2024 NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN COLLEGE FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS, Exams of Advanced Education

Download 2024 NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN COLLEGE FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity! 2024 NUR2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS Erythrocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS-Red blood cells, carry oxygen. Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Allergic skin response. Most common in children; usually improves with age Lesions pruritic (itching), oozing, crusting, coalescent papule; thickening of the skin or lichenification occurs. Atopy: "genetic component". Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Tap water" - causes kidneys to reabsorb plain water and dilutes blood and other body fluids. Released from pituitary gland. Antimicrobial Resistance - CORRECT ANSWERS-Susceptible strains die, resistant strains emerge following exposure to antibiotics, creating a drug- resistant infection. Epinephrine - CORRECT ANSWERS-Catecholamine that increases heart rate in turn increasing cardiac output, relaxes bronchial smooth muscle to dilate airways for better oxygenation, inhibits insulin secretion to raise blood glucose levels. Can cause immunosuppression. Fibrinous Exudate - CORRECT ANSWERS-Thick, sticky, and high in protein Indicates more advanced inflammation Fibromyalgia Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS-Cause remains unknown. Characterized by widespread pain in all quadrants of the body. Additional symptoms may include fatigue, insomnia, depression, concentration problems, tender/trigger points. Filtration - CORRECT ANSWERS-Most of fluid that reaches the vascular compartment distributes into other fluid compartments result of ____________ across permeable capillaries First Degree Burn - CORRECT ANSWERS-Superficial depth. Five Cardinal Signs of Infection - CORRECT ANSWERS-1. Redness 2. Swelling 3. Heat 4. Pain 5. Loss of function Fluid Volume Deficit - CORRECT ANSWERS-Caused by removal of sodium- containing fluid. Signs & Symptoms: High heart rate, low blood pressure, decreased skin turgor, concentrated/yellow urine. Inflammation, (2) Infection - CORRECT ANSWERS-(1) always present with (2), but (1) does not necessarily mean (2) Active Immunity - CORRECT ANSWERS-Immunity produced by exposure to an antigen, as a result of the immune response. Ex. Immunizations Aldosterone - CORRECT ANSWERS-Steroid (glucocorticoid) secreted by adrenal cortex. Promotes reabsorption of sodium & excretion of potassium. "Water follows salt" - increased extracellular volume & increased blood pressure. Allostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Ability to successfully adapt to challenges. Dynamic processes that helps the body achieve a steady state. Allostatic Load - CORRECT ANSWERS-Accumulation of various mediators produced by systems is damaging to tissues over time causing wear and tear of the body and brain. Can lead to death. Basophils - CORRECT ANSWERS-Contain histamines, mediate type 1 allergic reactions, initiate inflammation. Bone Marrow - CORRECT ANSWERS-Primary functions: Hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) Produce erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets Cachexia - CORRECT ANSWERS-Refers to an overall weight loss and generalized weakness. Loss of appetite. Increased metabolic rate. Nausea/vomiting. Calcium - CORRECT ANSWERS-9-11mg/dL; Basic Function: Bones/Muscle Excitation Cancer Risk Factors - CORRECT ANSWERS-Tobacco use Nutrition Obesity Sun exposure (skin cancer) Sexual exposure to HPV (cervical cancer) Cervical Cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS-Caused by HPV. Pap-smear screening starts at 21 years old. Hyperphosphatemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-Inverse relationship with Ca, Trosseau sign, Chvostek sign, Diarrhea Weak B's (bones, blood clotting, heart beat) Increased neuromuscular excitability, Causes: Oliguric renal disease Hypocalcemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Neuromuscular" Tetany (muscle twitching) Trosseau sign, Chvostek sign, Bradycardia Hypokalemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Low and Slow" ,Altered function of muscles, Hyperpolarization (cell excitability) leads to less reactive stimuli, Abdominal distension, Diminished bowel sounds, Paralytic ileus, Causes: Aldosterone increases potassium excretion in urine Hypomagnesemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Buck Wild!", Increased neuromuscular excitability, Insomnia, Tetany, Increased DTR, Diarrhea, Causes: Chronic alcoholism May cause hypokalemia or hypocalcemia .Hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Neuro" ,Seizures, Coma, Cerebral edema (brain swelling), Tachycardia (>100 bpm), Weak thready pulses, Respiratory arrest Hypophosphatemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-Inverse relationship with Ca, Constipation, Decreased DTR, Severe muscle weakness, Confusion, Anorexia Causes: Malnourishment IgE - CORRECT ANSWERS-Antibody associated with allergies IgG - CORRECT ANSWERS-Antibody that protects the body from infection. Easily escapes the bloodstream to enter interstitial fluid. IgM - CORRECT ANSWERS-First antibody produced. Major antibody found on B-cell surfaces. .Immunization - CORRECT ANSWERS-Confer immunity to host by direct exposure to pathogen without causing disease. Decrease number of susceptible hosts in the population (herd immunity). CDC provides updates and recommendations. .Immunosuppression - CORRECT ANSWERS-Increases risk of severe, rapidly progressing infections May be unresponsive to usual treatments Causes: Genetic disorders Antirejection medications Exogenous steroids Immunosuppressive therapies Autoimmune disease HIV Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Innate defense with three purposes: 1. Neutralize and destroy invading and harmful agents 2. Limit spread of harmful agents to other tissue 3. Prepare damaged tissue for repair .Innate Immune Response - CORRECT ANSWERS-Occurs on initial exposure to antigen Most efficient against bacterial and parasitic infections, but not viral antigens Require no previous exposure to antigen NK cells .Leukemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-Abnormal white blood cells that take over bone marrow. Leukocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS-White blood cells that locate and eliminate pathogens and foreign molecules. .Lipid Soluble Hormones - CORRECT ANSWERS-Pass through cell membranes to initiate changes in cellular activities. Localized Manifestations of Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Five cardinal signs Occur with acute and chronic inflammation Can lead to systemic involvement .Lymph Nodes - CORRECT ANSWERS-Found primarily in neck, groin, axillae, thorax, abdomen Contain large numbers of B cells, T cells, and macrophages Have lymph fluid for immune cells to filter, detect, and react to foreign material Lymphocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS-The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. Macrophages - CORRECT ANSWERS-Powerful phagocytes capable of ingesting numerous microbes Clean up dead neutrophils and inflammatory debris Important in wound healing .Magnesium - CORRECT ANSWERS-1.5-2.5 mEq/l; Basic Function: Muscle Relaxation *Memorization Trick: (This term) = "Magazine" Mast Cells - CORRECT ANSWERS-Basophils found in connective tissue. Live for weeks to months. Begins inflammatory response associated with allergic reactions. Membrane Transport Proteins - CORRECT ANSWERS-Proteins that span the lipid bilayer, providing passageways across the membrane for select substances. .Multistep Nature of Carcinogenesis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Initiation Promotion Progression Muscular Dystrophy - CORRECT ANSWERS-Progressive muscle weakness and degeneration Myasthenia Gravis - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Mind to ground" muscular weakness. Diaphragm can become weakened, leading to respiratory issues (Myasthenia crisis). Neutrophils - CORRECT ANSWERS-A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease. NK Cells - CORRECT ANSWERS-No B- or T-cell markers Not dependent on thymus for development Effectively kill tumor & infected cells without previous exposure Not specific for particular antigen Norepinephrine - CORRECT ANSWERS-Catecholamine that is the primary constrictor of smooth muscle in blood vessels and regulates blood flow through tissues and organs as well as maintains blood pressure, reduces gastric secretion, inhibits insulin secretion, and dilates pupils and increases night and far vision. Can cause immunosuppression. Osmosis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Inward pulling force of particles in the interstitial fluid. Moves from area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Occurs until the intracellular and interstitial pressure become equal. Osteoporosis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Most common metabolic bone disease Occurs when rate of bone resorption is greater than bone formation Passive Immunity - CORRECT ANSWERS-Immediate, short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person. Ex. Mother to fetus through placenta. Mother to infant through breast milk.