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2024/2025 Art Final Exams III Actual Test Questions with
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What are Le Corbusier's "Five Points for a New Architecture"? List these 5 "Points". Then, pick two (2) of these "Five Points" and briefly describe these two "Points" within the context of one Le Corbusier building of your choice. 5 points for a new architecture:
- Free Facade (separating the exterior of the building from its structural function)
- Pilotes (replacement of supporting walls by a grid of reinforced concrete columns that bears the load of the structure - basis of the new aesthetic)
- Roof Garden/Terrace (bringing land used up on the ground to the sky)
- Ribbon Windows/Horizontal Windows (continuous window, allows natural light to be evenly distributed into the interior - mesh the interior and exterior)
- Free Plan (structure of the building is free from the structural support - the pilotes - which allows for more creativity on the interior) Villa Savoye
- pilotes allows for a free plan, the structure of the building is free from the structural support, and allowed for the creativity on the interior and roof
- roof garden brings the nature used up on the ground into the sky
- horizontal window allows for natural light to be evenly distributed into the interior As we have seen throughout this course, there are particular similarities and distinctions between the so-called "Rationalist" and "Functionalist" labels applied to architecture. Describe Rationalist and/or Functionalist characteristics in two different buildings, each from a different time period. Discuss each building in terms of visual form, materials, structural components and plan layout. (Y ou may choose buildings that are seen as strictly Rationalist, strictly Functionalist, or a combination of the two.) Le Corbusier was both a rationalist and functionalist Functionalists:
- wanted unique, non-repeatable buildings Rationalists:
- wanted typical, repeatable forms
- standard forms
- generalized needs
- standardized and replicable
- order Villa Savoye Model (1929-30) Le Corbusier
- "Father of Modern Architecture"
- most important Modern architectural building 5 points of modern architecture:
- Free Facade (separating the exterior of the building from its structural function)
- Pilotes (replacement of supporting walls by a grid of reinforced concrete columns that bears the load of the structure - basis of the new aesthetic)
- Roof Garden/Terrace (bringing land used up on the ground to the sky)
- Ribbon Windows/Horizontal Windows (continuous window, allows natural light to be evenly distributed into the interior - mesh the interior and exterior)
- Free Plan (structure of the building is free from the structural support - the pilotes - which allows for more creativity on the interior) Design for a Concert Hall (1863) Eugene-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc Gothic/ Rationalist style
- brick, stone cast iron
- beauty is in the structure
- ornament=function
- Violett is a restorer
- gothic architectural elements
- industrial aspect; obviously visible materials in celebration of this
- prominently display of iron Compare and contrast a Purist painting by Le Corbusier with one of his houses or urban designs. What was the influence of Cubism on his paintings, and how did he move away from Cubism through Purism in painting and architecture? Briefly discuss the building of your choice in terms of Purist forms and influence, including both interior and exterior spaces.
"Still Life" - Purist painting by Le Corbusier
- wanted to celebrate the fact that these are objects
- sense of space is still confusing
- there is light and shadow in purism, they become more 3-D, life-like and solid
- Well-defined and contained objects, can actually see what the objects are - a guitar and a book
- objects are still broken up into their geometric, formal, simple shapes Dom-ino House Frame (1914) Le Corbusier
- moving towards the spirit of the age
- abstract and geometric shapes
- clean, plastered walls
- celebrating objects - > created Purism in reaction to Cubism
- represented industrial culture, standardized objects
- interested in reinforced concrete
- pillars
- prefabricated parts
- geometric
- no applied ornament
- support columns
- Le Corbusier was interested in Cubism - Pablo Picasso Cubism:
- moving away from the typical understanding and perspective of space
- deconstruction of space, collapsed space
- creating shallow spaces, more 2 dimensional
- abstracted, geometric shapes
- most are still life (grouping of objects on a surface) Analytic Cubism:
- reduction of colors
- analyzing objects and reconfiguring the object After Cubism, art was dramatically changed, it was a really different understanding of art.
Purism:
- Created Purism, in support and in contrast to Cubism
- parallel movement to Cubism
- wanted to celebrate the fact that these are objects
- sense of space is still confusing
- Cubism is "abolishing the narrative" (don't have a sense of what is going on in the scene) and not celebrating the objects that are in the scene
- taking everyday objects, and repurposing them in a specific kind of meaningful way (In Cubist and Purist works) (using vases, newspapers, playing cards)
- there is light and shadow in purism, they become more 3-D, life-like and solid
- Well-defined and contained objects, can actually see what the objects are
- objects are still broken up into their geometric, formal, simple shapes
- less abstract and more solid
- the objects themselves should be reinstated, privilege the object
- Like Loos in celebrating everyday objects - everyday objects are the sense of our culture
- "object type" - standardized everyday objects - representing industrial culture Throughout this course of Modern architecture, we have seen architects grapple with the question of how to express "the spirit of the age" through the built environment. Discuss 2 movements and/or major figures - one from Weeks 2-7, and one from W eeks 9- 14 - and their aims in creating totalizing designs with the intent of conveying or inspiring a "spirit of the age". Identify differences and similarities between these two movements/major figures in their theoretical positions of this so-called "spirit" in society and in architecture. Cite at least two specific examples of buildings, objects or projects to support your ideas. Le Corbusier - The spirit of the age -->Dom-ino House Frame (1914) Le Corbusier
- moving towards the spirit of the age
- abstract and geometric shapes
- clean, plastered walls
- celebrating objects - > created Purism in reaction to Cubism
- represented industrial culture, standardized objects
- interested in reinforced concrete
- pills
- he is also a functionalist
- prefabricated parts
- geometric
- no applied ornament
- support columns De Stijl - The Style
- architecture becoming a source of inspiration
- created objective style representative of the new age; utopian-ideal city and architecture -->schroeder house (1924) Gerrit Rietveld
- geometric shapes growing out of middle base
- steps
- cubism
- primary colors
- diagonal and vertical angles
- intersecting planes (vertical, horizontal)
- no specific pattern in color, instead defining various planes
- axonometric (45 degree tilt towards us) What does it mean to "derive the design of an object from its natural functions and relationships", and "an object is defined by its nature", according to Walter Gropius's Bauhaus doctrine "Principles of Bauhaus Production"? (95) Using an example of a household object, describe how its design might ideally arise from its function in a modern home. Additionally, name an earlier design movement that made mass-produced "standard" objects similarly to the Bauhaus method. To "derive the design of an object from its natural functions and relationships" (Conrads 95) means in the most basic sense that form follows function. Bauhaus is stating the importance of design of an object and the accompanying relationship this aesthetic form has to the nature of the job of the specific object. One household object that fits into this category is a living-room sofa. The function of such a lounging couch is to be as comfortable as possible for the person resting on it. It usually takes up a significant part of the room, because it must provide enough space for the maximum amount of people present to be
able to sit. The function of this object is then made more individual with the specific form, a quality that is generally different for every couch in many various households. The specific characteristics of the object can be tailored to cater to the desires of the owner. Additionally, the other objects in the room each have specific relationships to this couch. The television is usually placed so that those seated on the couch can comfortably watch it without having to move. There is also usually a side table next to the outer seat of the couch, which gives the individual a place to put their drinks/ personal items. If there is a rug over the hardwood on the floor, this décor is usually planned to coordinate with the set up of the couch and the cabinets/dressers placed accordingly around the room to compliment the couch, demonstrating another instance in which the object within a home is designed with other aspects of the room in mind, or vice versa.
- supremacism did the same What is the meaning of Mies van der Rohe's statement "But only a living inside has a living outside. Only intensity of life has intensity of form"? ("On Form in Architecture", 102) How are Van der Rohe's words here related to Frank Lloyd Wright's ideas of life as a base-point for design? How does Van der Rohe differ?
- van der rohe means that a structure can only have a "living", or physically attractive/ideal/beautiful, outside if the inside is functional and pleasing/satisfying to the residents. if a structure is perfect and beautiful in its overall function inside and the possibilities it presents to the residents, then it has the perfect form. - related to wright: What issues of gender and social representation (in terms of design credit, clients, photographic depictions of interiors, etc.) does Thomas Hines present in " A Model Modernism"? Identify one argument that Hines discusses related to gender or social issues in Modern architecture and/or the Case Study project, and briefly analyze.
- sumner spalding's CSH #2 and CSH #4 portrayed various drawings in which the mother of the house was staying at home doing laundry while her "ultra-modern" husband went off to work, etc angered many as it represented the "most egregious of the program's, and the era's, misplaced priorities" Frank Lloyd Wright is regularly cited as an important precursor to the California Modernist home movement, particularly amongst the Case Study architects. Compare and contrast a Case Study home of your choice with a home by Frank Lloyd Wright. Identify differences and similarities between these
houses in terms of interior space layout, furnishings, structural and material components, and exterior elements like gardens and other outdoor spaces. CSH#22 and wright's falling water house-->similar in overhanging terrace, extended horizontal lines with few individual vertical ones to distinguish planes,hidden entrance in the front with only carport visible, incorporation with surrounding environment, both resting on a hill with levels almost descending down the slope-->different in materials(reinforced concrete vs glass and steel glazing techniques), #22 has more open feel w glass walls and open view over backyard whereas falling water is more closed off with large concrete panels to conceal house Briefly discuss the evolution of the skyscraper, from the Chicago School roots of Louis Sullivan, to the peak of the International Style in the 1940s and 50s. How have skyscrapers come to represent capitalist corporate America? What are the primary stylistic and structural/technological differences between early Chicago skyscrapers and those of the mid-20th c. in the US? Name relevant architects. sullivan's wainwright building: "form ever follows function"
- uniform, compact, more simple buildings
- sense of organization mies van der rohe international style in the 50s was an influential period in corporate architecture
- continued the chicago school style of building up
- US has capitalist possibilities-->saw this modern style as the new face for corporate world (business, government, military endeavors)
- US style of architecture-focus on skyscraper(SOM buildings) -->primary differences between early skyscrapers and modern ones is height, materials, exterior ornament (early ones shorter, wider, concrete material, window ornaments; modern ones taller more compact sleek glass material with less ornament) We have seen many forms of Modern architecture inspired by or directly engaging in elements of nature and the organic over the course of this class. Choose two building projects from two different movements that involve organic and/or natural forms, and compare and contrast these buildings in terms of form, structure, ornament, materials, and historical/theoretical context. How is nature used as inspiration in these buildings? Falling Water (kaufman house) section Frank Lloyd Wright Organic Architecture
prairie style
- reinforced concrete
- stone
- long, horizontal roofs with terraces, eaves
- only vertical part is chimney
- windows! to integrate the outside and inside
- integration of environment with architecture Section through Labs, Salk Institute for Biological Studies (1960-67) Louis Kahn Critical Regionalism
- site specific
- local materials
- looks at the history of architecture
- reinforced concrete, poured in place
- most famous Modernist building in San Diego
- vanishing point to the ocean - creating open space right to the ocean
- collapsed space of the land between us and the ocean
- symmetrical buildings
- no nature in the plaza, besides the fountain in the middle, nature is framed around the buildings
- wood paneling - looks more organic (teak wood - good for water and oceans)
- old wood, not supposed to be replaced, meant to show the age of the building and not cover it up
- geometrical
- curtain glass on the laboratory levels
- all offices are positioned and staggered to face and view the ocean
- 6 stories - 3 in-between stories for the mechanical and ventilation (served vs. servant floors - servant floors are the ventilation), distinguish the function of each flor and open up the labs
- used bricks on the lower floors, earthy material
- light wells, allows natural light to come in form different angles to all floors
- air and light circulation
- like Viollet Le Duc - honesty of the materials and use of natural materials
- big, open grass area, public space
What is brise-soleil, and what is its function in a building? Who invented brise- soleil, and what built project was the first to implement this technology? Briefly describe its use in terms of functional purpose, material(s) and visual characteristics. Brise-Soleil (means sun breaker) are sun breakers that screen windows from the sun. They regulate temperature, save energy and create a visual formal element as a modernist ornament. They are in a grid like pattern. They are a form of climate control. Can be made from extended concrete (or steel). Ministry of Education Building & Model (1936-45) - First actual employment of Brise Soleil - sun breakers
- screen windows from the sun (regulate temperature and save energy) Overview Model of Project for Algiers (1933) - Brise Soleil was first theorized here - created by Le Corbusier to regulate temp, save energy, and screen the sun - buffers the sunshine and creates a visual formal element (modernist ornament) What was the New Monumentality movement? What were its primary ideas, as articulated by Sigfried Gideon and others? How was this movement important to architects of the Late Modern period? Describe the meaning(s) of the word "monument" in architecture, and using one building as an example, discuss how "monumentality" can be translated into Modernist architectural form.
- a way of classifying buildings
- Monument: symbolic forms of architecture, not meant for a particular function other than a symbolic function, a representative for of architecture
- the new monumentality was an extension of this understanding of the monument, moving away from this utilitarian sense (designed to be useful or practical) of structures
- moving towards the sense that the buildings are large, grand, symbolic and monumental, but can still be functional
- comes about through Sigfried Giedion, he's operating in the U.S., wrote a few essays about New Monumentality - proposes the understanding of a grand symbolic architecture that employs functional aspects example: civic centers - >representative of the city, grand, beautiful and symbolic, but also holds a purpose, invoke a character of the city
- meant to house and operate as regular architecture but they have a greater sort of symbolic purpose within their environment
- Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer's Brasilia's Central Mall - city that was created for the capital of Brazil, serves a grand purpose and has lots of important functions, representative of the city, particular government planning buildings, statement of the city, large modernist city, most famous large-scale modernist city Compare and contrast the Megastructural movement with Futurist architecture. How are utopian ideals and the visual forms of the city articulated differently in these two movements? Choose one project from each movement and discuss historical contexts, formal (visual) distinctions in structures, and ideological/theoretical constructs built into each movement's ideal worldview. Futurist Movement: Towards the end of the nineteenth century there were tons of new technologies being developed, including the electric light, the telephone, and the automobile. Futurism celebrated advanced technology and urban modernity, and employed those into architecture.
- Industrial buildings, not domestic buildings
- City all about transportation
- No nature or people in any of the drawings
- Condensed horizontally
- People coming and going
- Angularity, geometric/mathematics, abstract
- Involved in the city at all times
- Big, bulky, massive structures and factories
- Tall, light structures
- Abolishing nature completely
- No sense of individual perspective
- Takes inspiration from the mechanical world we live in
- New materials - iron, glass, reinforced concrete La Citta Nuova 1914 by Antonio Sant'Elia
- Since Italy had been known for the Renaissance, Sant'Elia wanted to abolish all of the old system of architecture and create a new one. From there he created the ideal city called La Citta Nuova. The Citta Nuova drawings highlight the speed and transportation of modern life in the city.
Megastructural Movement:
- rising from WWII
- meshing arts and sciences
- systems theory
- networks- seen in the body, in objects and in daily life
- part of the megastructural movement was Archigram/Metabolist movement
- City seen as a collective
- Ideal city, utopian
- Things can be added and removed as needed - expendibility
- based out of England (Britain)
- interested in pop-culture (use of bright colors) and biology
- a primary function was publication, become more accessible to the public
- interested in the fact that the city should be see as a network Tokyo Bay Design (1960) Kenzo Tange
- looks like an x-ray
- Japanese Metabolism - intrigued by biology and cells
- integrated systems in the body and they are self regulated (don't have to do anything)
- spine - > branch that everything can branch out of
- little spines are for housing
- big spine is from transportation (to travel from one spine to the other)
- you can add to the city, add more spines
- planned city to be able to expand
- customizable and manipulative
- systems connect to create a while
- incorporating Systems Theory What is Le Corbusier's message in beginning his essay "Guiding Principles of Town Planning" with the Max Jacob quote "If it yearns after primordial truths,/the spirit destroys itself;/if it weds the earth it thrives"? (89) How does this quote apply to or contradict Le Corbusier's theories on urbanism?
Le Corbusier introduces his essay, "Guiding Principles of Town Planning", on page 89 with a quote from Max Jacobs. He is introducing the idea that man's connections with the physical earth are more important than trying to build up over the earth upon the foundations of ancient beliefs. Le Corbusier places an emphasis on efforts in cooperation with the earth in order for humanity to thrive, as opposed to previous views that lead to the destruction of society. This idea connects with his theories of urbanism, as he attempted to create the ideal city, incorporated with nature in innovative ways in order to provide a healthy living environment for people. This is demonstrated through his model of ville contemporaine project meant to show the ways in which a city could be structured to accommodate large building structures, a complex system of roads, as well as nature. Referred to as the "city of towers", the project had a futuristic feel which Le Corbusier emphasized: "Everywhere journalists wrote of 'the city of the future'...I felt very clearly that events were pressing. 1922-5, how fast everything moved!" (91). He introduced the new concept of designing a city with a system of highways in mind, foreshadowing the grid system that many modern cities rest upon today, in relation to the buildings geometrically placed throughout the space. "The awakened spirit is already reconstructing the social framework" (90), Le Corbusier states, focusing on the perfection of quality and design necessary to make the drastic changes necessary within society, which the individual has been yearning for. His theories of urbanism rest on the simple geometric aspects of architecture but expand to include a vast array of possible social changes. I agree with Le Corbusier's statement that "geometry is the basis" of the "whole modern age", because of how it provides the necessary foundations for the movement as I mentioned earlier. When an individual or group has a revolutionary idea or mindset these theories must be presented in terms that others can understand. This allows the movement to grow and reach parts of society previously untouched. What makes Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer's Brasilia city design unique in Modernist architectural history? Briefly describe the history of the founding of Brasilia, the form of Costa's "pilot plan", and how the visual forms and overall layout of the buildings in the Central Mall display Modernist ideals.
- focused on the new monumentality movement which reintroduced the concept of monument and representative buildings
- planned in 1956, inaugurated in 1960
- Capital of Brazil
- statement of the city
- large modernist city
- most famous large-scale modernist city
- serves a grand purpose with lots of important functions
- government buildings
- big grass space used as public space
- big, wide, open boulevards - multi-lanes
- lower-class (working class) were forced out of the residential areas and forced to commute a long way
- built from scratch
- create circulation Pilot Plan of Brasilia:
- Lucio Costa was the winner of the prize-winning pilot plan of Brazils New Capital
- Niemeyer was deemed to be the architect of the civic buildings
- plan was in the form of a flying bird - flying free symbolism of the city
- North to South (central axis) is the residential area
- residential area has everything you need to live within the area - commercial, recreational and leisure buildings
built to be completely self contained
- city planning meant to be self contained
- East to West axis is the official axis, government axis, Costa called it the monumental axis (grand and large, but symbolic and core of plan)
- central axis (North to South axis) is transportation-circulation How does Kenneth Frampton define "critical regionalism" in his essay "Prospects for a Critical Regionalism"? Using two built projects from his discussion, describe the primary formal characteristics of a building defined within the category of "critical regionalism". defines it as a dialectical expression-seeks to deconstruct universal modernism in terms of values and images which are locally cultivated while adulterating this elements with ideas from outside sources no tradition remains available to man other than synthetic contradiction-->the local needs of the city reconcile the city's tradition with updated modernity (ex. 1) benakis street apartment design-athens 1975 -->connection of grid and the pathway of structure, commitment to place rather than space 2)mario botta's farmhouse at ligrignano-->makes use of viaducts and acts as a "city within a city"
Why is reinforced concrete an important development in Modernist architecture, in terms of style and in terms of technology? Name two built projects that employ reinforced concrete, and briefly describe the benefits of this material, as well as its visual characteristics in the projects you name. Reinforced concrete: was stronger and cheaper, allowed architects to build higher skyscrapers.
- reinforced concrete allowed light to be reflected off of it, could be represented organically to show the honesty of the material
- Le Corbusier saw reinforced concrete as a means towards the industrialization of the building process Interior Courtyard Row House (Azuma House) (1975-76) Tadao Ando Critical Regionalism (site specific - opposite of Archigram)
- reinforced concrete, poured in place, for the entire structure
- no windows, one entry way
- private and secluded
- material represented organically, not hiding the building process or trying to cover it up with paint
- open courtyard - let in natural light, the reinforced concrete is used to reflect the light Section through Labs, Salk Institute for Biological Studies (1960-67) Louis Kahn Critical Regionalism
- site specific
- local materials
- looks at the history of architecture
- reinforced concrete, poured in place
- most famous Modernist building in San Diego
- vanishing point to the ocean - creating open space right to the ocean
- collapsed space of the land between us and the ocean
- symmetrical buildings
- no nature in the plaza, besides the fountain in the middle, nature is framed around the buildings
- wood paneling - looks more organic (teak wood - good for water and oceans)
- old wood, not supposed to be replaced, meant to show the age of the building and not cover it up
- geometrical
- curtain glass on the laboratory levels
- all offices are positioned and staggered to face and view the ocean
- 6 stories - 3 in-between stories for the mechanical and ventilation (served vs. servant floors - servant floors are the ventilation), distinguish the function of each flor and open up the labs
- used bricks on the lower floors, earthy material
- light wells, allows natural light to come in form different angles to all floors
- air and light circulation
- like Viollet Le Duc - honesty of the materials and use of natural materials
- big, open grass area, public space Louis Kahn is often described as being influenced by the Structural Rationalism of Eugene-Emmanuel V iollet-le-Duc. Compare and contrast Viollet-le-Duc's architectural theories with Kahn's Salk Institute for Biological Studies. How are V iollet-le-Duc's ideas articulated, if at all, through the Salk's structural and formal design? Identify at least 3 specific points of Viollet-le-Duc's architectural theories and their relationship to or difference from Kahn's use of materials, site, technological innovations and other functional or stylistic considerations. le duc:
- Materials are obvious in his designs, and on the interior of the building - its a celebration of industrialization
- prominently displayed elements of iron
- used new materials like iron
- honesty of materials and purity of them-true to form
- use materials according to their properties
- parts are related to whole
- materials - impact on appearance
- stone enthusiast (masonry)
- materials in harmony
- machine is an important took to building
- function of materials to be present and not covered up, if brick is made to build the structure then its the beautiful, raw, red brick that should be shown on the outside kahn:
- materials are obvious, distinction between wooden window panels (in which function is obvious, not covered up) and concrete siding/floor
- stone enthusiast, use stone that blends in with colors of environment and contrasts with bright blue water
- honesty in materials and pure to form, harmony of materials