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482 Exam 2 Questions and Complete
Solutions Graded A+
Normalization of Deviance - Answer: The tendency to come to consider behavior that varies from either design or good engineering practice as acceptable Proper Engineering Decision - Answer: a decision that should be made by an engineer according to engineering or ethical standards, especially w.r.t. protecting the public and property Proper Management Decision - Answer: decision that should be made by managers because it involves factors affecting the well-being of the organization and does not force engineers to compromise their own technical or ethical standards. Groupthink - Answer: groups come to agreement at the expense of critical thinking. Illusion of invulnerability to failure, Us-versus-them attitude, Exclusion of external contrary views, Illusion of morality, Shifting blame to outsiders, Self-censorship, Illusion of unanimity, Pressure to silence dissenter The Problem of Many Hands - Answer: A group of people is jointly responsible for an outcome,although it is difficult or impossible to assign responsibility toeach individual member of the group. Space shuttle - Answer: Goal was to reduce cost. Resusable orbiter, 3 main engines, and solid rocket motors. Very expensive though Challenger Disaster - Answer: 1986. O-ring joint blow-by caused joint failure in rocket booster. Too cold of temperatures Challenger issues - Answer: Thiokol found issue. O-ring erosion found. Roger Biosjoly - Answer: Thiokol engineer who said immediate action needed to be taken for O-ring. Held teleconference. was asked to prove o rings WEREN'T ready
Challenger manager statement to Lund - Answer: "take off engineering hat and put on management hat" Challenger causes - Answer: Normalization of deviance (problems accepted), PMD made instead of PED, lack of conveying facts upward to management, problem of many hands Columbia disaster - Answer: 2003. Warnings of foam shredding beforehand. Foam insulation fell off and damaged shuttle. NASA ignored engineers requests for more photos after launch. Ship burned up on reentry. Whistleblowing - Answer: Going outside of normal channels, outside the chain of command, usually to address an immoral, illegal, or dangerous situation. Can be Internal or external. Must always be justified. DeGeorge's whistleblowing criteria - Answer: HARM PREVENTION:
- Causes serious harm to people/society
- Has been brought to attention of superiors
- No action taken to remedy
- Documentation of issue
- Good reason to believe disclosure will prevent or avoid wrongdoing Davis's whistleblowing Criteria - Answer: COMPLICITY AVOIDANCE:
- Issue derives from your work at organization
- You are voluntary member of organization
- Group is involved in serious moral wrongdoing
- Your work will contribute to the wrong if you don't reveal what you know
- 3 and 4 are justified
- 3 and 4 are true Columbia organizational causes - Answer: PED vs PMD, normaliation of deviance, groupthink, many hands
Sexual Harassment in Engineering - Answer: Dependence on mentors for advancement; Male dominated; "Macho" cultures; meritocracy; Informal communication networks; Organizational tolerance for harassment Uber Case study - Answer: 2017. Female engineer reported innapropriate messages ffrom manager to HR. HR said it was 1st offense and only gave a warning. Told she could find a new team or stay and suffer poor performance review. Ultimately Uber lost $10 mil lawsuit and CEO fired. Ethical theory views on diversity - Answer: Kantian - agrees with duty. Rule utilitarian - people should follow posted NSPE rules. But consequences of best team may not lead to most diversity. Virtue - happiness/flourishing from inclusiveness Superadditivity - Answer: 1 + 1 = 3. Gain a lot from diversity "On Educating the Emotions" by rosalind hursthouse - Answer: Racism is taught during developing years. Racism is irrational. Utraining takes acknowledging wrongness, recognizing & correcting emotional response. Corrupt to not try to undo effects of racism. Narrow professionalism - Answer: a professional engineer is a person, who, based on education and experience, is permitted to practice engineering in their areas of competence General professionalism - Answer: all engineers have the responsibility to adhere to ethical and technical standards that have been developed by engineers and professional societies NSPE Preamble - Answer: - Important and learned profession
- Highest standards of honesty and integrity
- Vital impact on people's quality of life
- Requires honesty, impartiality, fairness and must protect public health and welface
- Must have ethical conduct NSPE Fundamental Canons - Answer: Engineers... shall:
- Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.
- Perform services only in areas of their competence.
- Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner
- Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.
- Avoid deceptive acts.
- Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession. When engineering principles conflict - Answer: reinterpret, rank, contributory (gives an element) vs. conclusive (final say), moral dilemmas (view bigger picture), gray areas (degrees of rightness) Sartre's Moral Dilemma - Answer: Stay with mother or join the military. You are free to choose. No rule of general morality can show you what you ought to do. Texas Engineering Practice Act 6 Canons - Answer: 1) Engineers Shall Protect the Public
- Engineers Shall Be Objective and Truthful
- Engineers' Actions Shall Be Competent
- Engineers Shall Maintain Confidentiality of Clients
- Engineers' Responsibility to the Profession
- Action in Another Jurisdiction (punished by TX for actions in another state) "Practice of engineering" in TX is defined as - Answer: Any service or creative work, either public or private, the adequate performance of which requires engineering education, training or experience in the application of special knowledge or judgment of the mathematical, physical or engineering science to such service or creative work • Only a licensed engineer may engage in the practice of engineering in Texas Licensure steps - Answer: Take FE, graduate, 4+ years of experience under PE, take PE, apply for license, maintain and pay fees and do professl development Industry Exemption - Answer: Law allows non-PEs to practice what is considered to be engineering work.
Actor-Network Theory - Answer: Strong view. (Latour) Nonhumans are "actors." Boundary between objects and humans is impossible to distinguish. Hybrid exists. Langdon Winner - Answer: Strong view. Studied low overpasses designed by architect Moses, who created them to discourage minorities from traveling. "concrete and steel embody a systematic social inequality." Peter-Paul Verbeek - Answer: "moral agency is distributed over both humans and technological artefacts."
- artifacts actively co-shape people's being in the world
- humans and technologies do not have a separate existence any more
- technologies ... have an intentionality (trajectory and specific use) College Station's red light cameras - Answer: City Council passed an ordinance allowing use of a red light camera. Issued citations to owners. Used several months; numerous traffic citations issued; violations were "noticeably reduced." Public resistance mobilized; voters rejected; cameras removed. Red light cams in general - Answer: less right angle crashes, but more rear end. little change in overall crashes. spillover effect at places w/o cameras. Technological Mediation - Answer: Technology changes the way we see the world and the way in which we interpret reality. Shape human perceptions and actions. humans and technologies do not have a separate existence any more - Answer: - Sun-powered satellites would continue to exist for decades even if all humans were to suddenly go extinct. (Literal)
- A technology is not just a material object, it also involves knowledge about how artifacts are constructed and used. (Extended)
- The mediating role of technology blurs the ontological distinction between subject" and "object." (Intended) Can implies Ought? - Answer: If new actions become available, this may change our moral obligations.
If we do not have a moral obligation to do x because it is impossible for us to do x, but to do x would be morally required if x was possible, then a change in the realm of "can" implies a change in the realm of "ought". First-order responsibility - Answer: to carry out morally right actions Second-order responsibility - Answer: to make sure that there are some morally good actions to choose. Moral relevance - Answer: Technologies create new options for action and new reasons Co-production - Answer: Technological and societal change are interrelated cultural lag - Answer: Technological advances often outpace social institutions, norms, and regulations Collingridge dilemma - Answer: When changing the design of a technology is easy, the need for change cannot be foreseen. When need becomes apparent, change has become expensive, difficult and time consuming Technology as a social experiment questions - Answer: Old - Is technology X ethically acceptable? New - Is technology X an ethically acceptable social experiment? Welchel's "Is Technology Neutral?" - Answer: it is more substantive to ask whether technology is value- free than to ask whether technology is morally neutral. Tech is a human enterprise. Awe/mystery/excitement not often viewed as relevant to tech. but excitement about work will produce better results. Need to recultivate art of engineering. Ethics for medical experiments - Answer: 1) informed consent
- do no harm
- be fair - subjects are ones who benefit
- do good - expect social benefit
Jacques Ellul - Answer: French sociologist. Critiqued advancement of society through sociological studies Technique - Answer: totality of methods that have absolute efficiency for a given stage of development in all fields. Default approach in a technological society. Main goal is efficiency above all else. Can direct humans and determine which are useful and which are discarded/retooled. Now controls all parts of life. No creativity. Recasts moral issues at problems of efficiency Ellul's contemporaries - Answer: Heidegger & Mumford. all believed that tech limits freedom and had harfmul effects. Machines - Answer: Make precise products given expected inputs. Have limited application. Tech has surpassed the machine and now employs it. How modern technique differs from ancient - Answer: 1) Rate of utilization - restricts creators ability to control work
- Cultural discontinuities - no time for culture to evolve
- Relation with science - science precedes and is directed by usefulness of findings. scientists find knowledge and engineers put it to work
- Scope - extends past machines and into human management. no uniqueness Ellul predicted - Answer: Facebook case study (manipulated feeds of users to see effects without consent), loss of ingenuity in politics, police & surveillance Amish Technology - Answer: Amish allowed to explore non-amish life and decide for themselves. Met economic need while staying true to unique identity with battle with milk industry tech requirements. Want to control tech and not be controlled by it. Instrinsic value - Answer: valuable for its own sake Instrumental value - Answer: valuable for its usefulness to reach a goal
Anthroprocentric ethics - Answer: Morally, only humans matter Non-Anthropocentric ethics - Answer: Not just humans matter, also natural entities such as plants, animals, and ecosystems The Last Man Argument - Answer: The last man surviving the collapse of the world, kills every living thing. What he does is permissible according to basic chauvinism, but on environmental grounds what he does is wrong. Holism - Answer: value full process and ecosystem, including abiotic Sentiocentrism - Answer: Considers all beings that feel pleasure/pain. Peter Singer Biocentrism - Answer: values all life forms. human desires = nonhuman needs. against building dams he Complexity Argument - Answer: Flowers, mountains, rivers, etc are very complex - therefore are intrinsically valuable The Distant Nuclear Fireworks - Answer: last man escapes and is circling another planet. non-sentient life present there. planet will crash into the sun, but man can delay process by firing a missile to alter orbit. Is he obligated to fire it? Edwards Aquifer and the Texas Blind Salamander - Answer: Nowhere else in world but San Marcos caves. Need clean cool water from aquifer, threatened by pollution and water overuse. Habitat Conservation Plan made. Lead Contamination in Drinking Water - Answer: High levels of lead in Wash DC water. Scientist found that water switch caused corrosion in pipes. Many homes contaminated. WASA did not tell public, omitted specific wording, held misleading meetings, threatened scientist, withheld info from EPA and lied about results. Had to replace pipes Envl justice - material dimension - Answer: the disproportionate distribution of environmental burdens, risks, or harms on certain groups of the population
Boeing 737 - Answer: 2 crashes in 2018 and 2019 right after takeoff. Engine mounting to compete with rivals led to instability. Applied MCAS software fix to move nose down. Didn't tell or train pilots on software. FAA didn't do much testing and wasn't fully informed of changes MCAS system - Answer: software fix to design flaws. used only one AoA sensor. Pilots not informed of it. Curtis Ewbank - Answer: worked on 737 max and made an internal ethics complaint. rejected on basis of cost and pilot training. Material culture - Answer: artifacts, technology, art, science, and literature Nonmaterial culture - Answer: characteristic values, beliefs, and norms Culture-as-given - Answer: culture is inherited and largely fixed Culture-as-construct - Answer: culture is created by individuals at many different levels Hofstede's 6 dimensions of culture - Answer: (CULTURE AS GIVEN) Power Distance Collectivism/Individualism Femininity/Masculinity Uncertainty Avoidance Short/Long Term Orientation Indulgence/Restraint Shalom Schwartz's 7 dimensions of culture - Answer: Egalitarianism —— Hierarchy Embeddedness —— Affective Autonomy Intellectual Autonomy Harmony —— Mastery
Intellectual Autonomy - Answer: encourages individuals to pursue their own ideas and directions independently (curiosity, broadmindedness, creativity). Affective autonomy: - Answer: encourages individuals to pursue affectively positive experience for themselves (values pleasure, exciting life, varied life). Bribery - Answer: offering to pay or paying for something to which you do not have a legitimate right. Extortion - Answer: having to pay for something to which you should have a legitimate right. Grease Payments, aka Facilitation Payments - Answer: small payments to expedite routine processes; their legitimacy depends on whether they are well-publicized, available to anyone who chooses to pay them, and who ultimately receives the payment. Conflicts of interest - Answer: - Professional judgment could be influenced by outside interests (usually financial benefit). Can be apparent, potential, or actual. These must be disclosed according to the TEPA (in writing) and NSPE. NSPE Board of Ethics Review (BER) - Answer: Increasing in international engineering practice as a result of trade agreements. Focuses on not bringing dishonor to profession. Engineers can't engage in unethical practices even if allowed in another country (no "When in Rome...") The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977) - Answer: US law that prohibits the payment of bribes to foreign officials to assist in obtaining or retaining business. Applies to conduct anywhere in the world. BUT DOESN't prohibit grease payments. Can pay for things you are legally entitled to. Engr professionalism issues. Should there be universal... - Answer: 1 - education standards 2 - license standards 3 - professionalism concepts 4 - code of ethics Washington Accord (1989) - Answer: signed by 6 countries. Agreed to equivalent accreditation and education requirements
Legally protected knowledge - Answer: Copyrights (U.S. Copyright Office), Patents (U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)), Trademarks, Non-Disclosure/Non-Compete Agreements Intellectual Property - Answer: non-physical property that arises from human thought. includes artistic and literary works, software programs, and information (includes knowledge of skills, techniques, and processes) Copyrights - Answer: - Protect artistic, literary, architectural works and computer software.
- Grant author exclusive right to reproduce, distribute, publicly perform, and prepare derivative works for some duration of time.
- Implicitly granted to an original work in a tangible medium.
- Protect the expression of ideas, not the ideas themselves Patents - Answer: ► Protect invention and discovery of processes, machines, articles of manufacture, and compositions of matter ► Must be useful, novel, and non- obvious ► Grants the creator a monopoly over any expression or implementation Things That May Not Be Patented - Answer: Laws of nature, Natural or physical phenomena, Abstract ideas US Patent Process - Answer: Issued by government. Granted to the first-inventor-to-file (no longer first-to-invent). Provisional patents - Answer: low-cost option that allow one to establish an early effective filing date; patent application must be filed within 12 months Trade Secrets - Answer: ► Information that derives value because it is not generally known/ascertained, and efforts are made to maintain its secrecy ► Broadly understood to include customer lists, formula, techniques, processes, and financial data ► Protection against theft, but not independent re-discovery or reverse engineering
Trademark rights - Answer: Rights extend perpetually, as long as defended if infringed and not part of common language nonexclusive use - Answer: intellectual objects can be used by many people without losing value or usefulness why we are not necessarily entitled to the market value of intellectual property: - Answer: 1) Value added is not entirely attributable to certain laborers. -- "a joint product of human intellectual history"
- Value depends on social conditions that the laborer does not create Arguments Against IP - Answer: restricts ► methods of acquiring ideas ► the use of ideas ► the expression of ideas Mixing theory of labor - Answer: My labor + something unowned = my property Criticisms include -- just mixing labor with something that no one owns doesn't make you the owner of it. Mostly negative rights from this theory, no obligation to do good. Negative right - Answer: obligation to not violate a right Positive right - Answer: obligation to actively see to it that right is obtained Rights definition - Answer: a right to X is a legitimate claim to X Existential Pleasures of Engineering (Chapter 1) - Samuel Florman - Answer: - Engineers flourished in Golden Age (1850-1950) for constant achievement
- Dark Age commenced in 1950, people commented on impacts of technology
- Engineers thought applying their problem solving skills to society would help, it did not
According to Thomas and Inkson, what is cultural intelligence? - Answer: Knowledge, mindfulness, and skill Thomas and Inkson culture levels - Answer: deep = human nature middle = culture shallow = personality Thomas and Inkson culture aspects - Answer: culture is: shared, learned and endured, organized, invisible, tight or loose (pervasiveness), has in and out groups Schwartz 7 cultural dimensions - Answer: Egalitarianism— recognition of people as moral equals ■■ Harmony—fitting in harmoniously with the environment ■■ Embeddedness— people as part of a collective ■■ Hierarchy—unequal distribution of power ■■ Mastery— exploitation of the natural or social environment ■■ Affective autonomy— pursuit of positive experiences ■■ Intellectual autonomy— independent pursuit of one's own ideas "Social Robotics, Education, and Religion in the Islamic World" - Answer: -Shows the cultural impact on how technology is used -Social robotics to do things such as teach religious concepts in schools or do therapy that animals, like dogs, are used for in other places -Welcomes technology that increases the quality of life of the citizens "Leadership, Engineering and Ethical Clashes at Boeing" by Englehardt - Answer: - 737 crashes not individual fault but complex organizational issues.
- company blindspots
- similarties to Challenger, Columbia, General Motors
- Restructuring the culture and allowing change Miller's "Exploring Engineering and Sustainability" - Answer: 3 issues when incorporating sustainability: 1 - what is it? 2 - how does it affect engineering? (assumptions and restrictions) 3 - how to act? (add to codes of ethics or define) Rao's "Ethical Issues with Social Media Business Practices" - Answer: - Social media business practices are evaluated using duty ethics, utilitarian ethics, and virtue ethics
- social media business practices are immoral from a virtue ethics perspective
- against Kantian autonomy
- against utilitarian net good -the actions of social media companies are not morally correct; it is still a useful tool but need to change way companies run Hursthouse "On Educating the Emotions" - Correct Ans:
