A History of India - Book Summary - Indian History - Hermann Rothermund - PART VI, Summaries of Indian History

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3 Shatapatha Brahmana, 1, 3, 2, 15. 4 Maitrayani Samhita, 1, 8, 3; see also W.Rau, Töpferei und Tongeschirr im vedischen Indien (Wiesbaden, 1972), p. 69.

CHAPTER 2: THE GREAT ANCIENT EMPIRES

The rise of the Gangetic culture and the great empires of the east

H.Bechert (ed.), When Did the Buddha Live? The Controversy on the Dating of the Historical Buddha (Delhi, 1995) G.Bongard-Levin, Mauryan India (New Delhi, 1985) S.Chattopadhyaya, The Achaemenids and India (2nd edn, Delhi, 1974) P.H.L.Eggermont, The Chronology of the Reign of Asoka Moriya (Leiden, 1956) R.Fick, Social Organisation of Northeastern India in Buddha’s Time (Calcutta,

G.Fussman, ‘Central and Provincial Administration in Ancient India: The Problem of the Mauryan Empire’, Indian Historical Review, vol. 14, 1987/88, pp. 43– E.Hultzsch, Inscriptions of Asoka, vol. I of Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum (Oxford, 1925) M.Lal, Settlement History and Rise of Civilization in Ganga-Yamuna Doab, from 1500 BC to AD 300 (Delhi, 1984) J.W.McCrindle, Ancient India as Described by Megasthenes and Arrian (Calcutta/ London, 1877) R.C.Majumdar, Classical Accounts of India (Calcutta, 1960) B.N.Mukherjee, Studies in the Aramaic Edicts of Asoka (Calcutta, 1984) T.N.Roy, The Ganges Civilization: A Critical Archaeological Study of the Painted Grey Ware and Northern Black Polished Ware Periods of the Ganga Plains of India (New Delhi, 1983) T.K.Sarma and J.V.Rao, Early Brahmi Inscription from Sannati (New Delhi, 1992) K.A.Nilakanta Sastri (ed.), Age of the Nandas and Mauryas (Benares, 1952) U.Schneider, Die großen Felsen-Edikte Ashokas: Kritische Ausgabe, Übersetzung und Analyse der Texte (Wiesbaden, 1978) D.C.Sircar, Ashokan Studies (Calcutta, 1979) R.Thapar, Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas (London, 1961) R.Thapar, The Mauryas Revisited (Calcutta, 1987)

Urbanisation of the Ganges valley

F.R.Allchin, The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States (Cambridge, 1995) I.Banga (ed.), The City in Indian History (Delhi, 1994) D.K.Chakravarti, Ancient Indian Cities (Delhi, 1995) G.Erdosy, Urbanisation in Early Historic India (Oxford, 1988) A.Ghosh, The City in Early Historical India (Simla, 1973) H.Härtel, ‘Archaeological Research on Ancient Buddhist Sites’, The Dating of the Historical Buddha, ed. by H.Bechert, vol. 1 (Göttingen, 1991), pp. 61– 89 D.Schlingloff, Die altindische Stadt (Wiesbaden, 1970) V.K.Thakur, Urbanisation in Ancient India (New Delhi, 1981)

Arthashastra of Kautalya

R.P.Kangle, The Kautiliya Arthashastra, 3 vols (Bombay, 1960–65) H.Scharfe, Untersuchungen zur Staatslehre des Kautalya (Wiesbaden, 1968) T.R.Trautmann, Kautilya and the Arthashastra (Leiden, 1971)

Notes (pp. 47–63)

1 Maitrayani Samhita. 4, 7, 9 (W.Rau, Staat und Gesellschaft, p. 13). 2 Jaiminiya-Brahmana, 3, 146 (W.Rau, ibid., p. 14). 3 Katakam, 26, 2 (W.Rau, ibid, p. 13). 4 Shatapatha-Brahmana, 1, 4, 1, 14–16. 5 Ashoka’s inscriptions are quoted from E.Hultzsch, Inscriptions of Asoka.

The end of the Maurya empire and the northern invaders

G.Fussman, ‘Documents, epigraphiques Kouchans’, Bulletin de l’Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient, vol. 61, 1974, pp. 1– H.Härtel, Excavations at Sonkh: 2500 Years of a Town in Mathura District (Berlin, 1993) K.Karttunen, India in Early Greek Literature (Helsinki, 1989) B.L.Lahiri, Indigenous States of Northern India (circa 200 BC to AD 320) (Calcutta, 1974) J.E.van Lohuizen-de Leeuw, The ‘Scythian’ Period (Leiden, 1949) B.N.Mukherjee, The Rise and Fall of the Kushana Empire (Calcutta, 1988) A.K.Narain, The Indo-Greeks (Oxford, 1957) K.A.Nilakanta Sastri (ed.), Mauryas and Satavahanas, 325 BC-AD 300, vol. 2 of Comprehensive History of India (Bombay, 1956) W.W.Tarn, The Greeks in Baktria and India (2nd edn, Cambridge, 1951)

Notes (pp. 67–79)

1 R.C.Majumdar, Classical Accounts of India (Delhi, 1960), p. 286. 2 H.Jacobi, ‘Das Kalakacarya-Kathanakam’, ZdMG, vol. 34, 1880, pp. 247–318. 3 For further details of the Kanishka era and Kushana chronology, see B.N.Puri, Kushana Bibliography (Calcutta, 1977); G.Fussman, ‘Chronique des études kouchanes’, Journal asiatique, vol. 266, 1978, pp. 419–36; G.Fussman, ‘Ere d’Eucratides, ère d’Azes, ère Vikrama, ère de Kanishka’, Bulletin de l’Ecole Française d’Extrême Orient, 1980, pp. 1–45. 4 F.Kielhorn, ‘Junagadh Inscription of Rudradaman’, Epigraphia Indica, vol. 8, 1905, pp. 36–49.

The classical age of the Guptas

A.Agrawal, Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas (Delhi, 1989) BC.Chhabra et al. (eds.), Reappraising Gupta History for S. R.Goyal (New Delhi,

S.R.Goyal, A History of the Imperial Guptas (Allahabad, 1967) P.L.Gupta, The Imperial Guptas, 2 vols (Varanasi, 1974–9)

CHAPTER 3: THE REGIONAL KINGDOMS OF EARLY

MEDIEVAL INDIA

The rise and conflicts of regional kingdoms

B.D.Chattopadhyaya, The Making of Early Medieval India (Delhi, 1994) H.Kulke (ed.), The State in India 1000–1700 (New Delhi, 1995) R.C.Majumdar, Ancient India (6th edn, Delhi, 1971)

North India

P.Bhatia, The Paramaras (c. AD 800–1305) (Delhi, 1970) B.D.Chattopadhyaya, ‘Origins of the Rajputs: The Political, Economic and Social Processes in Early Medieval Rajasthan’, Indian Historical Review, vol. 3, 1976, pp. 59– D.Devahuti, Harsha: A Political Study (London, 1970; 2nd edn, Delhi, 1983) B.N.Puri, The History of the Gurjara-Pratiharas (Delhi, 1958) H.C.Ray, The Dynastic History of Northern India, Early and Medieval Period, 2 vols (Calcutta, 1931–6) D.R.Sharma, Rajasthan through the Ages (Bikaner, 1966)

East India

G.Berkemer, Little Kingdoms in Kalinga: Ideologie, Legitimation und Politik regionaler Eliten (Stuttgart, 1993) Swapna Bhattacharya, Landschenkungen und staatliche Entwicklung im frühmittelalterlichen Bengalen (5. bis 13. Jh. n. Chr.) (Wiesbaden, 1984) D.K.Chakravarti, Ancient Bangladesh: A Study of Archaeological Sources (Delhi,

R.C.Majumdar (ed.), The History of Bengal, vol. 1: Hindu Period (2nd edn, Patna,

B.M.Morrison, Political Centers and Cultural Regions in Early Bengal (Arizona,

S.K.Panda, The State and Statecraft in Medieval Orissa under the Later Eastern Ganges (AD 1038–1434) (Calcutta, 1995) K.C.Panigrahi, History of Orissa (Hindu Period) (Cuttack, 1981)

Central and South India

M.Abraham, Two Merchant Guilds of South India (New Delhi, 1988) A.S.Altekar, Rashtrakutas and their Times (2nd edn, Poona, 1967) J.D.M.Derrett, The Hoysalas: A Medieval Indian Royal Family (Madras, 1957) K.R.Hall, Trade and Statecraft in the Age of the Colas (New Delhi, 1980) N.Karashima, South Indian History and Society: Studies from Inscriptions AD 850–1800 (Delhi, 1984) K.A.Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagara (Madras, 1955) K.A.Nilakanta Sastri, The Colas (2nd edn, Madras, 1955) G.W.Spencer, The Politics of Expansion: The Chola Conquest of Sri Lanka and Sri Vijaya (Madras, 1983) B.Stein, Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India (New Delhi, 1980)

Notes (pp. 104–20)

1 Hsiuen-tsang (trans. S.Beal), Buddhist Record of the Western World, vol. 2 (London, 1906), p. 256. 2 F.Kielhorn, ‘Inscription of Pulakeshin II’, Epigraphia Indica , vol. 6, 1900, pp. 1–12. 3 R.G.Bhandarkar, ‘Karhad Inscription of Krishna III Saka-Samvat 88’, Epigraphia Indica, vol. 4, 1896, p. 278. 4 Translated by K.A.Nilakanta Sastri, ‘A Tamil Merchant Guild in Sumatra’, Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, vol. 72, 1932, pp. 321–5.

Kings, princes and priests: the structure of Hindu realms

B.D.Chattopadhyaya, Aspects of Rural Settlements and Rural Society in Early Medieval India (Calcutta, 1990) L.Gopal, ‘Samanta—Its Varying Significance in Ancient India’, Journal of theRoyal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland , 1963, pp. 21– D.N.Jha (ed.), Feudal Social Formation in Early India (Delhi, 1987) H.Kulke, Jagannatha-Kult und Gajapati-Königtum: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte religiöser Legitimation hinduistischer Herrscher (Wiesbaden, 1979) Om Prakash, Early Indian Land Grants and State Economy (Allahabad, 1988) R.S.Sharma, Indian Feudalism: c. 300–1200 (Calcutta, 1965) R.S.Sharma, Urban Decay in India (c. 300—c. 1000) (New Delhi, 1987) D.D.Shulman, The King and the Clown in South Indian Myth and Poetry (Princeton, NJ, 1986) D.C.Sircar (ed.), Land System and Feudalism in Ancient India (Calcutta, 1966) G.W.Spencer, ‘Religious Networks and Royal Influence in Eleventh Century South India’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 12, 1969, pp. 42– B.Stein, Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India (Delhi, 1980) Y.Subbarayalu, ‘The Cola State’, Studies in History (New Delhi), vol. 4, 1982, pp. 265– B.N.S.Yadava, Society and Culture in North India in the Twelfth Century (Allahabad, 1973)

Notes (pp. 121–5)

1 G.Bühler, ‘Madhuban Copper-plates of Harsha’, Epigraphia Indica, vol. 1, 1882, pp. 67–75. 2 D.C.Sircar, ‘Banpur Copper-plates of Ayasobhita II’, Epigraphia Indica , vol. 29, pp. 32ff.

Gods, temples and poets: the growth of regional cultures

H.Bakker (ed.), The Sacred Centre as the Focus of Political Interest (Groningen,

D.Eck, Banaras, City of Light (London, 1983) J.Ensink, ‘Problems of the Study of Pilgrimage in India’, Indologica Taurinensia, vol. 2, 1974, pp. 57– A.Eschmann, H.Kulke and G.C.Tripathi (eds.), The Cult of Jagannath and the Regional Tradition of Orissa (New Delhi, 1978)

CHAPTER 4: RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES AND

MILITARY FEUDALISM IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES

The Islamic conquest of northern India and the sultanate of Delhi

U.N.Day, The Government of the Sultanate (New Delhi, 1993) M.Habib, Politics and Society during the Early Medieval Period (New Delhi, 1974) M.Habib and K.A.Nizami, The Delhi Sultanate, vol. 5 of A Comprehensive History of India (New Delhi, 1970) R.C.Majumdar (ed.), The Delhi Sultanate, vol. 6 of History and Culture of the Indian People (Bombay, 1960) S.B.P.Nigam, Nobility under the Sultans of Delhi: AD 1206–1398 (Delhi, 1968) K.A.Nizami, Some Aspects of Religion and Politics in India during the Thirteenth Century (Delhi, 1972) T.Raychaudhuri and I. Habib (eds), The Cambridge Economic History of India, vol. 1 c. 1200—c. 1750 (Cambridge, 1982)

Notes (pp. 155–65)

1 E.G.Sachau, Alberuni’s India (Berlin, 1888; reprinted Delhi, 1964), pp. 22ff. 2 Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi (trans. H.M.Elliot and I.Dowson), The History of India, As Told by Its Own Historians, vol. 3 (London, 1867f.). The following quotations are from the same volume. 3 M.A.Stein, Kalhana’s Rajatarangini or Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir (reprinted Delhi, 1961), vol. 1, p. 154. 4 See note 2.

The states of central and southern India in the period

of the sultanate of Delhi

Deccan

H.K.Sherwani, The Bahmanis of the Deccan (Hyderabad, 1953) H.K.Sherwani and M.P.Joshi (eds), History of Medieval Deccan 1295–1724, 2 vols (Hyderabad, 1973/4)

Orissa and Vijayanagara

A.Dallapiccola and S.Zingel-Avé Lallemant (eds), Vijayanagara: City and Empire —New Currents of Research (Wiesbaden, 1985) V.Filliozat, L’epigraphie de Vijayanagara du début à 1377 (Paris, 1973) J.M.Fritz and G.Michell, City of Victory: Vijayanagara—the Medieval Hindu Capital of Southern India (New York, 1991) N.Karashima, Towards a New Formation: South Indian Society under Vijayanagara Rule (Delhi, 1992) A.Krishnaswami, The Tamil Country under Vijayanagara (Annamalai, 1964) R.Sewell, A Forgotten Empire (reprinted New Delhi, 1962) B.Stein, Vijayanagara, NCHI, vol. I.2 (Cambridge, 1989) R.Subrahmanya, The Suryavamshi Gajapatis of Orissa (Waltair, 1957)

Notes (pp. 173–81)

1 B.C.Chhabra, ‘Chateshvara Temple Inscription’, Epigraphia Indica, vol. 29, 1952, pp. 121–33. 2 N.N.Vasu, ‘Copper-plate Inscriptions of Narasimha II’, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1896, pp. 229– 3 Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi (trans. H.M.Elliot and J.Dowson), The History of India: As Told by Its Own Historians, vol. 3 (London, 1867). 4 Quoted from Sewell, op. cit., p. 268f.

CHAPTER 5: THE RISE AND FALL OF

THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

The Great Mughals and their adversaries

M.Athar Ali, The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb (Calcutta, 1966) M.Athar Ali, The Apparatus of the Mughal Empire (Delhi, 1985) M.Athar Ali, Towards an Interpretation of the Mughal Empire’, in H.Kulke (ed.), The State in India, 1000–1700 (Delhi 1995) Babur, Babur-nama, Engl. trans. by A.Beveridge, 2 vols (London, 1921) Stephen P.Blake, ‘The Patrimonial-Bureaucratic Empire of the Mughals’, in H. Kulke (ed.), The State in India, 1000–1700 (Delhi, 1995) Satish Chandra, Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court (Calcutta, 1959) V.G.Dighe, Peshwa Baji Rao I and Maratha Expansion (Bombay, 1944) Abul Fazl, The Akbar-nama of Abul Fazl, Engl. trans. by H.Beveridge, 3 vols (Calcutta, 1898) Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1526–1707 (Bombay, 1963) A.R.Kulkarni, Maharashtra in the Age of Shivaji (Pune, 1969) Shireen Moosvi, The Economy of the Mughal Empire: A Statistical Study (Delhi,

G.S.Sardesai, New History of the Marathas, 3 vols (2nd edn, Bombay, 1957) Jadunnath Sarkar, History of Aurangzib, 5 vols (Calcutta, 1912–52) Jadunnath Sarkar, The Fall of the Mughal Empire, 4 vols (Calcutta, 1932–50) Surendra Nath Sen, The Military System of the Marathas (rev. edn, Bombay, 1958) R.C.Varma, Foreign Policy of the Great Mughals, 1526–1727 (Agra, 1967) A.Wink, Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-century Maratha Svarajya (Cambridge, 1986)

Indian landpower and European seapower

Sergio Aiolfi, Calicos und gedrucktes Zeug: Die Entwicklung der englischen Textilveredlung und der Tuchhandel der East India Company, 1650– (Stuttgart, 1987) Charles Ralph Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire (London, 1965) K.N.Chaudhuri, The English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint Stock Company (London, 1965) K.N.Chaudhuri, The Trading World of Asia and the East India Company, 1660– 1760 (Cambridge, 1978) Susil Chaudhuri, Trade and Commercial Organization in Bengal, 1650– (Calcutta, 1975)

Jörg Fisch, Cheap Lives and Dear Limbs: The British Transformation of the Bengal Criminal Law, 1769–1817 (Wiesbaden, 1983) Stig Förster, Die mächtigen Diener der East India Company. Ursachen und Hintergründe der britischen Expansionspolitik in Südasien, 1793– (Stuttgart, 1992) Holden Furber, John Company at Work: A Study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth Century (London, 1951) Ranajit Guha, A Rule of Property for Bengal: An Essay on the Idea of Permanent Settlement (Paris, 1963) Blair B.Kling, Partner in Empire: Dwarkanath Tagore and the Age of Enterprise in Eastern India (Berkeley, 1976) David Kopf, British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1773–1835 (Berkeley, 1969) B.B.Misra, The Central Administration of the East India Company 1773– (Manchester, 1959) S.N.Mukherjee, Sir William Jones: A Study in Eighteenth Century British Attitudes to India (Cambridge, 1968) C.H.Philips, The East India Company, 1784–1834 (Manchester, 1940; reprinted Manchester, 1961) Surendra Nath Sen, Eighteen Fifty-Seven (Calcutta, 1958) Eric Stokes, The English Utilitarians and India (Oxford, 1959) Eric Stokes, The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India (Cambridge, 1978) Lucy Sutherland, The East Indian Company in Eighteenth Century Politics (Oxford, 1952) Lynn Zastoupil, John Stuart Mill and India (Stanford, 1994)

Imperial structure and the regional impact

B.H.Baden-Powell, The Land Systems of British India, 3 vols (London, 1892) Christopher Baker, The Politics of South India, 1920–1937 (Cambridge, 1976) B.S.Baliga, Studies in Madras Administration, 2 vols (Madras, 1960) Himadri Banerjee, Agrarian Society of the Punjab, 1849–1901 (New Delhi, 1982) Indu Banga, Agrarian System of the Sikhs (New Delhi, 1978) Christopher Bayly, The Local Roots of Indian Politics—Allahabad 1880– (Oxford, 1975) Christopher Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870 (Cambridge, 1983) Christopher Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (NCHI) (Cambridge, 1988) Christopher Bayly, Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780– 1830 (London, 1989) Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, Financial Foundations of the British Raj, 1858– (Simla, 1971) Rajnarayan Chandavarkar, The Origins of Industrial Capitalism in India: Business Strategies and the Working Classes in Bombay, 1900–1940 (Cambridge, 1994) Neil Charlesworth, Peasants and Imperial Rule: Agriculture and Agrarian Society in the Bombay Presidency, 1850–1935 (Cambridge, 1985) B.B.Chowdhury, Growth of Commercial Agriculture in Bengal, vol. 1:1757– (Calcutta, 1964) Robert Frykenberg, Guntur District, 1788–1848: A History of Local Influence and Central Authority in South India (Oxford, 1965)

H.L.O.Garren and Abdul Hamid, A History of Government College Lahore, 1864–1964 (Lahore, 1964) Sarvepalli Gopal, British Policy in India, 1858–1905 (Cambridge, 1965) Leonard Gordon, Bengal: The Nationalist Movement, 1876–1940 (New York/ London, 1974) A.Gupta (ed.), Studies in the Bengal Renaissance (Calcutta, 1958) M.V.Jain, Outlines of Indian Legal History (Bombay, 1972) Tom Kessinger, Vilyatpur, 1848–1968: Social and Economic Change in a North Indian Village (Berkeley, 1974) Ravinder Kumar, Western India in the Nineteenth Century: A Study in the Social History of Maharashtra (London, 1968) Jürgen Lütt, Hindu-Nationalismus in Uttar Pradesh, 1867–1900 (Stuttgart, 1970) W.I.Macpherson, ‘Investment in Indian Railways, 1845–1875’, Economic History Review, second series, vol. 8, 1955, pp. 177– Michael Mann, Britische Herrschaft auf indischem Boden: Landwirtschaftliche Transformation und ökologische Destruktion des ‘Central Doab’, 1801– (Stuttgart, 1992) Morris D.Morris and C.B.Dudley, ‘Selected Railway Statistics for the Indian Subcontinent, 1853–1946/47’, Artha Vijnana (Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune), vol. 17, 1975 Dietmar Rothermund, Government, Landlord and Peasant in India: Agrarian Relations under British Rule, 1865–1935 (Wiesbaden, 1978) P.Sharan, The Imperial Legislative Council for India from 1861 to 1920 (New Delhi, 1961) Asiya Siddiqui, Agrarian Change in a Northern Indian State: Uttar Pradesh, 1819– 33 (Oxford, 1973) Werner Simon, Die britische Militärpolitik in Indien und ihre Auswirkungen auf den britisch-indischen Finanzhaushalt, 1878–1910 (Wiesbaden, 1974) Konrad Specker, Weber im Wettbewerb: Das Schicksal des südindischen Textilhandwerks im 19. Jahrhundert (Wiesbaden, 1984) Daniel Thorner, Investment in Empire, British Railway and Steam Shipping Enterprise in India, 1825–1849 (Philadelphia, 1950) David Washbrook and Christopher Baker, South India: Political Institutions and Political Change, 1880–1940 (Delhi, 1975) Elizabeth Whitcombe, Agrarian Conditions in Northern India, vol. 1: The United Provinces under British Rule, 1860–1900 (Berkeley, 1972)

The pattern of constitutional reform

S.R.Mehrotra, The Emergence of the Indian National Congress (New Delhi, 1971) Robin Moore, The Crisis of Indian Unity, 1917–1940 (Oxford, 1974) Peter Robb, The Government of India and Reform, 1916–1921 (Oxford, 1976) Dietmar Rothermund, Die politische Willensbildung in Indien, 1900– (Wiesbaden, 1965) Algernon Rumbold, Watershed in India, 1914–1922 (London, 1979) Anil Seal, The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1968) Stanley Wolpert, Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India (Berkeley, 1962) Stanley Wolpert, Morley and India, 1906–1910 (Berkeley, 1967)

Kerrin Gräfin Schwerin, Indirekte Herrschaft und Reformpolitik im indischen Fürstenstaat Hyderabad, 1853–1911 (Wiesbaden, 1980) Moin Shakir, Khilafat to Partition: A Survey of Major Political Trends among Indian Muslims during 1919–1947 (New Delhi, 1970) B.Pattabhi Sitaramayya, History of the Indian National Congress, 2 vols (Bombay, 1935–47) David Washbrook, The Emergence of Provincial Politics: The Madras Presidency, 1870–1920 (Cambridge, 1976)

The partition of India

Abul Kalam Azad, India Wins Freedom (Bombay, 1959) K.K.Aziz, Rahmat Ali: A Biography (Lahore, 1986) Alan Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten (London, 1953) H.V.Hodson, The Great Divide (New York, 1971) Nicholas Mansergh (ed.), The Transfer of Power, vols 3–8 (London, 1971–9) V.P.Menon, The Transfer of Power in India (Bombay, 1957) Penderel Moon (ed.), Wavell: The Viceroy’s Journal (London, 1973) Robin J.Moore, Churchill, Cripps and India, 1939–1945 (Oxford, 1979) Robin J.Moore, Escape from Empire: The Attlee Government and the Indian Problem (Oxford, 1983) C.H.Philips and W.Wainwright (eds.), The Partition of India: Policies and Perspectives, 1935–1947 (London, 1970) Francis Tuker, While Memory Serves (London, 1950) Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan (New York/Oxford, 1984)

CHAPTER 8: THE REPUBLIC

Internal affairs: political and economic development

Granville Austin, The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation (Oxford,

Craig Baxter, The Jana Sangh: A Biography of an Indian Political Party (Philadelphia, 1969) Sugata Bose (ed.), South Asia and World Capitalism (Delhi, 1990) Paul R.Brass, The Politics of India since Independence (Cambridge, 1990; NCHI) Michael Brecher, Nehru—A Political Biography (London, 1959) Angela S.Burger, Opposition in a Dominant Party System: A Study of the JanSangh, the Praja Socialist Party and the Socialist Party in Uttar Pradesh, India (Berkeley, 1969) Howard Erdmann, The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism (Cambridge,

Francine Frankel, India’s Green Revolution: Economic Gains and Political Costs (Princeton, 1971) Government of India, Report of the States Reorganisation Commission (New Delhi, 1955) Albert H.Hanson, The Process of Planning: A Study of India’s Five Year Plans, 1950–1964 (London, 1966) Stanley Kochanek, The Congress Party of India: The Dynamics of One Party Democracy (Princeton, 1968) Stanley Kochanek, Business and Politics in India (Berkeley, 1974)

Wilfred Malenbaum, Prospects for Indian Development (London, 1962) V.P.Menon, The Story of the Integration of the Indian States (Bombay, 1956) W.H.Morris-Jones, Parliament in India (Philadelphia, 1957) W.H.Morris-Jones, The Government and Politics of India (London, 1964) E.M.S.Namboodiripad, The National Question in Kerala (Bombay, 1952) Gene Overstreet and Marshall Windmiller, Communism in India (Berkeley, 1959) Dietmar Rothermund (ed.), Liberalising India: Progress and Problems (New Delhi,

Myron Weiner, Party Building in a New Nation: The Indian National Congress (Chicago, 1967)

External affairs: global and regional dimensions

J.S.Bains, India’s International Disputes (London, 1962) Ross N.Berkes and Mohinder Bedi, The Diplomacy of India (Stanford, 1958) Partha S.Gosh, Cooperation and Conflict in South Asia (New Delhi, 1992) Sisir Gupta, Kashmir (New Delhi, 1966) Charles Heimsath and Surjit Mansingh, A Diplomatic History of Modern India (Bombay, 1971) Robert C.Horn, Soviet-Indian Relations: Issues and Influences (New York, 1982) R.P.Kangle (ed.), The Kautiliya Arthasastra, 3 vols (Bombay, 1960–5) Alastair Lamb, The China-India Border (London, 1964) K.-P.Misra (ed.), Studies in Indian Foreign Policy (New Delhi, 1969) Bimla Prasad, The Origins of India’s Foreign Policy (Patna, 1960) Dietmar Rothermund, Indien und die Sowjetunion (Tübingen, 1968) Arthur Stein, India and the Soviet Union: The Nehru Era (Chicago, 1969) Ton That Tien, Indian Foreign Policy in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, 1947– (Berkeley, 1968)

CHRONOLOGY

AD

c. 20–46 Gondopharnes, Indo-Parthian king in Taxila early 1st century Kujala Kadphises unites the Yüe-chi tribes and establishes the Kushana empire 1st century Intensive trade connections with the Roman empire 78 Shaka era between 78 Kanishka’s accession to the throne; heyday of the Kushana and 144 empire after 125 Resurgence of the Shatavahanas under Gautamiputra and Vasishtiputra 150 Rudradaman Shaka Kshatrapa in western India c. 250 Disintegration of the Shatavahana kingdom 320 Ch andragupta I establishes the Gupta dynasty 335–75 Samudragupta, expansion of the Gupta kingdom throughout North India and temporarily to South India 375–413/5 Chandragupta II; Gupta empire at the peak of its power, conquest of the Shaka kingdom in the West and marriage alliance with the Vakatakas of Central India; a new climax of Sanskrit poetry (Kalidasa) 405–11 Fa-hsien (Faxian) in India 415–55 Period of peace and cultural expansion under Kumaragupta 455–67 Skandagupta; first attack of the Huns 467–97 Budhagupta, last important Gupta ruler c. 500–27 Huns rule over North India under Toramana and Mihirakula; decline of the classical urban culture of the North 543–66 Pulakeshin I, rise of the Chalukyas of Badami in Central India c. 574 Simhavishnu, rise of the Pallavas of Kanchipuram in South India 606–47 Harsha of Kanauj 609–42 Pulakeshin II of Badami; hegemony of the Chalukyas over Central India c. 630 Pulakeshin defeats Harsha of Kanauj; end of North India’s hegemony 630–43 Hsiuen-tsang (Xuanzang) in India 680–720 Zenith of the Pallava kingdom under Narasimhavarman II (shore temple at Mahabalipuram) 711 Arabs conquer Sind 752–6 Dantidurga overthrows the Chalukyas and establishes the Rashtrakuta dynasty 770–821 Go pala establishes the Pala dynasty of Bihar and Bengal, under his successor Dharmapala hegemony over eastern India 788–820 Shankara 783 Vatsaraja establishes the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty of Rajasthan late 8th century Beginning of the great interregional conflicts 836–85 Gurjara-Pratiharas become the most powerful dynasty of India under Bhoja 860 King Balaputra of Sumatra establishes a monastery at Nalanda 871–907 Aditya I overthrows the Pallavas and establishes the Chola dynasty 939–68 Rashtrakutas become the most powerful dynasty under Krishna III; defeat of the Cholas 973 Taila overthrows the Rashtrakutas and establishes the Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani

CHRONOLOGY

985–1014 Rajaraja establishes the Chola empire, conquest of South India and Sri Lanka 988–1038 Mahipala, resurgence of the Palas of Bihar and Bengal 1000–27 Mahmud of Ghazni raids North India in 17 ‘expeditions’ (destruction of Mathura, Kanauj and Somnath temple) 1014–47 Rajendra Chola, ‘The Great’ 1023/3 Chola army advances to the Ganga and defeats the Somavamshis of Orissa and the Palas of Bengal 1025 Conquest of Srivijaya (Sumatra and Malaya) by a maritime expedition of the Cholas 1070–1120 Kulottunga I of Vengi ascends the Chola throne 1077–1147 Anantavarman Chodaganga of Kalinga conquers central Orissa and establishes the Ganga empire 1077–1120 Ramapala, the last important Pala king, reconquers parts of Bengal 1137 Death of the Vaishnava reformer Ramanuja 1179–1205 Lakshmana Sena, last Hindu king of Bengal 1192 Battle of Tarain, Mahmud of Ghur defeats a Rajput confederation under Prithiviraja; in the following years conquest of North and East India by Muslim armies 1206 Aibak establishes the sultanate of Delhi 1210–36 Iltutmish, sultan of Delhi 1246–79 Rajendra III, last Chola king c. 1250 Sun Temple of Konarak 1253–75 Under Jatavarman Vira Pandya, temporary resurgences of the Pandyas of Madurai 1266–87 Balban, sultan of Delhi 1290–1320 Khalji dynasty of Delhi 1293 Marco Polo in South India 1297–1306 Delhi sultanate repulses several attacks of the Mongols 1296–1316 Ala-ud-din, sultan of Delhi, radical administrative reform measures 1309–11 Conquest of South India by the sultanate of Delhi 1320–88 Tughluq dynasty of Delhi 1325–51 Mu hammad Tughluq 1327 Daulatabad in Central India temporarily the new capital of the sultanate; beginning of the disintegration 1334–70 Sultanate of Madurai 1338 Separate sultanate of Bengal 1346 Foundation of the empire of Vijayanagara 1347 Bahman Shah establishes the Bahmani sultanate in Central India 1351–88 Firoz Shah, the last important sultan of Delhi 1361 Firoz Shah raids Orissa 1370 Vijayanagara conquers the sultanate of Madurai 1398 Timur devastates Delhi 1403 Separate sultanate of Gujarat 1406–22 Conquests of the east coast by King Devaraja II of Vijayanagara 1414–51 Sayyids of Delhi 1435–67 Kapilendra establishes the Suryavamsha dynasty of Orissa 1451–1526 Lodi dynasty; renewal of the Delhi sultanate 1463 Kapilendra conquers the east coast up to the Kaveri 1481 Murder of Prime Minister Mahmud Gawan and beginning of the disintegration of the Bahmani sultanate

CHRONOLOGY

1746 The French admiral, La Bourdonnais, captures Madras 1751 Robert Clive captures and defends Arcot 1757 Battle of Plassey, Clive defeats the nawab of Bengal and installs Mir Jafar 1760 Battle of Wandiwash, British troops defeat the French 1761 Battle of Panipat, the Afghan ruler, Ahmad Shah Durrani, defeats the Marathas who withdraw to the South 1764 Battle of Baxar, the joint forces of the Great Mughal and of the nawabs of Bengal and Oudh are defeated by the British and their Indian troops 1765 Clive returns to India as governor of Bengal and accepts the grant of civil authority (Diwani) of Bengal from the Great Mughal on behalf of the East India Company 1769 Haider Ali, who had usurped the throne of Mysore in 1761, conquers large parts of Southern India 1770 Bengal famine, one-third of the population dies 1773 Regulation Act, Warren Hastings becomes governor general 1782 Haider Ali dies; his son Tipu Sultan continues the fight against the British power in India; Hastings concludes the peace treaty of Salbei with the Marathas so as to concentrate on the South 1784 Second Regulation Act, stronger position of the governor general, establishment of the Board of Control in London 1785 Impeachment of Warren Hastings; his successor, Lord Cornwallis, defeats Tipu Sultan and annexes a major part of his territory 1793 Permanent Settlement (Land Revenue) of Bengal 1799 Final defeat and death of Tipu Sultan 1803 The nawab of Oudh cedes the southern and western districts of his territories to the British 1818 Final British victory over the Marathas 1843–8 Consolidation of British territorial rule in India; conquest of Sind and of the Panjab 1857 Mutiny of the Indian soldiers of the army of the East India Company and revolt of the landlords of Oudh and of some Indian princes 1858 East India Company dissolved, India under the Crown 1861 Establishment of the Imperial Legislative Council (Indian members nominated by the viceroy) 1877 Queen Victoria assumes the title Empress of India 1880 British defeat in the Afghan war influences British elections, Gladstone sends Liberal viceroy, Lord Ripon, to India, Indian nationalists hope for Liberal support 1885 First Indian National Congress meets in Bombay 1892 Reform of Legislative Councils; more Indian members 1905 Partition of Bengal, national agitation, boycott of British goods (Swadeshi campaign) 1906 Foundation of the Muslim League 1907 Split of the National Congress (‘Moderates’/’Extremists’) 1908 Bal Gangadhar Tilak sentenced to six years’ imprisonment 1909 Morley-Minto reform, separate electorates for Muslims 1916 Lakhnau Pact between National Congress and Muslim League (Tilak-Jinnah) 1917 Montagu declaration on ‘responsible government’

CHRONOLOGY

1918 Split of the National Congress and establishment of the National Liberal Federation 1919 Rowlatt Acts and Gandhi’s Rowlatt satyagraha 1920 Montagu-Chelmsford reform, dyarchy in the provinces 1920–2 Gandhi’s non-cooperation campaign and the Khilafat agitation of the Indian Muslims 1928 Simon Commission visits India 1929 Lord Irwin’s declaration on ‘Dominion status’ does not satisfy Congress 1930 Gandhi’s ‘salt march’ and civil disobedience campaign; first Round Table Conference in London boycotted by Congress 1930–1 Great Depression (fall of agrarian prices) hits India, peasant unrest articulated by Congress 1931 Gandhi-Irwin Pact; Gandhi participates in second Round Table Conference 1932 Resumption of civil disobedience campaign; Gandhi-Ambedkar Pact (reserved seats instead of separate electorates for untouchables) 1933 End of civil disobedience campaign 1934 Elections to the Central Legislative Assembly, Congress wins several seats 1935 Government of India Act 1936 Elections, Congress wins majority in seven provinces 1937 Congress accepts office after initial protest against governor’s emergency powers 1939 Second World War begins, Congress ministers resign 1940 Lahore Resolution (‘Pakistan Resolution’) of the Muslim League, Two Nations’ theory articulated by Jinnah 1942 Cripps Mission and ‘Quit India’ resolution; ‘August revolution’ 1944 Gandhi-Jinnah talks end without results 1945 Simla Conference, national interim government cannot be formed due to Jinnah’s demands 1946 Elections, Muslim League very successful; cabinet mission; ‘Direct Action Day’ of the Muslim League (16 August) and ‘Great Calcutta Killing’; interim government: Jawaharlal Nehru prime minister 1947 Independence and partition (Pakistan, 14 August; India, 15 August); Kashmir conflict begins 1948 Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi (30 January) 1950 Constitution of Republic of India inaugurated: Rajendra Prasad (president), J.Nehru (prime minister) 1951 Nehru mediates in the Korean war 1952 First general election, Congress wins 1952–6 First five-year plan 1954 Indian mediation in Indochina; Pakistan joins American pact system 1955 Bandung Conference of Afro-Asian states; Krushchev and Bulganin visit India; States Reorganisation Committee recommends creation of linguistic provinces 1956 Nehru’s remarks on Soviet intervention in Hungary resented in Western countries, Cold War intensified 1957–61 Second five-year plan, emphasis on industrialisation, foreign aid required