Download Cell Biology Past Paper and more Exams Cell Biology in PDF only on Docsity! BIO00035I Examination Candidate Number: _____________ Desk Number: _____________ University of York Department of Biology B. Sc Stage 2 Degree Examinations 201516 Cell Biology Time allowed: 1 hour and 30 minutes Total marks available for this paper: 80 This paper has three parts: Section A: Short answer questions (30 marks) ● Answer all questions in the spaces provided on the examination paper Section B: Problem questions (20 marks) ● Answer all questions in the spaces provided on the examination paper Section C: Long answer question (marked out of 100, weighted 30 marks) ● Answer one of questions A or B or C or D ● Write your answer on the separate paper provided and attach it to the back of the question paper using the treasury tag provided ● The marks available for each question are indicated on the paper ● A calculator will be provided ● Candidates should ensure they have a ruler For marker use only: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 For office use only: Total as % page 1 of 15 BIO00035I SECTION A: Short answer questions Answer all questions in the spaces provided Mark total for this section: 30 1. a) What are the names of the subunits from which microfilaments and microtubules are assembled? (2 marks) Gactin (1) alpha/beta tubulin dimers (1) This was generally answered well. b) How do these subunits differ from each other? (2 marks) monomers v. dimers (1) Bind and hydrolyse ATP vs GTP (1) This was also answered well, some answers discussed differences in the structures (marks were awarded), and some included differences between alpha and beta tubulins (in their GTP binding/hydrolysis) (marks were also awarded for this). Some answers outlined differences in the mechanisms by which the subunits assemble into their higher order structures (partial marks were awarded in such instances). 2. Why do some transport vesicles carry both myosin and dynein? (1 mark) To travel along both microfilament and microtubule tracks (1) Some confusion between dynein (motor protein for transport along microtublues) and dynamin (GTPase involved in endocytosis) was evident, but apart from that this question was answered well marks were also awarded for answering that carrying both these motor proteins would allow a vesicle to move in both anterograde (along microfilaments) and retrograde (towards the microtubule organising centre) transport. page 2 of 15 BlO00035!
e Control signalling molecules (e.g. syndecan and FGF).
e Regulate cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion (e.g. hyaluronan and
CD44).
Several very good answers, but needed to be specific (e.g. more than just
“ECM") and not overlapping/too similar to other functions. Some confusion with
glycoproteins.
page 5 of 15
BIO00035I SECTION B: Problem questions Answer all questions in the spaces provided Mark total for this section: 20 9. a) The critical concentration for Gactin polymerization at the plus end of a microfilament is 0.12μM while that at the minus end of the same filament is 1.15μM. What would you expect to happen to the length of the filament when you add a sample of Factin to a reaction tube with ATP and the Gactin concentrations given below? Outline how the expected change would occur in each case (in the third column below). (6 marks) Concentration of Gactin in reaction tube Expected change in filament length of added Factin Outline of mechanism underlying expected change. 0.05μM Decrease (1) Depolymerisation at both ends (1) 1.50μM Increase (1) Polymerisation at both ends (1) 0.65μM No change (1) Polymerisation at (+) end, depolymerisation at () end (1) Full marks frequently awarded here. Most common mistake was not recognising that microfilaments can extend/shrink at both ends. page 6 of 15 BIO00035I b) What would you expect if the experiments above were repeated with the addition of a minusend capping protein to each tube? (3 marks) Concentration of Gactin in reaction tube Expected change in filament length of added Factin 0.05μM Decrease (1) 1.50μM Increase (1) 0.65μM Increase (1) Again generally answered well c) Why was it necessary to include ATP in these experiments? (1 mark) ATP binding is required for structural integrity of Gactin (1) Most answers recognised that the ATPase activity of Factin is important for the phenomenom of treadmilling and/or that ATPactin has a higher affinity for neighbouring subunits than ADP actin also that ADP had to be exchanged for ATP following depolymerisation. Partial marks were awarded for these as appropriate, but good answers recognsied that ATP is required for the proper folding of Gactin (i.e. that which was in the tube prior to the addition of the Factin filament). page 7 of 15 BlO00035!
Still 2,100. (1 mark) NEM would subsequently inhibit further rounds of
fusion (1 mark) but not stop the first round since NEM would inhibit NSF
and prevent SNARE re-cycling (1 mark).
This was not answered correctly by most students. Credit given for
recognising what NEM does but most students failed to recognise that
NEM does not inhibit fusion per se but re-cycling so there would be one
round of fusion before inhibition.
page 10 of 15
BIO00035I SECTION C: Long answer question Answer one question on the separate paper provided Remember to write your candidate number at the top of the page and indicate whether you have answered question A or B or C or D Mark total for this section: 30 A) How, and why, is energy used to modulate proteinprotein interactions within a striated muscle cell? Answers will outline the sliding filament model of muscle contraction where successive rounds of ATP binding, hydrolysis and product release drive repeated cycles of interaction between myosin heads and actin. Organisation of a muscle cell into sarcomeres should be described as should the thick and thin filament organisation of a sarcomere; indicating actin (thin) filaments anchored to zdisc interspersed with mysoin thick filaments. Answers should then detail the following steps of the cycle starting with myosin (in the absence of ATP) tightly bound to actin. 1) ATP binding causes a conformational change in myosin which disrupts the actin binding site and dissociates the myosinactin complex. 2) Hydrolysis of ATP then induces a further conformational change in myosin this restores the actin binding site and also pivots the head region back so that binding is to a region of the actin filament further back (towards the + end) than before. N.B. at the stage the hydrolysis products are trapped. 3) Rebinding of the myosin head to the actin filament causes release of ADP and Pi and triggers the “power stroke,” as the myosin head returns to its initial conformation, thereby sliding the actin filaments towards each other and contracting the sarcomere. page 11 of 15 BIO00035I There were some excellent answers to this question, bringing in regulation of sacromere assembly by Myosin light chain kinase in addition to the sliding filament model outlined above. To achieve high marks answers had to focus on the changes in protein protein interactions rather than just describe the cycle per se. OR B) What is cell synchrony, and how can it be achieved in order to support investigations of the cell cycle? Answers will outline phases of the cell cycle, what cell cycle synchrony is with reference to arrest of populations at key function transitions (R/start, G1S, M, quiescence, second meiotic metaphase for Xenopus eggs or G2 for Xenopus oocytes), followed by passage of enriched populations through subsequent stages upon release from arrest. A strong answer will draw a distinction between exploitation of naturally arrested states to generate physiologically relevant synchronised cells possibly with description of the experimental procedures used (Eg contact inhibition to achieve quiescence), and the use of chemical tools (eg thymidine/aphidicolin or nocodazol/cytochalasin) with description of how they work to arrest at G1S or G2M. They should mention the need to verify the state of resulting cell populations, using methods such as flow cytometry. Students may mention how chemical synchrony protocols were first applied to reveal fundamental principle of the mammalian cell cycle, specifically the cell fusion experiments of Roa and Johnson that postulated SPF and MPF. There might be mention of models in which cell cycle phase can be visualised directly (Xenopus, Sea urchin) allowing cells to be sorted to generate bulk preparations representative of each phase, suitable for biochemistry. Answers may also explain how temperature sensitive CDC mutants arrest cells at a specific phase of the cell cycle, and the application of yeast genetics to order cell cycle events. Overall nicely done, though there were variations in the degree to which the question was focussed on this precise question, as opposed to recounting the various key experiments that lead to our understanding of the cell cycle. The best answers included these experiments but commented on both the type of synchrony in these systems (natural or chemical) and their importance to interpretation of the results. Most people outlined the main strategies but not always including the very important issue of verification of synchrony. page 12 of 15