER...,constitutionalamendmentpassedbyCongressbutneverratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender Chapter29:TheThawingoftheColdWar1970-1990-ANSWER... SirhanSirhan-ANSWER...,AssassinatedRobertKennedyonJune6,1968inChicagoafterhearingpro- Israeli remarks in his victory statement after having won the California primaries. 75 BerlinWall-ANSWER...,In1961,theSovietUnionbuiltahighbarriertosealofftheirsectorofBerlin in ordertostoptheflowofrefugeesoutoftheSovietzoneofGermany.Thewallwastorndownin1989. Vietnamization - ANSWER..., President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnamwar,involvingagradualwithdrawlofAmericantroopsandreplacementofthemwithSouth Vietnamese forces detente-ANSWER...,relaxationoftensionsbetweentheUnitedStatesanditstwomajorcommunist rivals, the Soviet Union and China staglation-ANSWER...,ECONOMICCONDITIONCHARACTERIZEDBYRISINGINFLATIONAND UNEMPLOYMENT challenger-ANSWER...,Apoliticianrunningforanofficethathedoesnotholdatthetimeofthe election. Challengers run against incumbents or in open-seat elections. starwars-ANSWER...,StrategicDefenseInitiativepursuedbyReaganinthe1980s;involvedsatellite defense against missiles glasnost-ANSWER...,PolicyofopennessinitiatedbyGorbachevinthe1980sthatprovidedincreased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union. perestroika-ANSWER...,apolicyinitiatedbyMikhailGorbachevthatinvolvedrestructuringofthesocial and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society executive-ANSWER...,someonewhomanagesagovernmentagencyordepartment privelege-ANSWER...,(n.)aspecialright,benefit,orpermission 76 Chapter30:ChangesinPost-ColdWarAmerica-ANSWER... William (Bill) Clinton - ANSWER..., Democratic president (1993-2001) whose two-term presidency witnessedrapideconomicgrowthbutalsoasexualscandalthatfueledanimpeachmenteffort,whichhe survived. TimothyMcVeigh-ANSWER...,in1995,themurrowfederalbuildinginoklahomacitywasattackedbya large bomb that killed 168 people; the bombing was the act of this extremist OsamaBinLaden-ANSWER...,Saudi-bornMuslimextremistwhofundedthealQaedaorganizationthat was responsible for several terrorist attacks, including those on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001. GeorgeW.Bush-ANSWER...,1946-43rdpresidentoftheUSwhobeganacampaigntowardenergyself- sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001 SaddamHussein-ANSWER...,PresidentofIraqfrom1979to2003.WagedwaronIranin1980-1988.In 1990heorderedaninvasionofKuwaitbutwasdefeatedbyUnitedStatesanditsalliesintheGulfWar (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003. HillaryClinton-ANSWER...,ProminentchildcareadvocateandhealthcarereformerinClinton administration; won U.S. senate seat in 2000; secretary of state BarackObama-ANSWER...,IllinoisSenatorwhowonthepresidencyin2008,firstAfrican-American President, advocate for universal healthcare, an end to the Iraqi War, and economic recovery. JohnMcCain-ANSWER...,ThisRepublicansenatorwasaprisonerofwarduringtheVietnamWarandis seeking the Republican nomination in the 2008 presidential election 77 SarahPalin-ANSWER...,governorofAlaskawhowasthefirstfemaletoeverbenominatedforVPas a Republican Al-Qaeda-ANSWER...,anetworkofIslamicterroristorganizations,ledbyOsamabinLaden,thatcarried outtheattacksonthe USembassiesinTanzaniaandKenya in1998,theUSSColeinYemenin2000,and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001 Taliban-ANSWER...,agroupoffundamentalistMuslimswhotookcontrolofAfghanistan'sgovernment in 1996 "WaronTerror"-ANSWER...,InitiatedbyPresidentGeorgeW.BushaftertheattacksofSeptember11, 2001, the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world. 9/11 - ANSWER..., A series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United States on September 11, 2001. On that morning, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners.ThehijackersintentionallycrashedtwooftheairlinersintotheTwinTowersoftheWorldTrade Center in New York City, killing everyone on board and many others working in the buildings. WattsRiots-ANSWER...,1964riotswhichstartedinanAfrican-AmericanghetooofLosAngelesandleft 30 dead and 1,000 wounded. Riots lasted a week, and spurred hundreds more around the country. HurricaneKatrina-ANSWER...,higheststormsurgeonrecord,costliesthurricaneonrecord,1836dead, permanent displacement of over 500,000 people, evacuation of large urban population center, storm surge of 25 ft on coast of Mississippi 2008 Financial Crisis - ANSWER..., Occurred because of bad practices in the financial sector related to homemortgages.Thegovernmenteventuallybailedoutthebankswithover700billiondollars.thereal estate bubble burst in the US, setting in motion a financial crisis of enormous proportions