8-Hour Refresher HAZWOPER| Questions and Answers, 100% Correct| latest 2024-2025, Exams of Health sciences

Download 8-Hour Refresher HAZWOPER| Questions and Answers, 100% Correct| latest 2024-2025 and more Exams Health sciences in PDF only on Docsity! 8-Hour Refresher HAZWOPER| Questions and Answers, 100% Correct| latest 2024-2025 DOT Class 1 Explosive DOT Class 2 Compressed Gases ( cylinders ) DOT Class 3 Flammable liquids (FP < 140 degrees F) DOT Class 4 Flammable Solids DOT Class 5 Oxidizers DOT Class 6 Poison Solids & liquids DOT Class 7 Radioactive DOT Class 8 Corrosives DOT Class 9 Miscellaneous Manufacturers Label Contains: Product name, Chemical names, Hazards, Precautions, Storage Info, etc. DOT Hazard Class Labels Hazardous Materials Identification System (HMIS) RED, BLUE, ORANGE, WHITE HMIS Red Flammability Rating HMIS Blue Health Hazard Rating HMIS Orange Physical Hazard Rating HMIS White Special Hazard Rating National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Labels RED, BLUE, YELLOW, WHITE NFPA Red Flammability rating NFPA Blue Health Hazard Rating NFPA Yellow Instability Hazard Rating Chronic Exposure to lower concentration of contaminates over longer period of time Symptoms: occur years after exposure Examples: cancer, kidney damage, lung damage. Exposure Effects Local / Systematic Local Effects: damage resulting where the chemical enters the body Systematic effects: damage, which seeks a specific organ and causes damage at that point Mutagen: a substance capable of inducing mutations in the DNA and in living cells Teratogen: causes growth abnormalities in embryos Carcinogen: Causes the development of cancerous growth in living tissue Dose relationship Lethal Dose (LD50), Lethal Concentration (LC50), Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL), Threshold Limit Value (TLV), Recommended Exposure Limit (REL), Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) Lethal Dose (LD50) The concentration of a substances that is expected to cause death of 50% of the test population when exposed to that substances by any route other than inhalation. Oral or dermal exposure Lethal Concentration (LC50) The concentration of a substance that is expected to cause death of 50% of the test population when exposed to that substance by inhalation Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) Maximum concentration of a substance that worker can be exposed to over an 8 hour workday, 40 hour week. a list may be found in OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1000 Threshold limit value (TLV: TWA) Maximum Concentration of a substance that worker can be exposed to over a 8hr work day, 40 hr week (Acetone: 500ppm) Threshold limit value (TLV: STEL) Maximum concentration of a substance that a workers can be exposed over periods of time not to exceed 15 min, 4 times per day. (Acetone: 750ppm) Threshold limit value (TLV: C) A concentration for which no minimum exposure period can be tolerated, even for an instant Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) Maximum concentration of a substance that workers can be exposed to over a 10 hour workday, 40hr week (Acetone: 250ppm) (NIOSH) National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) Atmosphereic conditions that pose an immediate threat to life, could cause irreversible adverse health effects, or could impair a worker's ability to escape. (Acetone: 2500ppm) Fundamentals of Reducing Exposure 1. Elimination / Substitution 2. Engineering Controls 3. Administration 4. PPE Elements of Fire Tetrahedron Heat, Fuel, Oxygen, Chemical Reaction Flash Point: the minimum temperature at which a liquid will give off enough flammable vapor just above the surface to ignite in the presence of an ignition source Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) Caused by another gas Simple Asphyxiates (carbon dioxide, nitrogen) Chemical Asphyxiates (hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide) Signs and Symptoms of an oxygen deficient atmosphere 1. impaired judgment and perception (around 14%) 2. Headaches 3. Increased breather and heart rate 4. Nausea 5. Unconsciousness (around 12%) 6. Death (6%) Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres are considered: IDLH Control of hazardous energy Lockout/tagout procedures (29 CFR 1910.147) Prevent the accidental startup of equipment protect workers from the uncontrolled release of energy Equipment must be locked out, disconnected, blanked, bled, etc. Sources of Electrocution Overhead powerlines Downed electrical wires Buried Electrical cables Lightning Tools with exposed or worn wiring Improper use to electrical tools Basic Electrical Safety Maintain proper grounding on all tools and equipment follow lockout / tagout procedure inspect all power tools for damage (cords) Inspect all extension cords, throughout damaged cords use ground fault interrupters water and electricity don't mix One Call Before you dig! Biological Hazard Waste from hospitals and research facilities Poisonous plants, animals, insects Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis) or (Cocci) an infectious disease caused by a fungus called Coccidioides which lives in the soil and dirt in certain areas. The fungus usually infects the lungs causing flu-like symptoms. Most of the time symptoms get better on their own. Where do people get valley fever? can occur year-round and tends to occur in areas with dry dirt and desert-like weather conditions that allow the fungus to grow. Cases of Valley Fever have been reported from most counties in California. Over 75% of cases have been in people who live in the San Joaquin (Central) Valley. Outside of California, Valley Fever is found in some areas of Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Texas, and parts of Mexico and Central and South America. How do people get valley fever? People can get Valley Fever by breathing in dust containing a form of the Coccidioides fungus called spores which are too small to be seen. Valley Fever is not contagious and cannot be spread from one person or animal to another. What are signs and symptoms of Valley Fever? • Fever • Muscle or joint aches • Headaches • Tiredness • Cough • Night sweats • Unexplained weight loss -mood changes such as irritability or confusion -upset stomach or vomiting Heat Stroke symptoms -dry, hot skin with no sweating -mental confusion or losing consciousness -seizures or convulsions Cold Exposure Cold weather impairs the ability to work and increases the chance of injury. Temperature and wind chill factors must be taken into consideration in order to protect workers. Frostbite a condition which the skin and sometimes deeper tissues actually become frozen Common areas: nose, cheeks, ears, fingers, toes Symptoms: lack of sensation on exposed skin, white patches, skin becomes hard and rubbery Hypothermia: -The drop of the vital core temperature of the body. - Life Threatening - Symptoms include impaired judgment, incoherent, uncontrollable shivering. Noise Exposure 29 CFR 1910.95 requires employers to administer a continuing effective hearing conservation program. Hearing Conservation Program Implemented when: noise levels equal or exceed an 8 hour time-weighted average of 85 dBA (decibels on the A-weighted scale) Common Noises and their decal levels for comparison: Rustling leaves 20 dBs Whisper 30 dBs Conversation 60 dBs Dishwasher 75 dBs Lawn Mower 90 dBs Farm Tractor 98 dBs Jackhammer110 dBs Heavy Equipment: Leading Causes of Injuries · Being run over, hit by/crushing from swinging booms or other machine components. · Roll Over. · Being struck by quick-disconnect buckets/attachments when they unexpectedly detach. · Sliding into excavation · Electrocution Heavy Equipment: Hazards · Over head and underground utilities · Crushing · Very heavy pieces of equipment · Hydraulic power is awesome! · Excavation hazards · Flying objects/debris Heavy Equipment: safe work practices · Stay outside the rotating radius of the excavator! · The rear of the machine is just as dangerous as the bucket. · Never walk directly behind any equipment. · Stay at least two feet from edge of an excavation. · Know the capabilities of the equipment. · Know what the operator is trying to accomplish. · Make sure the operator knows where you are at all times! · Communications · Always wear your seat belt · Know where ground crew is at all times. Excavation Safety OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart P Before Excavation Begins -29 CFR 1926.650 -Training -"one call" & utility markout (dial 811) -Surface Obstacles Competent Person A person who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them. Soil Classifications -Stable Rock, Type A, Type B, Type C Stable Rock No Factures Vertical (90 Degrees) Soil type A Clays, = > 1.5 tsf 3/4:1 (53 degrees) Soil Type B Angular gravel, silt, silt loam, sandy loam. > 0.5 tsf but < 1.5 tsf 1:1 (45 degrees) Soil type C Gravels, sand, loamy sand, submerged soils, soils with seeping water <0.5 tsf 1 1/2 : 1 (34 degrees) Excavation safety: Protective Systems - Sloping and benching - Shoring - Shields, trench boxes - Aluminum hydraulic shoring Excavation safety: Any depth Competent person must assess the excavation and determine soil class, inspect for signs of collapse, and determine if a protective system is required. Excavation safety: 4 feet or > • Means of egress within 25' of any employee in the excavation. • Air monitoring if the potential for hazardous atmosphere exist. Excavation safety: 5 feet or > • Must use a protective system, in place before you can enter. Excavation safety: General Safety - PPE - Water - Inspections - Placement of spoils Excavation safety: 18" Trench box must extent 18" above the excavation Excavation safety: 2' Minimum distance from excavation that spoils and equipment can be placed Excavation safety: 20' Protective systems for use in excavations more than 20' deep must be designed by a registered professional engineer. Excavation safety: Emergency Response - Immediate job site rescue & aid - Notify authorities and rescue personnel - PM responsibilities Emergency equipment Inspections of Drums & Containers · Symbols, words, labels on the drum indicating that its contents are hazardous. · Signs of deterioration such as corrosion rust or leaks. · Radioactive drums should not be handled until a radioactive material specialist has been consulted · Explosive or Shock-sensitive materials should only be handled by an expert with proper knowledge to safety stabilize and handle the material. · When ever possible do not handle bulging drums. · Leaking or deteriorating drums: Overpack drums into salvage drums. If drums cannot be handled without them falling apart, then transfer contents into new drums. · Always inspect a drum for leaks or deteriorating conditions prior to moving the drum. Look for leaks around the bungs and lid seal. Drum Opening Precautions · Wear the appropriate PPE. This may include respiratory protection as well as chemical suit, gloves, splash shield. · Use remote controlled devices for opening shock sensitive drums · If possible use continuous air monitoring during opening · Do not use picks or chisels to open drums · Always open drums through the bung, first. Do so slowly to relieve any built up pressure. · Keep personnel not involved with the opening of drums at a safe distance. · Reseal open bungs or replace lids as soon as possible after sampling. · Always replace leaking drums or replace lids that have bad gaskets. Respiratory Protection Because inhalation is one of the major routes of chemical exposure, respiratory protection is a primary consideration when out-fitting employees with personal protective equipment. Respiratory Protection OSHA standard 29 CFR 1910.134 requires that employers establish a Respiratory Protection Program and focuses on employer's requirements for worker respiratory protection. Toxic Atmospheres. o Resulting from chemical contaminants such as dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases that accumulate. o Contaminants are poisonous, irritating, anesthetic, or narcotic and pose a threat to workers health. Unknown Atmospheres. o Entrance into unknown hazardous or suspected hazardous atmosphere can be dangerous and should be approached as IDLH conditions. o Common at spill sites and abandon sites. Types of Respirators 1. Air Purifying Respirators (APR) 2. Power Air Purifying Respirators (PAPR) 3. Supplied Air Respirators (SAR) 4. Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) All respiratory devices and cartridges must be certified and approved by NIOSH. Air Purifying Respirators (APR) -Use chemical and mechanical cartridges or canister to filter contaminants from the air. -Need to know that contaminate and concentration -Use with chemicals that have adequate warning properties -Negative pressure -Do not use in oxygen deficient or IDLH atmospheres Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPR) -Similar to the APR -Uses a motor and pump to draw air through cartridges. Supplied Air Respirators (SAR) -Positive Pressure Demand -Air supply comes from bank of compressed breathing air cylinders located some distance away via an airline 1. to protect the wearer from safety and health hazards, and 2. to prevent injury to the wearer through improper use, maintenance, or malfunctions. Material Resistance Penetration, Permeation, Degradation Penetration the movement of chemicals through zippers, stitched seams, or imperfections in the clothing material. May also occur as a result of physical damage to the suit such as rips and tears from sharp objects. Permeation the movement of chemicals through the molecular structure of the material. Chemical permeation can occur gradually where the wearer is unaware of any exposure. Degradation: the actual breakdown of the materials through contact with the chemical. Contact of chemicals may degrade the suit by actually dissolving the material, or changing the fabric chemical resistance or physical properties. Ideally you want to select a fabric that has a break through time >480 minutes. Level A: - Highest level of respiratory, skin and eye protection. - Fully encapsulated chemical resistant suit. - Pressure demand full-face piece SCBA. - Inner gloves, boots, and clothing Level B: - Pressure demand full-face piece SCBA or SAR with escape SCBA - High level of respiratory protection - Chemical resistant suit (less dermal protection than Level A) - Chemical gloves and outer boots Level C: - Full-face piece Air Purifying Respirator with cartridges - Chemical resistant suit (same dermal protection as Level B) - Lower respiratory protection than Level B - Chemical resistant gloves and boots Level D: - No respiratory protection -Working uniform or protective coverall -Minimal dermal protection - Safety boots, glasses/goggles, hard hat Decontamination the process of removing or neutralizing contaminants that have accumulated on equipment and personnel. Decontamination is critical to the health of all site workers. Methods of Decontamination 1) Physical 2) Chemical 3) Combination of physical and chemical Physical Decontamination involves the gross removal of contamination by dislodging, rinsing, wiping, brushing and pressure washing. Chemical Decontamination involves the use of cleaning solutions. Solutions that assist in dissolving, neutralizing, or reducing the adhesion of contamination to PPE are very effective. Surfactants (soaps) are very effective agents for reducing adhesion forces between contaminants and PPE. Work Zones -Hot or Exclusion -Warm or Contamination Reduction -Cold or Support Hot Zone or Exclusion Zone: A medical monitoring program is required to assess and monitor worker's health and fitness both prior to employment and during the course of work. Pre-Employment Screening. Conducted prior to assignment to work. Determines an individual's fitness for duty, including ability to wear PPE. Establishes baseline data for comparison with future medical data. Process includes medical history questionnaire, physical exam, blood work, urinalysis, pulmonary function test, chest x-ray, EKG, eyes, and hearing. Annual Medical Exam. Scheduled annually. Same criteria as the pre-employment physical. Annual exam should be compared to baseline data or previous exam to determine any changes. Termination Exams. Conducted at the end of employment or upon reassignment to a different job not requiring monitoring. As Soon As Possible Exam upon notification by an employee that the employee has developed signs or systems indicating overexposure to a hazardous substance, or when the employee has been injured or exposed above the permissible exposure limits. At More Frequent Times Exam if the examing physician determines that an increased frequency of medical examinations is necessary. Buddy-System is there to o Provide a partner with assistance. o Observe your partner for signs of exposure. o Check your partner's PPE. o Notify help in an emergency. Contingency Plan a written document that sets forth policies and procedures for responding to site emergencies. Basic components of a contingency plan include the following: personnel, site preparations, medical program, equipment, emergency recognition and documentation. The contingency plan should be compatible and integrated with fire and emergency plans of local, state, and federal agencies. Common Causes of site emergencies o Minor accidents (slips, trips, falls) o Chemical exposure o Medical problems (heat stress) o PPE failure o Fire o Spill or leak o Release of toxic vapors o Reaction of incompatible chemicals Site Control o Establish work zones (Hot Zone, Warm Zone, Cold Zone) o Site Security (fencing, guards) o Secure gear & equipment o Protect workers and community from exposure to hazardous substances o Communication system o Safe work practices Confined space Entry OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.146 A Confined Space is: 1) It's size and shape allows a person to enter the space, AND 2) It has a limited means or restricted means of entry or exit (egress), AND 3) It is not designed for continuous human occupancy A Permit-Required Confined Space is: In addition to meeting definition of a confined space, a permit-required confined space has one or more of the following characteristics: - Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere, OR o Rescue should not be attempted unless all available equipment and personnel are present. Duties of Authorized Entrants · Know the space hazards, including information on the means of exposure such as inhalation or dermal absorption, signs of symptoms and consequences of exposure; · Use appropriate personal protective equipment properly; · Maintain communication with attendants as necessary to enable them to monitor the entrant's status and alert the entrant to evacuate when necessary; · Exit from the permit space as soon as possible when: ordered by the authorized attendant; he or she recognizes the warning signs or symptoms of exposure; a prohibited condition exists; or an automatic alarm is activated. · Alert the attendant when a prohibited condition exists or when warning signs or symptoms of exposure exist. Duties of Authorized Attendants · Remain outside the space during entry operations unless relieved by another authorized attendant. · Perform non-entry rescue when specified by the employer's rescue procedure; · Know existing and potential hazards, including information on the mode of exposure, sings or symptoms, consequences and physiological effects; · Maintain communication with and keep an accurate count of those workers entering the permit space; · Order evacuation of the permit space when: A prohibited condition exists; A worker shows signs of physiological effects of exposure; an emergency outside the space exists; ad the attendant cannot effectively and safely perform required duties. · Summon rescues ands other services during an emergency; · Ensure that unauthorized people stay away from the permit space or exit immediately if they have entered the space; · Inform authorized entrants and the entry supervisor if any unauthorized person enter the space; and · Perform no other duties that interfere with the attendants' primary duties. Duties of the Entry Supervisor · Know the space hazards including information on the mode of exposure, sings and symptoms and consequences; · Verify emergency plans and specified entry conditions such as permits, tests procedures and equipment before allowing entry; · Terminate entry and cancel permits when entry operations are complete or if a new condition exists; · Verify that rescue services are available and the means for summoning them are operable; · Take appropriate measures to remove unauthorized entrants; and · Ensure that entry operations remain consistent with the entry permit and that acceptable entry conditions are maintained. First Responder Awareness Level · Discover release · Recognize substance o Evacuation: It may be necessary to move people from a threatened area to a safe place. Action Plan: Identify and assign level of protection (PPE) o Specifically list which health & safety equipment is to be worn during the response. Action Plan: Spill clean up o Use of absorbent materials: Pads, pillows, socks, booms, speedy dry, vermiculite, etc. o Containerize spill clean up material. Lay down absorbents, sweep and shovel into drums or other container. Action Plan: Decontamination o Establish protocol and procedures at the beginning of the operation. o Set up empty drums to containerize contaminated PPE. o Set up rinse tubs with decontamination solutions. Action Plan: Debriefing o Critique the response o Record keeping Re-stock spill supplies