AP Human Anatomy Exam Review: Final Exam AP1 Answers and Questions for 2023, Exams of Nursing

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QN 1

5 / 5 pts List two organs contained in the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity contains the bladder, reproductive organs and the rectum Question 2 5 / 5 pts True or False? a. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ADP. (T or F) b. Peripheral proteins are found on the outer surface of a cell membrane. (T or F) c. Exocytosis is the process that occurs to bring biomacromolecules inside the cell. (T or F) d. Receptor-mediated endocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) e. Endocytosis is a passive process. It does not require cellular energy expenditure.(T or F) a. False- (ATP is produced, not ADP) b. True c. False- (This process is called endocytosis) d. True e. False- (Endocytosis is an active process and requires cellular energy) Question 3 5 / 5 pts Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. In your own words, discuss Tay-Sachs disease. What organelle within the cell is impacted? What are the symptoms of the disease and why do they occur?

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(1) Lysosomes (2) buildup of toxic lipids inside the cell (biomacromolecules) (3) disability and death In the genetic disease known as Tay-Sachs, one of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual disability and death. Question 4 5 / 5 pts Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why. The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster. Question 5 5 / 5 pts Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why? The trachea is closed by the epiglottis. The epiglottis moves inferiorly, covering the trachea. This is to prevent food or liquid from entering the lungs. Question 6 3 / 3 pts Air and food pass in which one of the following areas: Trachea Nasopharynx

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Correct!

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Oropharynx Alveoli Question 7 10 / 10 pts Label the following five items from the diagram: Label A- Label C- Label E- Label F- Label H- Your Answer: A-NASAL CAVITY

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Label A- Nasal Cavity Label C- Soft Palate/ Uvula Label E- Glottis Label F- Trachea Label H- Tongue Question 8 2 / 2 pts From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: Correct! Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles Bronchioles, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi Tertiary bronchi, secondary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles Secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles Question 9 5 / 5 pts Explain why a patient with liver disease would have intolerance to fatty foods. The liver produces bile which breaks down fats. If it is not producing bile (or less bile), fats will not be broken down effectively. Question 10 5 / 5 pts Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system. To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region. 1: 2: 5: 6: 8:

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: Liver 2: Pancreas 5: Duodenum (not small intestine) 6: Ileum (not small intestine) 8: Ascending colon (not large intestine) Question 11 10 / 10 pts Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. Answer the following essay question: Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes.

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The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the activation of pepsin. Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells) into the active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins. Question 12 8 / 10 pts Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below: 1: 3: 5: 7: 8:

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1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses 3: Maxilla 5: Vomer 7: Maxilla 8: Mandible Question 13 5 / 5 pts Label the bones in the figure below: A: B: C: D: E:

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A: Pisiform B: Hamate C: Capitate D: Trapezoid E: Trapezium Question 14 5 / 5 pts (1) Osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease. When bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture.

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(2) They would have decreased osteoblasts which are responsible for bone repair. The bone

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repair would be unable to keep up with the ongoing breakdown of bone which is done by the work of osteoblasts. Question 15 10 / 10 pts Label the following five muscles: A: D: F:

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H:

I:

A: Frontalis/ occipitofrontalis D: Orbicularis Oris F: Zygomaticus minor H: Risorius I: Masseter Question 16 10 / 10 pts When flexor digitorum profundus contracts, what action(s) occurs? A. Wrist flexion B. Elbow flexion C. Flexion of digits 2- D. Flexion of digit 1 Correct! E. A&C F. B&C Question 17 5 / 5 pts Would you expect a female to have testosterone in their bloodstream? Explain why or why not. . (1) Yes. Both male and female bodies produce “all” the sex hormones. However, the ratios are different. (2) The adrenal glands are largely responsible for producing this “opposite” hormone that the ovaries would not. Question 18

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2.5 / 2.5 pts

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List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below: I lower the level of calcium in the blood by depositing calcium into bone. Your Answer: calcitonin Calcitonin Question 19 2.5 / 2.5 pts List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below: I am secreted by the pituitary to stimulate the adrenal cortex. Your Answer: ACTH ACTH this increase in size is ineffective because active thyroxin cannot be produced without iodine When there is a low level of thyroxin in the blood, the anterior pituitary continues to produce TSH. The thyroid responds by increasing in size and producing a goiter, but this increase in size is ineffective because active thyroxin cannot be produced without iodine. Question 21 5 / 5 pts A- Identify the sensory cell receptor highlighted in blue, below, also indicated by the arrow. B- What sensory information is detected by this type of receptor?

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A) Meisner’s corpuscles; B) Detects light touch and vibration (mechanoreceptor) Question 22 10 / 10 pts Match the cell with its single best description, using each description only once. Correct! Keratinocytes Correct! Fibroblasts Correct! Melanocytes Correct! Langerhans cells Other Incorrect Match Options:

• Detects pain
• Detects light touch

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Question 23 5 / 5 pts What is the name and function of the structure below? (Highlighted in blue, also indicated by the arrow) Sebaceous gland (oil gland) produces oil (sebum) to protect the skin and hair from drying. Quiz Score: 138 out of 140