Partial preview of the text
Download Characteristics and Reproduction of Cellular Life: Bacteria and Eukaryotes and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Characteristics of Cellular Life
Metabolismobtaining energy from environment and
converting to cell materialsobtaining carbon and other
nutrients from the environmentand using energy to process
nutrients into new cellular material
TERM 2
What characteristics must bacteria have and
why?
DEFINITION 2
must be fast and efficientsuccess of turning into metabolising
being depends on how fast and efficient bacteria is
TERM 3
Basics of metabolism
DEFINITION 3
1.Flow of carbon2. fliow of electronsboth turn into ATP
TERM 4
How do cellular life typically
reproduce
DEFINITION 4
Typically by division of one cell into two (binary fission)
TERM 5
What is required for cellular life
reproduction?
DEFINITION 5
requires energy and nutrients (metabolism)information
decoding and coding functions (transcription and translation
of genes, replication of DNA)mechanical functions (synthesis
of cell structures)
Process of binary fission
grow, elongates, dividescell enlogates, septum formation,
completion of septum, formation of walls, cell seperates
TERM 7
Examples of bacteria differentation
DEFINITION 7
spore formationstalk formationsynthesis of polar
flagellaseperation of function/divison of labor
TERM 8
What is a spore?
DEFINITION 8
survival entity package dna into temporary pouch until the
environment is ready again for full functioning and
reproduction
TERM 9
What are the benefits of bacteria
differentiation
DEFINITION 9
baceteria able to sense and respond to informationbacteria
can detect an respond to changes in their local environment
TERM 10
Examples of different bacteria sensing
DEFINITION 10
sensing nutrient concentrations and moving towards higher
concentrations of a nutrient (chemotaxis)sensing light and
moving towards it (phototrophic bacteria)sensing population
density an changing w/ cellualr complement of proteins to
coe w/ new conditinos related to population density
What does bacteria sensing environment
involve?
Involves signals (from environment or self produced) and
responses to those signals (changes in motility, gene
expression)
TERM 12
What is the movement of bacteria like and
exmaples
DEFINITION 12
coordinated controlledchemotaxis- nutrientsphototaxis - light
TERM 13
What are the mechanisms of cell movement
DEFINITION 13
flagellar motility, gliding motility
TERM 14
What is rRNA
DEFINITION 14
Ribosomal RNA
TERM 15
What makes a ribosome?
DEFINITION 15
rRNA + ribosomal proteins = ribosome
What is the ribosome?
Site of protein syntehsis
TERM 17
What makes up the bacterial ribosome? How
large?
DEFINITION 17
2 subunitssmall - 16s rRNA (1500nt) + 21 proteins --> small
subunit (SSU) 30slarge -235 rRNA (2900 nt) + 5s rRNA(120 nt) -->
large subunit (LSU) 50s 30s +50s = ribosome (70s)nt= length in
nucleotides of the respective rRNAsmRNA is sandwiched btwn the
small and large subunits, and the ribosome catalyzes the
formation of a peptide bond btwn the two amino acids that are
contained in rRNA.
TERM 18
Why are SSU rRNA gene sequence useful for
evolutionary studies?
DEFINITION 18
1. Universally present in all cells (bactera + eukaryotic), orgs can
be compared across all lines of descent2. functionally conserved;
same func. in all orgs so same thing compared in all orgs3. SSU
gene- slowly evolving; sequence does not change fast over time so
good sep. obtained for distantly related orgs4. SSU gene- not too
long (23s) but not too short (5s) so sufficent sequence data to get
strongly supported tree
TERM 19
What are the three domains of life based on?
DEFINITION 19
SSU rRNA gene sequence
TERM 20
What are the two kinds of bacteria
DEFINITION 20
Bacteria and archaea
bacteria +archaea similar characteristics
(size, number of cells, structure, genome)
same kind of cell "body plan"small cellslack internal
membrane bound organelles (no mitochondria, golgi,
chloroplasts)unicellular - but many exist as filamentdouble
stranded DNA, usually one or two circular chromosomes
TERM 22
What are typical size of bacteria and archaea
DEFINITION 22
(.2 - 10 micro meters in length typically)
TERM 23
What are Bacteria + Archaea DNA
(chromosome) characterstics
DEFINITION 23
chromosome not enclosed in nuclear membrane
TERM 24
What is a nucleoid
DEFINITION 24
area in cell of high density of DNA, found in bacteria +
archaea
TERM 25
Differences between bacteria + archaea
DEFINITION 25
Evolutionary distinctalso often metabolically, physiologically
and ecologically different
What are the components of bacteria/archaea
(identify + label them)
Cytoplasm, Nucleoid, Ribosomes, plasmid, cytoplasmic
membrane, cell wallSee structure in notes
TERM 27
Examples of eukaryotes
DEFINITION 27
Protisits, fungi, algae, plants, animals
TERM 28
Characteristics of eukaryotes (size, number of
cells, structure, genome)
DEFINITION 28
large cells, 5 - 200 micrometers in diametermost are
unicellular, some are multicellularhave internal membrane
bound organelles (mitochondria, golgi, chloroplasts)DNA w/
membrane bound nucleus, multiple linear chromosomes
TERM 29
Examples of unicellular eukaryotes
DEFINITION 29
protists, yeasts, unicellular red algae, unicellular green algae
TERM 30
Examples of multicellular eukaryotes
DEFINITION 30
many fungi, many algae, plants, animals
Eukarya, diploid
Many eukarya are diploid, meaning they have two copies of
each gene
TERM 32
What are the components of bacteria/archaea
(identify + label them)
DEFINITION 32
Cytoplasm,Ribosomes,Nucleus, Nucleoulus, Nuclear
Membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplast, mitochondrion, golgi,
endoplasmic reticulum
TERM 33
Chimera
DEFINITION 33
Organism composed of parts of two or more different
organisms
TERM 34
What does the Chimeric nature of eukaryotic
cell mean
DEFINITION 34
eukaryotic cells have attributes of both bacteria and archaea
TERM 35
In what ways the eukaryotic cell chimeric and
which ones are they more similar to?
DEFINITION 35
SSU rRNA gene - more similar to archaea than
bacteriatranscription/ translation apparatus - many
similarities to archaealipids - ester-linked like bacteria
(archaea have ether linked lipids)energy metabolism - more
similar to bacteria(ATP producing pathways)
What did eukaryotes rise from?
fusion of bacteria + archaea
TERM 37
Viruses (size, number of cells, composition,
structure, functions, genome)
DEFINITION 37
viruses are non cellular livingvery small (10-10,
nm)composed of DNA or RNA surrounded by proteinno cell
wall, no cell membrane, no organellesnot able to carry out
cellular functions independentlydependent on host cell for
energy, nutrients, reproduction
TERM 38
Abundancy of viruses
DEFINITION 38
For every one bacteria approximately 10 diff. viruses
TERM 39
What information and data can we use to look
back in time to begin piecing together history
of life on earth?
DEFINITION 39
Phylogenetic info + chemical and geolgical data from ancient
rocks and fossil record
TERM 40
Timeline of microbial metabolsim
DEFINITION 40
first cells - anaerobic autotrophs and methanogenslater -
anoxygenic photosynthesis, does not release oxygen as a
waste productand later - oxygenic photosynthesis, releases
oxygen as a waste product
How did the first cells obtain energy?
Energy from H2, carbon from CO
TERM 42
Timeline of evolution (when first bacteria,
eukaryotes, humans)
DEFINITION 42
first bacteria ~ 4 Billion years agofirst eukaryotes ~2 Billion
years agoFirst humans ~150,000 years ago
