A & P 2 Straighterline Final Exam -with 100% verified solutions- 2024-2025.docx, Exams of Nursing

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A & P 2 Straighterline Final Exam -with 100% verified solutions-

2024-

When erythrocytes are destroyed, which of the following events occurs? The globin portion of the molecule is broken down into amino acids. Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on the red cells In the platelet release reaction, ADP and thromboxanes stimulate other platelets to become activated. The hematocrit is d. the percentage of RBCs in a given volume of blood. What vitamin is necessary to produce many clotting factors in the liver? Vitamin K A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of blood functioning in a. protection. The oxygenated form of hemoglobin is called oxyhemoglobin The only formed elements that possess a nucleus when mature are the c. leukocytes Plasma

. is the liquid matrix of the blood. An increased amount of heparin in the blood might . prevent clotting process. On which chromosome is there a mutation that leads to sickle cell anemia? b. chromosome 11

Blood consists of a matrix of plasma and cells; blood is a subtype of tissue. e. connective The ability of white blood cells to leave the circulation and enter tissues is called b. diapedesis. The nervous system and certain chemicals can cause the constriction of a blood vessel. This is known as b. vascular spasm The cascade of events in the intrinsic pathway can be set into motion when comes into contact with collagen. factor XII If a blood buffer is absent, what function of the blood would be compromised? regulation of pH What is tissue thromboplastin? A compound released by damaged tissue that initiates the extrinsic clotting pathway A deficiency of which of the following stem cells would result in a marked increase in the clotting time of blood? megakaryoblast Macrophages are derived from monocytes Which of the following events is one of the three main stages of coagulation? conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin The "pacemaker" of the heart is the SA node Where is blood moving during the period of ejection? Ventricles to great vessels

The adult heart averages grams. 250- The epicardium covers the surface of the heart. Energy for contraction of myocardial cells comes primarily from aerobic respiration in the mitochondria What event(s) occur during the QRS complex of an ECG? depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization of the atria The relationship between preload and stroke volume is known as Starling Law of the heart. Cardiac muscle cells are maintained by an extensive capillary network. During the isovolumetric contraction period of the cardiac cycle, AV and semilunar valves are closed. Pressure in the right ventricle must exceed pressure in the before the right ventricle can eject blood. pulmonary trunk In the cardiac cycle, all four chambers of the heart are in diastole at the same time. What cardiac arrhythmia will have no QRS complex as a symptom? ventricular fibrillation Which of the following is administered to the people suffering from myocardial infarction following onset of symptoms? Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

Which of the following might increase the risk for cardiovascular disease? chronic stress Aortic stenosis results from a narrowed opening through the aortic valve An incompetent pulmonary semilunar valve could result in less blood reaching the lungs A patient has been diagnosed with mild heart disease. Tests show that some of the coronary arteries are partially occluded. Which of the following is the best course of action to treat the disease? Angioplasty Angina pectoris is chest pain caused by reduced blood supply to cardiac muscle. Coronary artery disease can diminish myocardial blood flow resulting in the death of myocardial cells. This condition is known as a myocardial infarction What abnormal heart rhythm could be caused by an elevated body temperature, excessive sympathetic stimulation, or toxic conditions? tachycardia Which type of vessel has the greatest compliance? veins Which of the following thoracic organs is supplied by a parietal branch of the thoracic aorta? the intercostal muscles Increased pressure in the aortic arch will activate the aortic arch reflex and cause increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. According to Poiseuille's law, if resistance increases, flow decreases

The vein that ascends along the medial side of the lower limb to the femoral vein is the saphenous vein and the vein that ascends along the posterior aspect of the leg to the popliteal vein is the saphenous vein. great; small If someone has a blood pressure reading of 110/70 mm Hg, their pulse pressure would be 40 mm Hg. What is the most important means by which capillary exchange occurs? diffusion Which of the following statements about laminar blood flow is true? The outermost layer of blood experiences the greatest resistance to flow. In capillary exchange, which of the following statements is true? Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary reenters the venous end of a capillary. The exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of capillaries. Resistance to blood flow is greatest in arterioles The major types of veins are , , and. superficial veins, deep veins, and sinuses What are vasa vasorum? Blood vessels that nourish the tunica adventitia and tunica media. Which statement is CORRECT? Veins contain valves and arteries do not. Which of the following functions is associated with vessels that carry blood directly from arterioles to veins without passing through capillaries?

thermoregulation Which of the following organs would be most likely to contain fenestrated capillaries? kidney Case study: Dale Fremore was back home after spending the day at a picnic where he ate some "spoiled" potato salad. He developed severe abdominal pain and cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. After about ten to twelve episodes of water diarrhea, Mr. Fremore became so pale and weak he could hardly walk. His wife took him to the hospital where he was diagnosed with severe dehydration (decreased plasma volume). Mr. Fremore was suffering from shock. The body has several mechanisms that can come into play to try to maintain blood pressure and blood flow when a person goes into shock. Compensatory shock is characterized by a narrowed pulse pressure. Which of the following blood pressure readings is an example of a narrowed pulse pressure?

. 92/ Case study: Dale Fremore was back home after spending the day at a picnic where he ate some "spoiled" potato salad. He developed severe abdominal pain and cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. After about ten to twelve episodes of water diarrhea, Mr. Fremore became so pale and weak he could hardly walk. His wife took him to the hospital where he was diagnosed with severe dehydration (decreased plasma volume). Mr. Fremore was suffering from shock. The body has several mechanisms that can come into play to try to maintain blood pressure and blood flow when a person goes into shock. Urine output usually decreases when a person is in shock. This is the result of increased renin secretion. In response to circulatory shock, the renin-angiotensin mechanism is activated. In which of the following would you detect a weak pulse? hemorrhagic shock Which of the following organs does NOT contain lymphatic tissue?

liver Lymph capillaries are found in the dermis Nonencapsulated lymphatic tissue called MALT includes all of the following except: lymph nodes. The white pulp of the spleen contains lymphocytes that can stimulate an immune response. Describe the wall of lymphatic capillaries. Thin-walled, with overlapping squamous cells Lymph nodules are located in the loose connective tissue of the digestive system. Lymph exits a lymph node via the efferent lymphatic vessels. The spleen

. filters damaged red blood cells from the blood. The palatine tonsils are located at the junction of the oral cavity and pharynx. Lymph movement is assisted by contraction of skeletal muscle, contraction of smooth muscle in lymph vessel, pressure changes in the thorax during respiration, and compression of lymphatic vessels. What structural feature of lymphatic vessels is responsible to forward movement of lymph? valves Structurally, lymph vessels are most similar to veins

Bacteria and debris are actively removed from the lymph by in the sinuses of lymph nodes. macrophages What is the function of thymosin? maturation of T cells Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system? Aiding in erythropoiesis of red blood cells. The lymphatic system is involved in lipid absorption from the digestive tract Lymphatic tissue contains an interlaced network of reticular fibers that functions to trap microorganisms. Tonsils provide protection against bacteria entering the oral and nasal cavities. The lymphatic system plays a role in maintaining fluid balance within the body by returning interstitial fluid to the plasma. The lymphatic system differs from the cardiovascular system in that the lymphatic system only carries fluid away from tissues. Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymphatic organ? thymus gland A small molecule that can cause an allergic reaction is a/an hapten. The secondary or memory response provides better protection than the primary response. Lymphocyte activation can occur in several ways. However, in all cases

lymphocytes must recognize an antigen. Circulatory changes that occur in inflammation include increased vascular permeability Transfusing a person with plasma proteins from a person or an animal that has been actively immunized against a specific antigen provides passive immunity Which of the following might occur after a helper T cell is presented with a processed antigen and costimulated? Helper T cells release interleukins that stimulate B cells to clone. Several days after an initial contact with an antigen, antibody blood levels increases. This is a primary response Which of the following cytokines is mismatched? lymphotoxin - costimulator of T cells Antibodies have a variable region that binds to a specific antigenic determinant. In a patient experiencing a parasitic worm infection, which of the following immune cells will greatly increase in number? eosinophils The intense inflammatory response seen in poison ivy is due to activity of the delayed hypersensitivity cells. Which of the following is NOT an aging effect of the lymphatic system and immunity? Fluid removal by the lymphatic capillaries is reduced. The HIV virus infects helper T cells. An abnormal, exaggerated response of the immune system is called

hypersensitivity Which of the following is false? There is currently only one cure for AIDS - AZT. Several research groups are working on vaccines that will be effective against the AIDS virus. When a successful vaccine is produced, it is likely to be injected to produce active artificial immunity. In immunodeficiency diseases, inadequate B and/or T cell formation may occur. The largest of the laryngeal cartilages is the thyroid cartilage What is the function of the nasal conchae? increases turbulence and surface area for cleaning, warming and moisturizing the air