Biology 189 final exam Arizona college of nursing MIDTERM REVISION QUESTIONS, Exams of Biomedicine

Download Biology 189 final exam Arizona college of nursing MIDTERM REVISION QUESTIONS and more Exams Biomedicine in PDF only on Docsity! Biology 189 final exam arizona college of nursing MIDTERM REVISION QUESTIONS Where does glycolysis take place? - Solution cytoplasm Glycolysis: What goes in? (Reactants?) - Solution Glucose Gylcolysis: What comes out? (How many ATP, and what are the products?) - Solution 2 ATP. pyruvate Where does the Krebs Cycle take place in the cell? - Solution mitochondrial matrix Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What goes in? (Reactants?) - Solution acetyl coenzyme A Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What comes out (products) - Solution 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 16ATP, 2CO2 Where does the electron transport chain take place in the cell? - Solution Inner MEMBRANE mitochondria Electron transport chain What goes in? - Solution Hydrogen Electron transport chain What comes out? - Solution ATP How does a hydrogen ion gradient result potential energy? - Solution NADH + H AND FADH2 are oxidated and lose the positive hydrogen. What is generated as a result of hydrogen ions being pumped back across the mitochondrial membrane? - Solution ATP What particle combines oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water? - Solution Complex 4, cytochrome C oxidase What is the final electron acceptor for oxidative phosphorylation? - Solution Oxygen From start to finish, approximately how many ATP molecules are generated from one molecules of ATP that gets processed in aerobic respiration? - Solution 34-36 ATP What is produced from lactate fermentation? Alcohol fermentation? - Solution Lactate and alcohol,CO2 What are the basic steps of replication? - Solution DNA strands separate, primers hybridize, DNA Polymerase Assembles Nucleotides, Two DNA Molecules Are Produced Helicase - Solution An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks. primer - Solution A short segment of DNA that acts as the starting point for a new strand Polymerase - Solution an enzyme that brings about the formation of a particular polymer, especially DNA or RNA. Ligase - Solution An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment What are base pairs? - Solution Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine What does guanine pair with during DNA replication? - Solution Cytosine What does cytosine pair with during DNA replication? - Solution Guanine If guanine makes of 25% of the bases in a DNA double helix: What percent of the bases are cytosine? Adenine? Thymine? - Solution 25% Group the following into levels of organizations -DNA -Sister chromatids -Chromosomes - Solution deletion mutation - Solution a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene substitution mutation - Solution Mutation in which a single base is replaced, potentially altering the gene product. Insertion - Solution A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. Are mutations in exons or introns more likely to result in an altered protein? - Solution Exons Are mutations permanent or temporary changes in the DNA sequence? - Solution Permanent changes in the DNA Hershey and Chase - Solution concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein. Rosalind Franklin - Solution Used X-ray diffraction to discover the double- helical structure of DNA. Watson and Crick - Solution Developed the double helix model of DNA. Avery - Solution genes are composed of DNA , DNA (not proteins) can transform the properties of cells Erwin Chargaff - Solution the ratios of adenine (A) to thymine (T) and guanine (G) to cytosine (C) are equal. What are HeLa cells? Where did they come from? What kind of cells are they? Why are they used? - Solution HeLa cells were the first human cells that researchers could grow and multiply endlessly in the lab. They are cancer cells from cervical cancer. What are the cell cycle stages? - Solution Interphase G1, G0, S, G2,Mitosis, cytoplasmic division Which stages are specifically part of mitosis? - Solution Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. What cells undergo mitosis? - Solution somatic cells What cells undergo meiosis? - Solution gametes What are they major steps of mitosis? - Solution Prophase:, the nuclear envelope break down, chromosomes attach to spindle fibers by their centromeres Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle) Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes unfold into chromatin, What are they major steps of meiosis? - Solution prophase1:chromosomes pack tightly, attach to spindle poles Metaphase1: chromosomes line up in the middle Anaphase1: sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell Telophase1: nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes unfold into chromatin, ( repeat with starting with prophase 2) In which stage do cells typically spend most of their life? - Solution Interphase What is crossing over? - Solution the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring. Does crossing over occur in mitosis? - Solution No, only in meiosis What is a karyotype? - Solution an individual's complete set of chromosomes What chromosome pairs is assigned female? - Solution XX What chromosome pairs is assigned male? - Solution XY What is the total chromosome number in humans? - Solution 46 What is the difference between diploid cells and haploid cells? - Solution The number of chromosome sets that are found in the nucleus Does mitosis result in diploid or haploid cells? - Solution Diploid Does meiosis result in diploid or haploid cells? - Solution haploid Is the number of chromosomes in diploid cells half, double, or quadruple that of haploid cells? - Solution Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes (n) as diploid - a haploid cell contains only one complete set of chromosomes. What is an autosome? - Solution Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome What is a sex chromosome? - Solution a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds. What is nondisjunction? - Solution Failure for chromosomes to separate properly. When does nondisjunction occur? - Solution when chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis In which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? - Solution S phase What is down syndrome caused by? what is the result? - Solution Trisomy 21,distinct facial appearance, intellectual disability, developmental delays What is Marfan's syndrome? - Solution genetic condition that affects the body's connective tissue. Why are males more likely to exhibit X-linked disorders such as Fragile X syndrome? - Solution Because females have two copies of the X chromosome and males have only one X chromosome What is the equator of the cell? - Solution the central plane of the spindle in a dividing cell When does crossing over occur during cell division? - Solution between prophase I and metaphase I When do sister chromatids separate during mitosis? Meiosis? - Solution Anaphase, anaphase 1