Biol 230 Athabasca Unit 1 Exam Questions with Verified Solutions, Exams of Biology

Download Biol 230 Athabasca Unit 1 Exam Questions with Verified Solutions and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Biol 230 Athabasca Unit 1 Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Integration: The process in which the bodies systems work together to accomplish a unified/common task emergent properties In a complex hierarchy such as the body's organizational plan, as each level gives rise to the next highest level, new properties emerge that are not present at the levels below Metabolism: The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in the body (catabolism "breakdown" eg fat breakdown by the gall bladder, anabolism "build up" eg amino acids Responsiveness: : Is the bodies ability to detect and respond to changes. Eg the body regulates body temperature, which Is why you shiver when you get cold (Internal). External factor would be protecting your face when you see a ball coming at you (external) Movement: Includes motion of the whole body, organs, single cells, and tiny structures inside of cell Growth: Is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells or both. Differentiation: Is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state. Each type of cell in the body has a specialized structure and function that differs from that of its precursor (ancestor) cells. For example, erythrocytes (red blood cells) and several types of leukocytes all arise from the same unspecialized precursor cells in bone marrow. Stem cells : Precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation. Reproduction: Refers to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement. Or the production of a new individual Homeostasis The maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's internal environment Intracellular fluid: The fluid within cells compromises 2/3 of total body fluid Extracellular fluid: The fluid that is outside of the cells which compromises the other 1/3 of the body and is composed 80% intercellular fluid (inbetween cells) and 20 % plasma Interstitial fluid: The fluid the fills the narrow spaces between the cells Plasma: The fluid portion of blood Homeostasis: The maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's internal environment Steady state: energy is needed to keep the regulated parameter at a relatively constant level Equilibrium: conditions remain constant without the expenditure of energy Feedback system : is a cycle of events in which a parameter of the internal environment is monitored, evaluated,changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on. Stimulus: Any disruption that changes a controlled variable is called a stimulus. Receptor: : a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled variable and sends input to a control center. Negative feed back system: Reverses a change in a controlled variable Baroreceptors: the receptors), pressure sensitive neurons located in the walls of certain blood vessels, detect the higher pressure. These neurons send action potentials (input) to the brain (control center) Positive Feedback system: strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled variable. A positive feedback system operates similarly to a negative feedback system except for theway the response affects the controlled variable. Control Center determines the narrow range or set point within which a controlled variable should be maintained, output from the control center typically occurs as action potentials, or hormones or other chemical signals. Effector: a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled variable. Nearly every organ or tissue in the body can behaveas an effector A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule Can happen with molecule or compound molecule covalent bonds occur most often non polar covalent bond a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of electrical charge. This always occurs when two of the same atoms bond polar covalent bond A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. Electronegativity A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons hydrogen bond Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative Oxygen,Fluride, Nitrogen atom. -A single hydrogen bond is weak Why does water have a very high surface tension? The hydrogen bonds that link neighboring water molecules give water considerable cohesion, the tendency of like particles to stay together. chemical reaction the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances, Dependent on valence electrons Reactants A starting material in a chemical reaction products The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction. irreversible reaction a chemical reaction where products cannot revert back to reactants Reversible reaction a reaction in which the conversion of reactants into products and the conversion of products into reactants occur simultaneously chemical equilibrium In a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time. law of mass action The rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants inorganic compounds Compounds that do not contain carbon, small and simple, can have ionic or covalent bonds 55-60% of the body Organic compounds Compounds that contain carbon, Only covalent bonds 38-44% of the body What makes water so important Nearlyall of the body's chemical reactions occur in a watery medium water is an excellent solvent for ionic or polar substances, gives water molecules cohesion(the tendency to stick together), and allows water to resist temperature changes. what are the two different properties in a solution There is a solvent (like water) and a solute (like sugar or salt) Hydrophillic solutes that are charged or contain polar covalent bonds (Love water) they mix/ dissolve easily Hydrophobic not water soluble, have many non polar bonds Why are non polar covalent bonds hydrophobic? hydrophobic interactions a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water Where does water act as a lubricant? mucus, pleura and pericardial cavities, it is also needed at joints, and helps moisten food and aid in digestion. What are two types of mixtures? in relation to solutions colloids (milk) and suspensions (blood) Colloid has large particles, scatter light therefore it is often opaque. suspension suspended material may mix with the liquid or suspending mediumfor some time, but eventually it will settle out. Blood is an example ofa suspension. How can the concentration of a solution be expressed? molarity, equivalents, and mass per volume Molarity the number of moles of solute per liter of solution mole the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance "the amount of any substancethat has a mass in grams equal to the sum of the atomic massesof all of its atoms." equivalents An equivalent is equal to one mole of positive or negative charges. Mass Per volume indicates the mass of a solute found in a given volume of solution. A unit often used to expressmass per volume is grams of solute per liter of solution (g/L). what do inorganic acids, bases, or salts do in water They Dissociate What does an acid dissociate into? Hydrogen ions (+) and one or more Anions (-) What is another term used for acid A proton dono What does a base do? A base removes h(+) from a solution and is therefore a proton acceptor. Many bases dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more cations. What happens when a Salt dissolves into water? It dissociates into Cations and Anions, neither of which is H(+) or OH (-) The more _______ dissolved in a solution, the more acidic the solution; the more ________ the more basic (alkaline)the solution 1. Hydrogen (H+) 2.Hydroxide ions (OH-) The Ph of a solution is defined as.... the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter What is the midpoint of the Ph scale 7 such as pure water A solution with more Hydrogen would considered basic or acid and would be greater or lesser than 7? A solution with more hydrogen (+) would be more acid and be less than 7. A solution with more OH- than H+ would be considered basic or acidic and would be greater or lesser than 7? a solution with more OH- would be more basic and would fall greater than 7 on the Ph scale. What is the normal pH of blood? 7.35-7.45 (slightly basic) When blood pH falls below 7.35 what occurs Acidosis When blood pH raises higher than 7.45 what occurs? Mono-unsaturated one double bond between carbon atoms polyunsaturated two or more double bonds Triglycrides Most plentiful lipids in the body. They consist of two types of building blocks. A single glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules. Glycerol A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils. What is the state of triglycerides at room temperature? They can be solids or liquids A triglyceride that is solid at room temperature is considered a... fat Why do some fats solidify at room temperature? They lack double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains, they can closely pack together and solidify at room temperature A triglyceride that is liquid at room temperature is considered to be... An Oil What is the structural difference of Phosopholipids and triglycerides They both have a glycerol backbone and two fatty acid chains attached to the first two carbons. In the third position however a phosphate group (PO4)3- links a small charged group that usually contains Nitrogen (N) to the backbone What are the properties of the "head" of a phospholipid The head is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. The two fatty acid tails are non polar and can only interact with other lipids Amphiphatic A chemical or molecule that has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail used to transport fat. They line up tail to tail in a double row to make up membranes Steroids A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached. Cholesterol A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids. bile salts cholesterol derivatives that function in fat emulsification and absorption Vitamin D Helps regulate calcium level in the body; needed for bone growth and repair. Adrenocortical hormones Help regulate metabolism, resistance to stress, and salt and water balance. Sex hormones Stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics. Eicosanoids Have diverse effects: modify responses to hormones; contribute to inf ammatory and allergic responses; dilateairways to the lungs; constrict blood vessels; promote platelet activation. Prostaglandins They modify responses to hormones, contribute to the inflammatory response, and dilate (enlarge) airways to the lungs, Thromboxanes constrict blood vessels and promote platelet activation. leukotrienes participate in allergic and inf ammatory responses Role of structural type of protein Form structural framework of various parts ofthe body.Examples: collagen in bone and other connective tissues, and keratin in skin, hair,and f ngernails. Role of Regulatory type of protein Function as hormones that regulate variousphysiological processes; control growth anddevelopment; as neurotransmitters, mediateresponses of the nervous system.Examples: the hormone insulin, which regulates blood glucose leve Role of contractile type of protein Allow shortening of muscle cells, which produces movement.Examples: myosin and actin. role of immunological type of protein Aid responses that protect body againstforeign substances and invading pathogens.Examples: antibodies and interleukins. Role of transport protein Carry vital substances throughout the body oracross a membrane.Examples: hemoglobin, which transports mostoxygen and some carbon dioxide in the blood Role of Catalytic protein Act as enzymes that regulate biochemicalreactions. What are the monomers of proteins? Amino acids What is the structural make up of an amino acid There are 20 amino acids which all have a hydrogen atom and three important functional groups attached to a central carbon atom What are the three important functional groups attached to a central carbon atom 1. An amino group (-NH2), a Carboxyl group (-COOH), and a side chain R-group peptide bond The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid As the peptide bond is formed water is being removed dipeptide Two amino acids bonded together tripeptide 3 amino acids polypeptide A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. primary protein structure sequence of a chain of amino acids, linked by covalent peptide bonds to from a polypeptide chain secondary protein structure occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds tertiary structure The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain. quaternary structure The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits. denaturation loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor ligand A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one. it is a weak bind that is non covalent. The binding of a ligand and protein are reversible Protein Denaturation When a protein Denatures, it unravels, loses its characteristic three dimensional shape, and becomes non functional Properties of Ligand protein bonding