1. What do you think motivates people the most? 2. Tell me ..., Summaries of Psychology

Download 1. What do you think motivates people the most? 2. Tell me ... and more Summaries Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! OA 1 1. What do you think motivates people the most? 2. Tell me two to three things you want to attain or achieve right now at this moment. WHS AP Psychology Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress Essential Task 8-3: Essential Task: Identify and apply basic motivational concepts to understand behavior with specific attention to instincts for animals, biological factors like needs, drives, and homeostasis, and operant conditioning factors like incentives, and intrinsic versus extrinsic motivators. Essential Task 8-4: • Motivational Theories – Drive Reduction Theory • Strengths • Weaknesses – Arousal Theory • Yerkes-Dodson Law • Strengths • Weaknesses – Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs • Strengths • Weaknesses Outline 16 Motives • Motive – Specific need or desire, that prompts goal-directed behavior. – a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal. – such as hunger, thirst, or achievement Motivation Intrinsic Motivation: The desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. • It is stronger than external motivation Extrinsic Motivation: The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments. • rewards, such as money or grades. I. Instincts & Evolutionary Psychology Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout the species and are not learned—(wired biologically genetically) Humans are flexible, animals who follow strict instincts are not. Most significant human behaviors are learned © A riel S k elley / M asterfile T o n y B ran d en b u rg / B ru ce C o lem an , In c. Instincts exist in animals NOT in humans. • Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout the species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951). Outline • Most important human behavior is learned We have reflexes not instincts 25 II. Drive-Reduction Theory A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need (Hull, 1951). Remember the Four F’s of Hypothalamus: Fighting, Fleeing, Feeding, Reproducing Biological Drives (Primary Drives) • Unlearned drive based on a physiological state found in all animals - Motivate behavior necessary for survival • Hypothalamus – Hunger – Thirst – Sex • Evolutionary biology talks about the four Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding and reproducing). 27 Drive Reduction Food Drive Reduction Organism The physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis, the maintenance of a steady internal state – balance. The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level Stomach FullEmpty Stomach (Food Deprived) Drive Reduction Theory • Strengths – Does a nice job explaining most primary drives • Weaknesses – Falls apart with more complex behaviors/secondary drives – once homeostasis is achieved we’d never do anything – We want more than just a “balanced” state – Buffets would go out of business… – There would be no obesity – There would be no addiction – Can’t explain Sex and Secondary Drives. Outline III. Optimum Arousal • Humans seek optimum levels of arousal. • Sometimes we want lots of arousal • Sometimes we want very low arousal • Some of us tend to want more and some of us tend to want less. 32 Arousal Theory • Relationship between arousal and performance • People do things in order to seek out an optimal level of arousal for a given moment • I want a high level or arousal – “let’s do something epic tonight!” • I want a low level of arousal – “let’s stay in tonight.” IV. Operant Conditioning Factors Incentive Theory • Incentives – environmental cues that trigger a motive. • When a stimulus creates goal-directed behavior • Learned stimuli 36 V. Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. (1908-1970) Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Physiological n needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst OA 3 1. Give me some examples of incentives that motivate you: 2. Give me your own personal examples of safety needs described by Maslow: 3. Give me your own personal examples of self esteem needs described by Maslow: 4. Can you think of anybody who is Self Actualized? Explain why you think they are self actualized OA 2 1. Give me your own personal examples of self esteem needs described by Maslow: 2. Can you think of anybody who is Self Actualized? Explain why you think they are self actualized 3. Give me some examples of your own incentives that motivate you. 4. Tell me 2 or 3 qualities you want most in a significant/romantic other: Criticisms for Hierarchy of Needs • People often neglect their basic biological needs for more social needs • Cross-cultural needs: individualistic vs. collectivist cultures see needs differently Approach Approach or Approach Conflict? • You finally saved up for a car! But you can’t seem to decide between your two favorite cars! BMW or a Lexux • You really want to go on a vacation, but if you go you might not have enough tuition money to go to school. Social Conflict Situations • Avoidance-avoidance conflict -- Situations involving two negative options, one of which you must choose • Multiple approach-avoidance conflict – the most complex form of conflict. Several alternative course of actions both positive and negative 50 Social Motivation • Achievement Motive – desire to meet some internalized standard of excellence – People with high need for achievement choose moderately challenging tasks to satisfy their need – People with low need for achievement choose easy or impossible goals so they don’t have to take responsibilities for failure