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A Brief History of India - Book Summary - Indian History - Judith Walsh - PART VI, Summaries of Indian History

After a legal judgment in the Shah Bano case antagonizes conservative Muslims, Gandhi’s government passes a bill making sharia practices the law for Indian Muslims

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people and injuring tens of thousands more Kanshi Ram founds the Bahujan Samaj Party to organize low castes and Dalits (Untouch- ables) as a political majority 1985 After a legal judgment in the Shah Bano case antagonizes conservative Muslims, Gandhi’s government passes a bill making sharia practices the law for Indian Muslims 1986 As the number of dowry deaths increases, government makes such deaths a special category of crime to facilitate prosecution 1987 V. P. Singh exposes the Bofors scandal in the Gandhi government and is expelled from the Congress Party; Singh founds an opposition party, the Janata Dal 1987–90 Indian army unsuccessfully fights the Tamil Tiger guerrilla movement in Sri Lanka 1989 Singh’s Janata Dal and National Front defeat Congress; the front forms a coalition govern- ment with support from the BJP; Singh becomes prime minister. 1990 Singh government’s decision to implement the Mandal Report recommendations produces upper-caste protests and student suicides VHP announces that construction of its Rama temple in Ayodhya will begin in October; BJP leader L. K. Advani begins a party procession from Gujarat in support of the campaign; Prime Minister Singh orders Advani’s arrest in Bihar, and the BJP withdraws from Singh’s government

India at the Turn of the Century

1991 Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated in Tamil Nadu by a member of the Sri Lankan Tamil Tigers Congress wins enough votes in the elections to form a coalition government with Nara- simha Rao as prime minister Rao’s finance minister, Manmohan Singh, implements a strict economic program to open India’s economy to global markets

APPENDIX 2

1992 VHP volunteers break into the Babri Masjid grounds in Ayodhya and destroy the mosque; communal rioting breaks out across northern India; Prime Minister Rao arrests major Hindu nationalists and temporarily bans the RSS, VHP, and Bajrang Dal from further activity Samajwadi Party is founded to organize Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh 1996 Elections give the BJP a plurality, but the party is unable to form a coalition government; coalition of small parties forms government, first with Deve Gowda and then with Inder Kumar Gujral as prime minister Bahujan Samaj Party forms a brief coalition government in Uttar Pradesh Phoolan Devi wins election to Uttar Pradesh seat as Samajwadi Party candidate 1998 BJP succeeds in forming a coalition government by abandoning key elements of its Hindutva (Hindu nationalist) agenda 1998–99 More than 100 violent attacks are made against Christians in the tribal areas of several states and in Orissa Tensions worsen between India and Pakistan as both countries explode nuclear devices and as Muslims in India-controlled Kashmir increase their attacks 1999 BJP emerges from a new national election at the head of a stronger coalition government 2000 Dowry deaths are now estimated to number 5,000 per year according to UNICEF 2001–02 Pakistan-based militants attack the Red Fort in New Delhi, killing three people; armed terrorists attack the Parliament complex killing eight people 2002 As VHP celebrates 10-year anniversary of Ayodhya movement, Muslims kill 58 Hindu nationalist volunteers on a train in Godhra,

A BRIEF HISTORY OF INDIA

APPENDIX 3

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Stark, Herbert. India under Company and Crown. 4th ed. Calcutta: Macmillan, 1921. Steel, F. A., and G. Gardiner. The Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook; Giving the Duties of Mistress and Servants, the General Management of the House and Practical Recipes for Cooking in All Its Branches. 4th ed. London: W. Heinemann, 1902. Stein, Burton. Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India. Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. ———. A History of India. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. Sundar, Nandini. “Caste as Census Category: Implications for Sociology.” Current Sociology 48 (2000): 111–126. Available online. URL: http://csi.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/48/3/111.pdf. Downloaded September 29, 2004. Tandon, Prakash. Punjabi Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968. Tewari, Jyotsna. “Sabarmati to Dandi: Speech at Dabhan.” Raj Pub- lications, 1995. Available online. URL: http://www.mkgandhi. org/Civil%20Disobedience/civil_dis.htm. Downloaded August 2,

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Thapar, Romila. Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas. London: Oxford University Press, 1961. ———. Early India: From the Origins to A.D. 1300. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. ———. “Somanatha and Mahmud.” Frontline 16, no. 8 (April 10–23, 1999). Available online. URL: http://www.flonnet.com/fl1608/16081210. htm. Downloaded July 26, 2005. Thompson, Edward. Suttee. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1928. Thompson, E. W. A History of India for High Schools and Colleges. Madras: Christian Literature Society, 1908. Tomlinson, B. R. The Economy of Modern India, 1860–1970. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Topinard, Paul. Éléments d’anthropologie générale. Paris: A. Delahaya et É. Lecrosnier, 1885. Trautmann, Thomas R. Aryans and British India. New Delhi: Vistaar,

A BRIEF HISTORY OF INDIA

———. Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1962. Wright, Theodore. “Muslims in South Asia.” In Encyclopedia of the World’s Minorities. Ed. Carl Skutsch. New York: Routledge, 2005, 873–877. Zora, Parwini, and Daniel Woreck. “The BJP’s ‘India Shining’ Campaign: Myth and Reality.” World Socialist Web Site. May 7, 2004. Available online. URL: http://www.wsws.org/articles/testdir/may2004/ind-m07. shtml. Downloaded September 26, 2004.

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APPENDIX 4

Suggested Reading

Surveys and Anthologies

Bose, Sugata, and Ayesha Jalal. Modern South Asia. London and New York: Routlege, 1998. Brown, Judith M. Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy. 2d ed. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Embree, Ainslie T., ed. Sources of Indian Tradition. Vol. 1: From the Beginning to 1800. Ed. Wm. Theodore De Bary. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988. Guha, Ranajit, ed. A Subaltern Studies Reader, 1986–1995. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. Hay, Stephen, ed. Sources of Indian Tradition. Vol. 2: Modern India and Pakistan. 2d ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988. Johnson, Gordon, ed. The New Cambridge History of India. 7 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Keay, John. India, a History. New York: Grove Press, 2000. Ludden, David. India and South Asia. Oxford: Oneworld Publications,

McLeod, John. The History of India. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press,

Metcalf, Barbara D., and Thomas R. Metcalf. A Concise History of India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Mines, Diane P., and Sarah Lamb. Everyday Life in South Asia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002. Sarkar, Sumit. Modern India 1885–1947. Madras: Macmillan India,

Smith, Vincent A. The Oxford History of India. 3d ed. Ed. Percival Spear. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958. Stein, Burton. A History of India. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. Tharu, Susie, and K. Lalita, eds. Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the Early 20th Century. 2 vols. New York: Feminist Press, 1991.

Basham, A. L. The Wonder That Was India. London: Sidgwick & Jackson,

The Bhagavad-Gita: Krishna’s Counsel in Time of War. Trans. Barbara Stoler Miller. New York: Bantam Books, 1991. De Bary, Wm. Theodore. Buddhist Tradition: In India, China and Japan. New York: Vintage Books, 1990. Dundas, Paul. The Jains. London: Routledge, 2002. Embree, Ainslie T. The Hindu Tradition. New York: Random House,

Harvey, Peter. An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History, and Practices. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,

The Laws of Manu. Trans. Wendy Doniger and Brian K. Smith. London: Penguin, 1991. O’Flaherty, Wendy, ed. Hindu Myths. London: Penguin, 1975. O’Flaherty, Wendy Doniger, ed. Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. The Rig Veda. Trans. Wendy Doniger O’Flaherty. London: Penguin Books, 1981. Thapar, Romila. Early India: From the Origins to A.D. 1300. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. Upanishads. Trans. Patrick Olivelle. New York: Oxford University Press,

Zimmer, Heinrich Robert, and Joseph Campbell. Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1972.

Turks, Afghans, and Mughals

Alam, Muzaffar, and Sanjay Subrahmanyam. The Mughal State, 1526–1750. Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Alberuni, Muhammad Ibn Ahmad. Alberuni’s India. Abridged ed. Ed. Ainslie T. Embree. New York: Norton, 1971. Bayly, Susan. Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

Dunn, Ross E. The Adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century. London: Croom Helm, 1986. Eaton, Richard M. The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993. Gordon, Stewart. The Marathas 1600–1818. New York: Cambridge University, 1993.

APPENDIX 4

Grewal, J. S. The Sikhs of the Punjab. Rev. ed. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Hardy, Peter. Historians of Medieval India. 1st ed. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1997. Hawley, John Stratton, and Mark Juergensmeyer. Songs of the Saints of India. Rev. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Jackson, Peter A. The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Richards, John F. The Mughal Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Spear, Percival. The Nabobs: A Study of the Social Life of the English in Eighteenth Century India. London: Oxford University Press, 1963. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, ed. Money and the Market in India, 1100–1700. Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Thackston, Wheeler M., ed. The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. New York: Modern Library, 2002. Thapar, Romila. “Somanatha and Mahmud.” Frontline 16, no. 8 (1999). Available online. URL: http://www.flonnet.com/fl1608/16081210.htm. Downloaded January 23, 2004.

The Jewel in the Crown

Allen, Charles, and Michael Mason. Plain Tales from the Raj: Images of British India in the Twentieth Century. London: Macdonald Futura, 1976. Bayly, C. A. Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Cohn, Bernard. Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996. Dalrymple, William. White Mughals: Love and Betrayal in Eighteenth- Century India. Hammersmith and London: HarperCollins, 2002. Dirks, Nicholas B. “Castes of Mind.” Representations 37 (Winter 1992): 56–78. Embree, Ainslie T., ed. 1857 in India: Mutiny or War of Independence? Boston: D. C. Heath, 1963. Kincaid, Dennis. British Social Life in India, 1608–1937. Newton Abbot, U.K.: Readers Union, 1974. Kopf, David. British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance; the Dynamics of Indian Modernization, 1773–1835. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969. Macaulay, Thomas Babington. “Macaulay’s Minute on Education, February 2, 1835.” Project South Asia. Available online. URL:

A BRIEF HISTORY OF INDIA