Conjunctions & Linking Words Seminar: Understanding Usage in Different Contexts, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Medicine

Download Conjunctions & Linking Words Seminar: Understanding Usage in Different Contexts and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Medicine in PDF only on Docsity! 1 SEMINAR 9 Conjunctions and Linking Words 1. Reasons Because (of), as, since, due to, owing to The company website failed because visitors found it too difficult to navigate. The first fire occurred on a weekend. As/Since the office was empty at the time, there were no injuries. The car was recalled because of a design fault in its braking system. Owing to/Due to the recession, most retailers have recorded a sharp downturn in quarterly profits. 2. Results As a result, consequently, therefore, thus, hence The government was hoping that listeners would switch from analogue to digital radio well in advance of the deadline of 2012. As a result/Consequently/Therefore/Thus/Hence, a series of advertisements were planned to highlight the advantages of digital transmission. Sales rapidly declined and as a result/consequently/therefore Bailey Brothers were forced to close their factories. Sales rapidly declined. Thus/Hence, Bailey Brothers were forced to close their factories. 3. Contrast Although, even though, though Although/Even though the company has expanded, it hasn’t yet increased its profit margin. Our staff is having difficulty with the new computer program, although/even though they have received extensive training. 2 Though I’m enjoying my course, it’s hard work. I’m enjoying my course, though it’s hard work. I’m enjoying my course. It’s hard work, though. In spite of, despite Despite/In spite of the evidence presented by expert scientists, some commentators still question the existence of global warming. However, while/whereas The UK has certainly built more roads. However, it is the train system that has a greater need for new investment. While/Whereas NATO was created as an alliance against Communist power, the UN was established to keep the peace between nations. 4. Additional information In addition, besides, moreover, furthermore Learners of second languages often have to fit classes around their full-time jobs. In addition/Besides/Moreover/Furthermore, they may be required to show evidence of their progress by taking exams. Task 1: Join the sentences with a suitable conjunction. There may be more than one possible answer for each sentence. 1. I went to bed early. I would be able to get up early to study for the test. 2. It’s an excellent course. I’m very lucky to get a place on it. 3. I don’t really want to go to the cinema tonight. I must prepare a paper for tomorrow’s class. 4. There is very little that the company can do about this. It is not their responsibility. 5. I’ve known her for a long time. I don’t know much about her research. 6. She’s extremely generous. Her colleague is the exact opposite. 7. I didn’t say that. I didn’t even think it. 8. The suspect is critically ill in hospital. We can’t interview him for the time being. 9. I like working here. The people are very friendly. 5 B) The choice is apparent: either the two partners demarcate the sides of the business entirely ((5) __________ one deals with suppliers and the other with customers), or they find ways of sharing more than the minimum of information. When a micro-enterprise hires its first employee, the lines of communication triple: (6) __________ what previously existed, we must factor in A to C, C to A, and also B to C and C to B. 5. a) at first b) e.g. c) at last d) in order to 6. a) in addition to b) also c) but also d) afterwards C) Some householders with ample storage space choose to bulk-buy their food from out-of-town superstores. Once the costs of driving there and back are taken into consideration, (7) __________, it is not clear that this represents a real savings. 7. a) moreover b) as well as c) even though d) though D) (8) __________ American companies strip-mine parts of their own country, they are subject to criticism and protest. The protesters, (9) __________, are not in the main calling for the overthrow of the capitalist system – even the terminology seems dated. Instead, they are attacking one company or one industry, and trusting to the legal system and public opinion to help win their case. 8. a) In the meantime b) Whenever c) At the same time d) Subsequently 9. a) on the other hand b) while c) however d) whereas E) It is necessary to have watertight proof of wrong-doing (10) __________ firing a staff member for gross misconduct such as theft, or their dismissal could (11) __________ be deemed unfair by an industrial tribunal. There also remains the issue of error; if it turns out that the employee was not, after all, involved in the theft, then the employer has lost a valuable employee for nothing. (12) __________, there is the bad PR that such a move may generate. 10. a) as soon as b) while c) before d) after 11. a) meanwhile b) in the meantime d) on the other hand d) subsequently 12. a) Next b) At last c) Finally d) Apparently F) (13) __________ multinational agribusiness is thriving, it is difficult for family farmers to survive. Government subsidy goes to big producers with clout; lobbyists for meat and dairy ensure that their industries do well, (14) __________ orchards continue to be dug up and heritage lost. However, there 6 are tendencies working against this centralization, (15) __________ the Slow Food campaign, and the movements for organic produce and free-range animal products, for traceability and provenance, for farmers’ markets, and for locally-grown food. 13) a) On the one hand b) Even though c) But d) Despite 14) a) nevertheless b) whereas c) in spite of d) despite 15) a) that is to say b) namely c) as well d) such as Task 5: Underline the correct alternative. 1. Your essay is badly organized and full of spelling mistakes. Though/Nevertheless, it contains some very interesting ideas. 2. To the east the trees were left standing, while/in contrast to the west they were cut down. 3. I felt guilty about leaving the company even so/even though I knew I had made the right decision. 4. The course taught me a lot about English grammar. Even though/Even so, there is still a lot I need to learn. 5. Herbs are usually grown in temperate climates, whereas/on the other hand spices are mainly from tropical areas. 6. She wrote the questions on the blackboard while/at the same time the students copied them into their books. 7. Modern farming methods have destroyed the habitat of many birds. As a result/So that their numbers are in decline. Task 6: For Discussion and / or Writing 1. Where do you think is the best place in the world for a vacation? 2. Which approach to resolving interpersonal conflicts do you think is usually better, direct verbal confrontation or indirect methods, such as communicating through a mutual friend? 3. Do you think all students should be required to take music and art classes? 4. Government subsidies are often controversial. Do you think it is appropriate for governments to tax citizens in order to provide subsidies for artists, for small businesses that are just getting started, or for large corporations that provide many jobs? Pick one area and explain why you think subsidies in the area are or are not appropriate. 7 Task 7: Fill in the gaps with one of the suggested options (a, b, c or d) Owning a car has several advantages. (1) ___________ you can go wherever you want, whenever you want. You don’t have to depend on public transport and (2) __________ you feel more independent. (3) __________ you are able to give lifts to friends, carry heavy leads of shopping. (4) __________, there can be some problems, especially if you live in a city. Running a car can be expensive, and you have to spend money on items (5) __________ petrol and servicing the car. You might also have problems with parking, as everywhere is becoming more and more crowded with cars. (6) __________, most people feel that the advantages of owning a car outweigh the disadvantages. (7) __________ most young people of my age start driving as soon as they can. (8) __________, I think that cars nowadays have become essential but I also feel that they cause a lot of problems, (9) __________ they are noisy and dirty. (10) __________, the large number of cars on the road means that most towns and cities are organized for the convenience of cars, and the needs of pedestrians are ignored. 1. a) first of all b) as a result c) personally d) besides this 2. a) however b) personally c) since d) as a result 3. a) in contrast b) in my view c) besides this d) however 4. a) on the other hand b) to sum up c) thus d) for example 5. a) as b) such as c) owing to d) then 6. a) finally b) secondly c) however d) as 7. a) for b) next c) as well as this d) consequently 8. a) for example b) personally c) nevertheless d) in comparison 9. a) for example b) however c) therefore d) since 10. a) as a result b) moreover c) personally d) in comparison http://www.nigde.edu.tr/ckfinder_portal/userfiles/files/2010-2011_proficiency_exam_full(3).pdf. Task 8: Match the beginning of each sentence with the correct ending. 1. After the first antibiotic compound proved effective at treating a human illness, 2. The discovery and development of these drugs took place 3. In addition to funding new weapons technology, 4. As a result, when war broke out, army doctors were able to use antibiotics to treat battlefield injuries, 5. Penicillin, for instance, was widely used,