Cell Types, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disorders, Exams of Pathophysiology

Download Cell Types, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disorders and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity! NURS548 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Review Exam Questions with Answers. 1) Apoptosis - Correct answer a form of programmed cell death that eliminates senescent cells, DNA, and damage or unwanted cells. 2) Neoplastic cells do not die off (apoptosis) to keep the number of total cells constant. - Correct answer 3) Labile Cell - Correct answer continuously dividing tissues are those in which cells continue to divide and replicate throughout our life, replacing cells that are continually being destroyed. They include the surface epithelial cells of the skin, oral cavity, vagina, and cervix; the columnar epithelium of the GI tract, uterus, and fallopian tubes; the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract; and bone marrow cells. These tissues can easily regenerate after injury as long as a pool of stem cells is preserved. 4) Stable cells - Correct answer Cells that normally stop dividing when growth stops. Cells in these tissues remain dormant in the G0 stage of the cell cycle. They are, however, capable of undergoing regeneration when confronted with an appropriate stimulus. Stable cells constitute the parenchyma of solid organs such as the liver and kidney. They also include smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, the proliferation is particularly important to wound healing. 5) Permanent Cell - Correct answer Cells in the permanent tissues to not proliferate. They are considered to be terminally differentiated and do not undergo mitotic division in postnatal cells. They include nerve cells, skeletal muscle cells, and cardiac muscle cells. These cells do not normally regenerate; once destroyed they are replaced with fibrous scar tissue that lacks the functional characteristics of the destroyed tissue. 6) Cell Cycle - Correct answer Page 72 of textbook 7) Proto-Oncogene - Correct answer Normal genes that become cancer-causing genes if mutated. They encode for normal cell proteins such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, transcription factors that promote cell growth, cell cycle proteins and inhibitors of apoptosis. Proto-oncogenes are associated with gene over activity. 8) Oncogenes is - Correct answer 3 stages: Initiation; Promotion; Progression 9) Initiation - Correct answer Initial mutations occur by a carcinogenic agent such as chemicals, radiation, or viruses causing DNA damage and cell mutation 10)Promotion - Correct answer mutated cells are stimulated to divide- activation of oncogenes by promoter agent Page 1 of 10 11)Progression - Correct answer tumor cells compete with one another and develop more mutations which make them more aggressive 12)Sequence of events in cellular response to inflammation includes leukocyte - Correct answer 1. Margi nation and adhesion 13)2. Transmigration 14)3. Chemo taxis 15)4. Activation and phagocytosis 16)Non-osseous, malignant neoplasm of tissues derived from mesoderm - Correct answer Sarcoma 17)Benign tumor of adipose tissue - Correct answer Lima 18)Benign neoplasm arising in glandular tissue - Correct answer adenoma 19)Malignant tumor of bone - Correct answer osteosarcoma 20)Benign tumors - Correct answer tissue name + "moa" 21)Malignant tumor-epithelial tissue - Correct answer tissue name + "Carcinoma" 22)Malignant tumor- mesenchyme tissue - Correct answer tissue name + "sarcoma" 23)What happens during the vascular stage of acute inflammation - Correct answer Prostaglandins and leukotrienes affect blood vessels. Arterioles & venues dilate 24)Increased blood flow to the injured area 25)Redness and warmth result 26)Capillaries become more permeable 27)Allows exudate to escape into tissues 28)Swelling and pain result 29)Serous exudate - Correct answer watery fluid low in protein content that result from plasma entering the inflammatory site 30)Hemorrhagic exudate - Correct answer Occurs with severe tissue injury that causes damage to blood vessels or when there is significant leakage of red cells from capillaries 31)Fibrous exudate - Correct answer contains large amounts of fibrinogen and form a thick and sticky meshwork, much like fibers of a blood clot. 32)Membranous exudate - Correct answer develops on mucous membrane surfaces and are composed of necrotic cells enmeshed in fibro-purulent exudate. 33)Purulent exudate - Correct answer contains pus, which is composed of degraded white cells, proteins and tissue debris. Page 2 of 10 76)Virus is replicating, THz cell count gradually falls 77)May last 10 years or longer 78)Overt AIDS - Correct answer THz cell count <200, or AIDS-defining illness 79)Death within 2-3 years if no treatment 80)Lymphocytes 81)B-Cells - Correct answer Create antibodies 82)Lymphocytes 83)T cells - Correct answer Control immune response; cell mediated immunity 84)Lymphocytes 85)Natural Killer Cells (NKC) - Correct answer kill antigenic cells 86)Clinical manifestations of acute leukemia - Correct answer Bone marrow depression; malaise, easy fatigability; fever; bleeding, petechial, ecchymosis, gingival bleeding, epistaxis; bone pain and tenderness on palp; headache; nausea; vomiting; papilledema; cranial nerve palsies; seizure; coma; abdominal discomfort; increased vulnerability to infections; hematologic abnormalities; anemia; thrombocytopenia; metabolic disorders 87)Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) - Correct answer most common leukemia in childhood, peak incidence 2-4 years of age 88)Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) - Correct answer chiefly an adult disease, but also seen in children and adolescents 89)Type of leukemia associated with Down's syndrome 90)Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) - Correct answer mainly a disorder of older persons 91)Men are affected twice as much as women 92)Chronic Myelongenous Leukemia (CML) - Correct answer predominantly a disorder of adults between 30 and 50 years of age 93)Incidence is slightly higher in men than women 94)Associated with the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome 95)Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Correct answer Found in a single node or chain of nodes and spreads to the first anatomically contiguous lymphoid tissue. 96)Staging extremely important in guiding therapy 97)Characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells. 98)Malignant B cells invade lymphoid organs 99)Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Correct answer Originate from malignant transformation of either B cell or T cell 100) Spreads in an unpredictable fashion 101) Thrombopoietin - Correct answer Made in liver, kidney, smooth muscle, bone marrow Page 5 of 10 102) Megakaryocytes - Correct answer Formed in bone marrow 103) Break apart for form many platelets 104) Platelets - Correct answer live 8-9 days in circulation 105) Many are stored in spleen 106) Released when needed. 107) Terminal Phase of coagulation cascade - Correct answer 1. Activation of the Factor X and the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. 108) 2. Thrombin then acts as the enzyme to convert fibrinogen to fibrin, the material that stabilizes a clot. 109) Unconjugated bilirubin - Correct answer Plasma-insoluble form of bilirubin 110) Conjugated bilirubin - Correct answer Water-soluble 111) Fate of Bilirubin - Correct answer the pigment of bile, insoluble in plasma and attaches to plasma proteins for transport. Bilirubin is removed from the blood by the liver and mixed with Glucuronide to make it water soluble so that it can be excreted in the bile. 112) Sickle Cell Disease - Correct answer 1. Caused by a mutation in beta chains of hemoglobin 113) 2. When hemoglobin is deoxygenated, beta chains link together -> 114) 3. Forming long protein rods that make the cell "Sickle" 115) Hemolytic Anemia- Hereditary spherocytosis - Correct answer the most common form of immunohemolytic anemia, the antibodies react with antigens on the red cell membranes, causing destructive changes that lead to spherocytosis. 116) Relative Polycythemia - Correct answer Due to a loss of plasma volume without a corresponding decrease in red blood cells. 117) Occurs with water deprivation, excess use of diuretics, or GI losses 118) Corrected by increasing the vascular fluid volume (Hydration) 119) Polycythemia - Correct answer an abnormally high total RBC mass, with a hematocrit of greater than 50% 120) Lipid transport in the body IDL-intermediate density lipoprotein - Correct answer becomes (LDL) low-density protein (Bad cholesterol) 121) Can deliver fat to the liver and other tissues 122) LDL- Low Density Lipoprotein - Correct answer LDL receptors are necessary for the liver to take them up 123) Some LDL's are taken up by scavenger cells like macrophages Page 6 of 10 124) HDL- High Density Lipoprotein - Correct answer HDL (Good Cholesterol) is made in the liver 125) They go out to the peripheral tissues and pick up lipids and take them back to the liver (reverse cholesterol transport) 126) Atherosclerosis - Correct answer the response to injury hypothesis of plaque formation proposes that injury to the endothelial vessel layer is the initiating event in the development of atherosclerosis 127) Atherosclerosis - Correct answer Possible injurious agents include products associated with smoking, immune mechanisms, and mechanical stress, such as that associated with hypertension 128) Atherosclerosis - Correct answer Hemodynamic factors are thought to play a role because the atherosclerotic lesions tend to form where vessels branch or where there is turbulent blood flow 129) Atherosclerosis - Correct answer Hyperlipidemia is thought to play an active role in the pathogenesis of the atherosclerotic lesion 130) Atherosclerosis - Correct answer Activated macrophages may play a role by releasing free radicals that oxidize LDL (Oxidized LDL is toxic to the endothelium) 131) Atherosclerosis - Correct answer activated macrophages ingest oxidized LDL to become foam cells. 132) Stable atherosclerotic Plaque characteristics - Correct answer have thick, fibrous caps 133) Partially block vessels 134) Do not tend to form clots or emboli 135) Thromboangiitis Obiters - Correct answer Also known as Berger's Disease 136) It is a recurring, progressive, no atherosclerotic inflammation and thrombosis of small and medium-sized arteries and veins, usually in the plantar and digital vessels in the foot and lower leg. 137) Berry Aneurysm - Correct answer a small, spherical dilation of the vessel at a bifurcation. 138) Usually found in the circle of Willis in the cerebral circulation 139) Fusiform Aneurysm - Correct answer involves the entire circumference of the vessel and is characterized by gradual and progressive dilation of the vessel. 140) Dissecting aneurysm - Correct answer a false aneurysm resulting from a tear in the intimal layer of the vessel that allows blood to enter the vessel wall, dissecting its layers to create a blood-filled cavity Page 7 of 10