AAB Chemistry Exam With Complete Solutions Latest Update, Exams of Chemistry

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AAB Chemistry Exam With Complete Solutions

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In the classic Schales-Schales (mercurimetric titration) method for chloride, what does the indicator react with to form a violet color? a. AgCl2 b. excess Hg с. ferric nitrate d. mercuric thiocyanate - ANSWER B excess Hg

4%-10% beta-globulin, and 45% If an electrophoretic pattern shows 30 % albumin, 4 %-10 % alpha-globulin, gamma-globulin, then what condition may exist in the patient? a. cirrhosis b. inflammation c. nephrotic syndrome d. monoclonal gammopathy - ANSWER d. monoclonal gammopathy

A 40-year-old male has a random glucose of 470 mg/dL. This lab finding is compatible with which one of the following clinical conditions? a. glycogen storage disease b. diabetes insipidus c. diabetes mellitus d. insulinoma - ANSWER c. diabetes mellitus

A glitter cell is a term used to describe a specific type of which one of the following? a. leukocyte b. fat droplet c. lysed red cell d. oval fat body - ANSWER leukocyte

A granular cast is thought to represent the decomposition of which of these casts? a. cellular b. hyaline C. waxy d. fatty - ANSWER cellular

An elevated level of alkaline phosphatase in the presence of other liver function tests that are within normal limits would suggest the presence of which of the following disorders? a. bone disorder b. viral hepatitis C. prostate cancer d. ectopic pregnancy - ANSWER a. bone disorder

A labor and delivery patient with preeclampsia is receiving treatment for premature contractions. Which of the following is the most likely laboratory finding? a. hyponatremia b. hyperkalemia c. hypocalcemia d. hypermagnesemia - ANSWER hypermagnesemia

Which of the following will be caused by a low parathyroid hormone level? a. high urine calcium b. low serum calcium c. high serum calcium d. low serum phosphorus - ANSWER low serum calcium

A dialysis patient has a result for potassium of 6.8 mmol/L. What would be the best thing to do first before reporting this result? a. check for hemolysis b. rerun quality control c. recalibrate potassium d. call the critical result - ANSWER check for hemolysis

Which of the following would one suspect if the urine had a smoky red-brown appearance? a. bilirubin b. erythrocytes c. porphyrins d. urobilinogen - ANSWER erythrocytes

A urine that turns brown-black upon standing may contain which substance? a. homogentisic acid b. myoglobin c. porphyrin d. erythrocytes - ANSWER homogentisic acid

All of the following are glycoproteins EXCEPT which one? a. ceruloplasmin b. follicle-stimulating hormone c. fibrinogen d. cryoglobulin - ANSWER d. cryoglobulin

All of the following can lead to low chloride levels EXCEPT which one? a. diabetic acidosis b. renal failure c. prolonged vomiting d. dehydration - ANS dehydration

All of the following are involved with the regulation of calcium EXCEPT which one? a. vitamin D b. calcitonin c. aldosterone d. parathyroid hormone - ANS aldosterone

All of the following specimens may be analyzed for carbon dioxide EXCEPT which of the following? a. urine b. serum c. plasma d. whole blood - ANSWER a. urine

All of the following are good indices of hypothyroidism EXCEPT which of the following? a. FT4 b. TT4 c. s-TSH d. T3 uptake - ANSWER T3 uptake

Which of the following values would most likely accompany an elevated creatinine value? a. normal uric acid b. elevated uric acid, 10X creatinine value c. normal blood urea nitrogen d. elevated blood urea nitrogen, 10X creatinine value - ANWER d. elevated blood urea nitrogen, 10X creatinine value

An increase in indirect-reacting bilirubin is suggestive of which condition? b. lipid accumulation a. bile acid reflux d. gammaglobulinopathy c. hemoglobin breakdown - ANSWER c. hemoglobin breakdown

An increased CSF IgG index is characteristically seen in which condition? a. traumatic tap b. multiple sclerosis c. bacterial meningitis d. subarachnoid hemorrhage - ANSWER multiple sclerosis

Which of the following disease states would produce an LD isoenzyme electrophoretic pattern which indicates an increase in LD1, LD2 and LD3? a. renal disease b. pernicious anemia c. acute liver disease d. myocardial infarction - ANSWER b. pernicious anemia

A creatinine clearance test is performed. The 24-hour urine volume is 770 mL; serum creatinine is 2.0 mg/dL and urine creatinine is 240 mg/dL. Assuming average body surface area, what is the clearance? а. 6 mL/minute b. 38 mL/minute c. 64 mL/minute d. 924 mL/minute - ANSWER c. 64 mL/minute

Aspartate transaminase is elevated in all of the following conditions EXCEPT which one? a. myocardial infarction b. muscular dystropy с. acute pancreatitis d. liver disease - ANSWER b. muscular dystropy

At a pH of 7.4, most of the phosphorus in the body is in which form? a. bone b. ATP/ADP c. 2,3 DPG d. DNA/RNA - ANSWER d. DNA/RNA

Because ionized calcium can be changed without changing the total calcium, what other parameter(s) must be known to correctly assess calcium? a. vitamin D b. magnesium c. phosphorus d. pH and protein - ANSWER pH and protein

Bilirubin is converted in the intestine into which one of the following? a. bilirubin

diglucuronide b. urobilinogen c. biliverdin d. urobilin - ANSWER b. urobilinogen

Porphobilinogen and urobilinogen both give a red-colored complex with Ehrlich's reagent. How are they differentiated? A. Porphyobilinogen is soluble in chloroform b. Urobilinogen is soluble in acetic acid c. Porphobilinogen is soluble in acetic acid d. Urobilinogen is soluble in chloroform - D. urobilinogen is soluble in chloroform

A serum protein electrophoretic pattern with a beta gamma bridge or broad gamma is indicative of what disease state? a. acute inflammation b. monoclonal gammopathy c. active cirrhosis d. nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER c. active cirrhosis

By the urease method, urea is enzymatically hydrolyzed to what end product? a. ammonia b. nitrogen c. allantoin carbon d. dioxide - ANSWER a. ammonia

Casts form primarily in what part of the kidney? a. glomerular capsule b. distal convoluted tubule c. descending loop of Henle d. proximal convoluted tubule - ANS distal convoluted tubule

Which of the following does NOT secrete catecholamines? a. kidney b. pituitary c. adrenal cortex d. adrenal medulla - ANS D. adrenal medulla

Which of the following glucose methods has the problem of contamination of the glucose reagent with catalase? a. alkaline cupric ion reduction b. alkaline ferric ion reduction c. glucose oxidase d. hexokinase - ANS c. glucose oxidase

Creatine kinase is clinically significant in diseases of which of the following organs? a. pancreas b. liver c. muscle d. brain - ANS c. muscle

Creatine kinase is often elevated in acute myocardial infarction and in what other disorder? a. Duchenne's muscular dystrophy b. acute viral hepatitis c. cirrhosis of the liver d. Paget's disease - ANSWER a. Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

Low levels of alpha-fetoprotein are associated with what condition? a. Down syndrome

b. neural tube defects c. spina bifida d. cancer - ANSWER a. Down syndrome

Which of the following is a synonym for direct-reacting bilirubin? a. biliverdin b. free bilirubin d. bilirubin diglucuronide c. unconjugated bilirubin - ANSWER d. bilirubin diglucuronide

Diseases of which of the following systems may be associated with elevated beta lipoprotein levels? a. pulmonary b. cardiovascular c. gastrointestinal d. skeletomuscular

• ANSWER B. cardiovascular

Vaginal contamination may be responsible for the appearance of which element in the urine from a female patient? a. hyaline casts b. oval fat bodies c. amorphous crystals d. squamous epithelial cells - ANSWER D. squamous epithelial cells

With the following results, what is the anion gap? (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3) Sodium 145 mmol/L Potassium 4.0 mmol/L Chloride 100 mmol/L Bicarbonate 22 mmol/L

(145+4.0)-(100+22)=27 - ANSWER D. 27

To which of the following are glycoproteins and mucoproteins normally bound? a. lipids b. nucleic acids c. carbohydrates d. metals - ANS c. carbohydrates

By what type of bonding are amino acids linked together to form a chainlike structure? a. disulfide bonding b. hydrogen bonding c. covalent bonding d.peptide bonding - ANS D. Peptide bonds

How many classes of immunoglobulins are currently recognized? a. two b. three c. four d. five - ANS D. Five

Which of the following secretes human chorionic gonadotropin? a. fallopian tubes b. placenta c. ovary d. uterus - ANSWER B. placenta

Zero-Order Reactions In a zero-order reaction, there will be no further increase in

velocity due to which one of the following? a. there is excess enzyme b. there is no excess substrate c. the temperature is regulated d. all enzyme is bound to substrate - ANSWER d. all enzyme is bound to substrate

In acute renal failure, which of the following nonprotein nitrogen elevates most rapidly? a. uric acid b. creatinine c. ammonia d. blood urea nitrogen - ANSWER d. blood urea nitrogen

The complexometric titration (EDTA) procedure for calcium requires an adjustment in pH to avoid which of the following? a. incomplete precipitation of calcium b. interference by magnesium C. a reversible color change d. co-binding of phosphorus - ANSWER B. interference by magnesium

Coulometric-amperometric method for chloride In the coulometric-amperometric method for chloride, one measures what to find the quantity of chloride? a. AgCl produced b. the rate of generation of current c. the time required to reach the titration end point d. the amount of current necessary to generate excess silver ANSWER C the time required to reach the titration end point

Which of the following disease states will have the highest level of aldolase? a. acute viral hepatitis b. muscular dystrophy c. insecticide poisoning d. acute myocardial infarction - ANSWER b. muscular dystrophy

Which one of the following clinical conditions can increase blood cholesterol? a. lupus erythematosus c. hypothyroidism b. pancreatic cancer d. malnutrition - ANSWER C pancreatic cancer

Which is the disease where one sees increased serum copper? a. Wilson's disease b. Gilbert disease c. Menkes syndrome d. von Gierke's disease - ANSWER A. Wilson's disease

Inorganic phosphate can be determined from a colorimetric method involving which reagent? a. alkaline picrate b. titan yellow c. molybdate d. arsenzo III - ANSWER c. molybdate

Lab studies on a known diabetic gave back results indicating a low level of bicarbonate and low pH. Which of the following acid-base disturbances would most likely result in these lab studies? a. metabolic acidosis b. respiratory acidosis c. metabolic alkalosis d. respiratory alkalosis - ANSWER A metabolic acidosis

Lipase catalyzes the hydrolysis of which of the following substrate? a. starch b. glycogen c. triglycerides d. glucose - ANSWER c. triglycerides

monoxime method? Why can untreated urine be used for the determination of urea by the diacety a. Dialysis in an auto b. The method is not c. The increased temperature analyzer removes interfering substances. measuring ammonia. d. Zinc does not interfere. destroys the ammonia. - ANSWER b. The method is not measuring ammonia

Most of the carbon dioxide in blood is present in which of the following forms? a. dissolved CO2 b. bicarbonate ion c. calcium carbonate d. ammonium carbonate - ANSWER B bicarbonate ion

Most triglyceride procedures involve the measurement of which end product? a. glycerol b. fatty acids c. lipoprotein d. phospholipids - ANSWER A glycerol

Oligoclonal banding during CSF electrophoresis is characteristically seen in which condition? a. traumatic tap b. multiple sclerosis c. bacterial meningitis d. subarachnoid hemorrhage - ANSWER B multiple sclerosis

Overproduction of which hormone results in acromegaly? a. growth hormone b. vasopressin c. calcitonin d. prolactin - ANSWER A growth hormone

During quality checks on a spectrophotometer, what does the holmium oxide glass filter check? a. linearity b. stray light c. absorbance accuracy d. wavelength accuracy - ANSWER D wavelength accuracy

p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde is part of which reagent? a. Nessler b. Ehrlich c. Biuret d. Jaffe - ANSWER b. Ehrlich

Prehepatic bilirubin has which of the following for a protein carrier? a. albumin b. beta-globulin c. alpha-globulin d. gamma-globulin - ANS a. albumin

Prenatal patients with borderline blood glucose levels are further evaluated by which test? a. 2-hour postprandial b. fasting blood sugar c. glycosylated hemoglobin d. 3-hour glucose tolerance test - ANS d. 3-hour glucose tolerance test

protein error of indicators, EXCEPT which one? All of the following are true concerning the principle behind the dipstick test for urine protein, EXCEPT a. Most of the indicator is in the non-ionized form. c. The protein will combine with the non-ionized form of the indicator. b. The color change on the dipstick is due to the pH change. d. Protein combined with the indicator changes the ratio of ionized and non- ionized forms. - ANSWER B The color change on the dipstick is due to the pH change

Proteins may become denatured when subiected to mechanical agitation, heat, chemical treatment. What does denaturation of proteins reger to? a. amino acid substitution b. addition of a prosthetic group c. alteration in tertiary structure d. increase in solubility - ANSWER C. alteration in tertiary structure

Quenching is a disadvantage in what type of instrumentation? a. atomic adsorption b. flame photometry c. nephelometry d. fluorometry - ANSWER D fluorometry

Red blood cells in the urine may be confused with all of the following EXCEPT which one? a. yeast cells b. oil droplets c. cholesterol crystals d. calcium oxalate crystals - ANSWER C cholesterol crystals

Sweat is an acceptable type of specimen for which of the following electrolytes? a. sodium b. chloride c. potassium d. carbon dioxide -ANSWER B chloride

THC is a metabolite of which of the following drugs? b. marijuana a. phencyclidine с. сосаine d. opium -ANSWER B marijuana

The "port wine" color of some urines may be attributed to which of the following? a. porphyrins b. melanin c. hemoglobin d. bilirubin - ANSWER a. porphyrins

CLASSIC CLARK-COLLIP METHOD FOR CALCIUM The classic Clark-Collip method for calcium is based on what assumption? a. Calcium will be precipitated as calcium carbonate. b. Calcium will be complexed with arsenzo III. c. Calcium will be precipitated as an oxalate. d. Calcium will be chelated with EDTA. - ANSWER C Calcium will be precipitated as an oxalate

Colorimetric for magnesium uses which reagent? a. molybdate b. titan yellow c. alkaline picrate d. 8-hydroxy-5-quinoline - ANSWER B molybdate

The creatinine clearance test is based on the assumption that: b. Creatinine remains in the blood. a. Creatinine diffuses into the ultrafiltrate. c. Creatinine is reduced to creatine. d. Creatinine is passively reabsorbed into the kidney tubule. - ANSWER a. Creatinine diffuses into the ultrafiltrate.

Which of the following enzymes may bring about hydrolysis of a triglyceride enzymatically? a. hydrolase b. oxidase c. amylase d. lipase ANSWER D lipase

The following metabolic panel is provided for an ICU patient 90 mg/dL Glucose 15 mg/dL BUN 1.0 mg/dL Creatinine 165 mmol/L Sodium Potassium 3.5 mmol/L 125 mmol/L Chloride Carbon dioxide 25 mmol/L - What is the most likely cause of these findings? a. diabetes mellitus b. acute renal failure Addison's disease d. saline contamination - ANSWER D

What is the most likely cause of these findings? a. diabetes mellitus b. acute renal failure Addison's disease d. saline contamination - ANSWER D

The protein composition of the matrix of urinary casts has been determined to be which of the following? a. Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein b. Bence-Jones protein c. globulin d. albumin - ANSWER A Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein

Creatinine determination is based on the development of a yellow-red colour and which

reagent? a. titan yellow b. alkaline picrate c. Ehrlich's reagent d. phosphomolybdate - ANSWER b. alkaline picrate

What determines the magnitude of the Michaelis-Menten constant in the rate of substrate to product conversion? a. substrate concentration and the rate of dissociation of the complex b. rate of dissociation of the enzyme-substrate complex c. temperature, pH, and substrate concentration d. temperature and pH - ANSWER a. substrate concentration and the rate of dissociation of the complex

Analytes The Porter-Silber reaction employs which of the following reagents to detect the following analyte? a. estrogens b. corticosteroids c. 17-ketosteroids d. catecholamines - ANSWER B corticosteroids

Total protein is 7.2 g/dL. Serum protein results are as follows: Albumin 53.0 % 3.8 g/dL Alpha 3.6% 0.3 g/dL Alphaz 11.0% 0.8 g/dL Beta 17.6% 1.2 g/dL Gamma 14.8% 1.1 g/dL What is the A/G ratio? a. 3.4 b. 1.6 с. 1.2 d. 1.1 - ANSWER d. 1.

Which of the following is a fact on which the urine dipstick test for occult blood depends? a. Hemoglobin can act as a peroxidase. b. Hemoglobin can release an enzyme from the dipstick from the dipstick. d. Hemoglobin in urine combines c. Red blood cells in urine are lysed by peroxide with oxygen on the dipstick to produce a blue color. - ANSWER A Hemoglobin can act as a peroxidase

What is the analyte for the Zimmerman reaction? a. estrogens b. corticosteroids d. catecholamines c. 17-ketosteroids - ANSWER C 17-ketosteroids

For attainment of optimum sensitivity and specificity, a gas chromatograph may be combined with which of the following? a. fluorescence polarization immunoassay b. enzyme-linked immunoassay c. mass spectrophotometer d. chemiluminescence - ANSWER C mass spectrophotometer

Turbidity in serum is associated with the presence of which one of the following? a. cholesterol b. chylomicrons c. free fatty acids d. hyperproteinemia - ANSWER B chylomicrons

Which one of the following must be used for the spectrophotometer ultraviolet range in the? d. tungsten c. quartz cuvette b. glass prism a. diffraction grating lamp - ANSWER C quartz cuvette

All of the following systems may be used to determine the specific gravity of urine EXCEPT which one? b. refractometer a. hydroelectric focusing d. reagent test strip c. harmonic oscillation - ANSWER A hydroelectric focusing

Valinomycin can enhance the selectivity of which ISE electrode? a. sodium b. chloride c. potassium d. carbon dioxide - ANSWER C potassium

What are the colour development reagents in the cholesterol Liebermann- Burchard reaction? a. glycerol/hydrogen peroxide b. acetic anhydride/sulfuric acid c. glacial acetic acid/molybdate d. ferric chloride/ethanol - ANSWER B acetic anhydride/sulfuric acid

What does the presence of urinary ketones MOST likely indicate? a. The body is using carbohydrates as the primary source of energy. b. Muscle glucose serves as an auxiliary fuel source. c. Carbohydrates are ingested in amounts that are more than needed. d. Storage lipids are used as the primary energy source. - ANSWER d. Storage lipids are being used as the primary energy source.

What does the uricase method for uric acid depend upon? b. collection of evolved gas after uricase treatment a. ultraviolet absorption at 290 nm before/after treatment with uricase d. measurement of blue-violet color c. increase in absorption after uricase treatment - ANSWER a. ultraviolet absorption at 290 nm before/after treatment with uricase

What does the refractometer measure? a. glucose b. ketones c. bilirubin d. specific gravity - ANSWER D specific gravity

What is the best single indicator of renal disease? a. glycosuria b. polyuria c. proteinuria d. pyuria - ANSWER C proteinuria

What is the classical method for creatinine reaction? a. Jaffe b. Ehrlich c. Kjeldahl d. Nessler - ANSWER a. Jaffe

What is the clinical significance of an elevated acid phosphatase? a. renal disease b. pancreatic disease c. bone disease d. prostatic disease - ANSWER d. prostatic disease

What is the principle behind hexokinase method for glucose determination? a. Coupled enzymatic reaction involving oxidase and peroxidase b. Reduced coenzyme read at 340 nm с. Rate of oxygen consumption d. Alkaline cupric ion reduction - ANSWER b. reduced coenzyme read at 340 nm

What is the hormone primarily involved in the regulation of sodium reabsorption in the kidney? B. aldosterone a. antidiuretic hormone d. secretin c. vasopressin -ANSWER B aldosterone

What provides light in atomic absorption instrumentation? a. diffraction grating b. glass prism c. cathode lamp d. flame - ANSWER C cathode lamp

What is the major binding protein for thyroxine? a. thyroid-binding prealbumin b. thyroid-binding globulin c. albumin d. iodine - ANSWER B thyroid-binding globulin

What is the major extracellular cation? a. magnesium b. potassium c. chloride d. sodium

• ANSWER D sodium

Which of the following is the method of choice for confirming drugs detected by screening methods? a. immunoassay b. fluorescence polarization immunoassay c. high performance liquid chromatography d. gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry -ANSWER D gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry

What is the migration sequence, from the origin, of lipoproteins during electrophoresis? beta, pre-beta, alpha b. chylomicrons, a. chylomicrons, pre-beta, b. chylomicrons pre-beta, beta, alpha c. alpha, beta, d. chylomicrons, alpha, pre-beta, beta - ANSWER A chylomicrons, pre-beta

What is the most abundant iron-containing compound in the body? a. ferritin b. transferrin c. myoglobin d. hemoglobin - ANSWER A ferritin

Which of the following is most anodic, that is, has the greatest negative charge, when subjected to electrophoresis at pH 8.6? a. albumin b. alpha-globulins c. beta-globulins d. gamma-globulins - ANS a. albumin

What is the most commonly used clearance test for determining the glomerular filtration rate? a. urea b. inulin c. creatinine d. p-aminohippurate - ANS c. creatinine

What is the most common method for measuring sodium? a. coulometric titration b. mercurimetric titration c. ion-selective electrode d. flame photometry - ANSWER C ion-selective electrode

What is the automated method of glucose most in use? enzyme system containing glucose oxidase and peroxidase a. coupled b. reduction c. addition of d. reduction of alkaline of alkaline cupric ion molybdenum blue ferricyanide to ferrocyanide - ANSWER a. coupled enzyme system containing glucose oxidase and peroxidase

What is the normal fasting blood glucose reference range for adults? a. 70-110 mg/dL b. 120-140 mg/dL c. 160-180 mg/dL d. 200-240 mg/dL - ANSWER a. 70-110 mg/dL

What is the normal range for pH of blood? a. 6.50-7.50 b. 7.05-7.35 c. 7.35-7.45 d. 7.45-7.65 - ANSWER C 7.35-7.

What is the optimum pH for acid phosphatase? a. 3.0 b. 5.0 c. 7.0 d. 10.0 - ANSWER b.

What is the principle of atomic absorption spectrophotometry? a. It measures light given off by excited atoms. b. It measures energy emitted by ultraviolet rays. c. It measures energy emitted by infrared atoms. d. It measures light absorption of electromagnetic radiation. - ANSWER D It measures light absorption of electromagnetic radiation.

What is the principle of flame photometry? b. absorption of energy when an atom is ionized a. emission of a color when an element is burned c. electrometric titration d. colorimetric analysis - ANSWER A emission of a color when an element is burned

What does lanthanum do in the atomic absorption determination of calcium? a. It will chelate calcium. b. It will chelate phosphate. c. It is involved in turning on the instrument. d. It is part of the hollow cathode discharge tube. - ANSWER B It will chelate phosphate

What is the purpose of the saponification step in cholesterol methods? a. convert cholesterol esters to free cholesterol b. remove nonspecific interfering substances c. break the protein-lipid bonds d. precipitate the protein - ANSWER A convert cholesterol esters to free cholesterol

What is the ratio of bicarbonate: carbonic acid in normal plasma? a. 20:1 b. 10:5 c. 5:1 d. 1:2 - ANSWER A 20:

What is the renal threshold for glucose? a. 100-120 b. 120-140 mg/dL mg/dL c. 140- d. 160-180 mg/dL mg/dL - ANSWER d. 160-180 mg/dL

What is the reporting unit of measure for enzymes? a. IU/L b. ug/mL c. mg/dL d. mmol/L - ANSWER a. IU/L

What is the specimen of choice for glucose determinations? а. serum b. whole c. fluorinated heparinized plasma blood d. plasma - ANSWER c. fluorinated plasma

What is the substrate for the Cherry-Crandall lipase method? a. glycerol b. olive oil c. triglyceride d. cholesterol - ANSWER b. olive oil

What is measured by T3 uptake? a. thyroxine b. triiodothyronine c. thyroid-binding globulin d. thyroid-stimulating hormone - ANSWER C thyroid-binding globulin

What is the urinary metabolite for serotonin? a. vanillylmandelic acid b. chorionic gonadotropin c. homovanillylmandelic acid d. 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid - ANSWER D 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid

What term is given to a chemical that diminishes any change in hydrogen ion concentration? a. anion b. buffer c. cation d. metabolite -ANSWER B buffer

What is the term for the breakdown of glycogen? a. gluconeogenesis d. glycogenolysis c. glycogenesis b. glycolysis -ANSWER C glycogenolysis

What would happen if blood was exposed to air while collecting a specimen for pH and blood gases? a. pH is decreased b. pO2 is decreased c. PCO2 is decreased d. CO content is increased - ANSWER C PCO2 is decreased

When a urine specimen is allowed to stand at room temperature which one of the following does NOT occur? a. disappearance of formed elements b. elevation in pH c. false positive glucose d. false positive protein - ANSWER C false positive glucose

In developing a coronary risk index for a patient, one must know the total cholesterol and what other parameter? a. triglycerides b. LDL cholesterol c. HDL cholesterol d. body mass index - ANSWER C HDL cholesterol

When does the highest level of human chorionic gonadotropin occur? a. first trimester b. second trimester c. third trimester d. immediately following delivery - ANSWER A first trimester

Which of the following aminoacidopathies is caused by an enzyme deficiency? a. maple syrup disease b. phenylketonuria c. alkaptonuria d. cystinuria - ANSWER D. cystinuria

Which of the following analytes is an early indicator of tissue hypoxia? a. lactic acid b. ammonia c. cortisol d. ferritin - ANSWER A lactic acid

Which of the following analytical methods measures the amount of light scattered by the

particles in solution? a. hydroelectric focusing b. chemiluminescence c. nephelometry d. turbidimetry - ANSWER C nephelometry

Which of the following casts may appear in urine in the absence of renal disease? a. waxy b. hyaline c. granular d. red blood cell - ANSWER B hyaline

Which of the following colligative properties does osmometry most commonly make use of? a. osmosis pressure b. vapor pressure c. freezing point d. boiling point - ANSWER C freezing point

Which of the following conditions is associated with a decreased CSF glucose level? a. diabetes b. meningitis c. multiple sclerosis d. intracranial hemorrhage - ANSWER A diabetes

Which of the following conditions is not associated with an elevated CSF total protein? a. diabetes b. meningitis c. multiple sclerosis d. intracranial hemorrhage - ANSWER A diabetes

Which of the following crystals can be identified by its characteristic concentric circles? a. cystine b. leucine c. uric acid d. calcium oxalate - ANSWER B leucine

Which of the following disaccharide consists of two molecules of glucose? a. maltose b. lactose С. sucrose d. hexose - ANSWER a. maltose

What disease state is associated with an elevation of serum uric acid? a. atherosclerosis b. arthritis c. diabetes d. gout - ANSWER d. gout

Which of the following electrolyte result is normal? a. Sodium 120 Potassium 4. Chloride 100 Carbon dioxide 25, b. Sodium 145 Potassium 3.0 Chloride 110 Carbon dioxide 17, c. Sodium 160 Potassium 6.0 Chloride 95 Carbon dioxide 40, d. Sodium 140 Potassium 5.0 Chloride 101 Carbon dioxide 24 - ANSWER D 140 5.0 101 24

Which of the following enzyme catalyzes the reaction below? lactate+ AD~ pyruvate+

NADH? a. aldolase dehydrogenase b. lactate aminotransaminase c. alanine d. aspartate aminotransaminase - ANSWER b. lactate alanine aminotransaminase

Which of the following enzyme is commonly elevated in mumps? a. lipase b. amylase c. aldolase d. 5-nucleotidase - ANSWER b. amylase

Which of the following enzyme is specific to the liver? a. aspartate transaminase b. alanine transaminase c. alkaline phosphatase d. lactate dehydrogenase - ANSWER b. alanine transaminase

Which of the following enzymes is most severely affected by hemolysis? a. alkaline phosphatase b. lactate dehydrogenase c. alanine aminotransferase d. aspartate aminotransferase - ANS b. lactate dehydrogenase

Which of the following enzymes is the most sensitive indicator for obstructive jaundice? a. acid phosphatase b. alkaline phosphatase c. lactate dehydrogenase d. alanine aminotransferase - ANS b. alkaline phosphatase

Which of the following enzymes can be monitored in recovering alcoholics? b. aspartate transaminase a. gamma-glutamyl transferase c. alanine transaminase d. aldolase - ANSWER a. gamma-glutamyl transferase aspartate

Which of the following hormones acts at the distal convoluted tubule to enhance sodium reabsorption? a. antidiuretic hormone b. aldosterone c. calcitonin d. renin - ANSWER B aldosterone

Which hormone acts on the renal tubules to increase water reabsorption? a. renin b. aldosterone c. erythropoietin d. antidiuretic hormone - ANSWER D antidiuretic hormone

Which hormone appears to have only a function in initiating and maintaining lactation? a. folliclestimulating hormone b. progesterone c. prolactin d. estrogen - ANSWER C prolactin

Which of the following hormones consists of two nonidentical, noncovalently bound subunits? а. estrogen b. progesterone c. testosterone d. human chorionic gonadotropin

• ANSWER D human chorionic gonadotropin

Which of the following hormones exhibits a diurnal rhythm? a. renin b. secretin c. cortisol d. estrogen - ANSWER C cortisol

Which of the following hormones is associated with bone and calcium metabolism? a. calcitonin b. vasopressin c. aldosterone d. growth hormone - ANSWER A calcitonin

Which of the following is secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans? a. epinephrine b. glucagon с. cortisol d. insulin - ANWER d. insulin

Which of the following causes a decrease in the level of blood sugar? a. epinephrine b. glucagon c. cortisol d. insulin - ANWER D insulin

Which of the following is derived from cholesterol? a. gastrin b. secretin c. dopamine d. testosterone - ANWER D testosterone

Which of the following hormones is responsible for contraction of the gravid uterus at term and also causes myoepithelial cells in the breast to contract, causing milk ejection? a. estradiol b. prolactin c. oxytocin d. progesterone - ANS C oxytocin

Which of the following hormones induces renal synthesis of vitamin D? a. calcitonin b. aldosterone c. erythropoietin d. parathyroid hormone - ANS D parathyroid hormone

Which one of the following does NOT apply to the estimation of urine protein by the dipstick method? а. Bence-Jones protein interferes with measurement of albumin. b. Highly alkaline buffered urine may give a false positive test. c. The principle of the test is the protein error of indicators. d. The test is more sensitive to albumin than to globulin. - ANSWER A Bence-Jones protein interferes with measurement of albumin

Which of the following is a major disadvantage of drug detection by immunoassay? a.

inability to simultaneously assay multiple drugs in one specimen b. speed of performance c. stability of reagents d. pre-analytical steps - ANSWER A inability to simultaneously assay multiple drugs in one specimen

Which of the following is a metabolite of epinephrine? a. vanillylmandelic acid b. adrenaline c. dopamine d. serotonin - ANSWER A vanillylmandelic acid

Which of the following is NOT true of the biuret reaction? a. follows Beer's law for a reasonable range of protein b. depends on the presence of at least two peptide linkages c. is relatively free from interference by lipids and hemoglobin d. is insensitive to the low protein levels of urine - ANSWER c. is relatively free from interference by lipids and hemoglobin

Which of the following is the Friedewald formula by which low-density lipoprotein cholesterol can be calculated? a. LDL cholesterol -cholesterol - (triglycerides/5 + HDL cholesterol) b. LDL cholesterol cholesterol + (triglycerides/5+ HDL cholesterol) c. LDL cholesterol cholesterol + (triglycerides/5 - HDL cholesterol) d. LDL cholesterol = cholesterol (triglvcerides/5 - HDL cholesterol) - ANSWER A LDL cholesterol -cholesterol

• (triglycerides/5 + HDL cholesterol)

Which of the following is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation? a. pKa pH+log (salt/acid) b. pH pK,+log (acid/salt) c. pH pKa - log (acid/salt) d. pH pKa+ log (salt/acid) - ANSWER D pH pKa+ log (salt/acid)

Which of the following is correct about an isoenzyme? a. Each enzyme has the same rate of reaction with their respective substrate. b. Each isoenzyme has a different electrophoretic property. c. All the isoenzymes react identically to chemical inhibitors. d. Each isoenzyme catalyzes a different substrate. - ANSWER b. Each isoenzyme has a different electrophoretic property.

Which of the following is true of casts in urine? a. Vital stain is needed to make casts visible. b. Use the high power field to enumerate casts. c. Their refractive index makes them easily visible. d. They tend to accumulate near the edges of the coverslip. - ANSWER D They tend to accumulate near the edges of the coverslip.

Which of the following are true of the detection of urinary glucose? a. The copper reduction method is specific for glucose. b. Ketonuria may produce a false negative dipstick test. c. Glucosuria cannot occur in the absence of an elevated plasma glucose. d. Any reducing substance can give a false positive reaction with the copper reduction method for glucose. - ANSWER D Any reducing substance will give a false positive reaction with the copper reduction method for glucose.

Which of the following is true of the isoenzyme LD1? d. It is present in the highest c. It is the most positively charged isoenzyme. b. It is the slowest migrating a. It is a heat-labile isoenzyme. isoenzyme. concentration in heart tissue. - ANSWER d. It is present in the highest concentration in heart tissue.

Which of the following is true of the PCO2 electrode? b. Only charged particles can cross the membrane. a. The actual pH of the sample has no effect. d. Both charged and uncharged particles can cross the membrane. c. Daily internal calibrations of the electrode are not required. - ANSWER A The actual pH of the sample has no effect

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. The clean catch of urine is preferred in most instances to that obtained by catheterization. b. In urine culture, the presence of 102 microorganisms/mL of urine is significant. c. Bacteria in the uncentrifuged specimen of urine collected under controlled conditions are associated with a significant colony count. d. Positive nitrite gives evidence of the presence of bacteriuria. -B. In a urine culture, the level of 102 microorganisms/mL of urine is considered significant.

Which of the following statements is true of albumin? through a damaged glomerulus. d. Clinical problems are usually c. It is produced in the liver and it is water soluble. b. Its size prevents its passage a. It makes up the smallest portion of total protein. related to high serum values. - ANSWER c. It is produced in the liver and it is water

Which of the following will interfere with the Evelyn Malloy method for bilirubin? a. hemolysis b. methanol c. caffeine d. lipemia - ANSWER a. hemolysis

Which of the four elements in proteins differentiates this class of substances from carbohydrates and lipids? a. carbon b. hydrogen c. nitrogen d. oxygen - ANSWER C. nitrogen

Which of the proteins is water-soluble? A. albumin b. alpha-globulins- c. beta-globulins d. gamma-globulins - ANSWER A. albumin

Which of these lipids has the lowest density? a. pre-beta lipoprotein b. alpha lipoprotein c. beta lipoprotein d. chylomicrons - ANSWER D chylomicrons

Which of these plasma substances is NOT normally filtered through the glomerulus in significant amounts? a. creatinine b. glucose c. protein d. urea - ANSWER C protein

Which of the following potassium values would be termed hypokalemia? a. 3.0 mmol/L b. 4.0 mmol/L c. 5.0 mmol/L d. 6.0 mmol/L - ANSWER A 3.0 mmol/L

Which one of the following analytes is used as a prognostic indicator for liver failure? a. blood urea nitrogen b. ammonia c. uric acid d. cortisol - ANSWER b. ammonia

Which of the following is true of cryoglobulins? d. only quantitative testing is available c. the sample is b. the sample must be incubated at room temperature for 24 hours and tests for are a. they are temperature-sensitive proteins that clot at room temperature - ANSWER a. they are temperature-sensitive proteins

Which of the following casts is associated with acute glomerulonephritis? a. fatty b. hyaline c. red blood cell d. white blood cell - ANSWER C rbc

Which of the following will cause turbidity in a freshly voided urine? a. protein b. glucose c. white blood cells d. hemoglobin - ANSWER C wbc

Which of the following definitions best describes an enzyme? a. biological catalyst b. inorganic catalyst c. immunoglobulin d. antigenic hapten - ANWER a. biological catalyst

Which of the following diseases is associated with hypoglycemia? a. von Gierke's disease b. Hashimoto's disease c. Cushing's disease d. Gilbert disease - ANSWER a. von

Gierke's disease

Which of the following is a glucocorticoid? a. insulin b. cortisol c. glucagon d. epinephrine - ANSWER b. cortisol

Which of the following is the major intracellular cation? a. magnesium b. potassium c. chloride d. sodium - ANSWER B potassium

Which of the following proteins transport iron? a. ceruloplasmin b. hemopexin c. transferrin d. haptoglobin - ANSWER c. transferrin

Which of the following specimens is acceptable for the determination of total calcium? a. EDTA plasma b. fluorinated plasma c. oxalated plasma d. heparinized plasma - ANSWER D heparinized plasma

Which one of the following statements is true concerning a protein at its isoelectric point? a. pH of 7.0 b. net zero charge с. net positive charge d. net negative charge - ANSWER B net zero charge

Which of the following tests differentiates inappropriate exogenous insulin administration from endogenous insulin production? a. BNP b. С-реptide c. Beta-microglobulin d. Glycosylated hemoglobin - ANSWER b. С-реptide

Which of the following organs is generally the primary organ of regulation for the level of carbon dioxide? a. hypothalamus b. kidney c. liver d. lung - ANSWER D lung

Which of the following is a precaution that should be taken regarding specimen handling instructions for bilirubin determinations? a. uncapping immediately before analysis b. protecting from light c. transporting on ice d. ultracentrifuging - ANSWER b. protecting from light

Which of the following proteins transports most of the copper in the blood? a. albumin b. transferrin c. transcuprein d. ceruloplasmin - ANSWER D ceruloplasmin

Which of the following is the reagent used in the oxidation of uric acid under alkaline condition? a. potassium permanganate b. phosphotungstic acid c. potassium persulfate d. hydrochloric acid - ANSWER b. phosphotungstic acid

Which of the following reagent is used in the determination of serum protein? a. biuret b. molybdenum blue- c. ferricferrocyanide d. diacetyl monoxime - ANSWER a. biuret

Which serum enzyme starts to rise 2 to 4 hours, has peak activity occurring 12 to 36 hours, and returns to normal 2 to 4 days after an acute myocardial infarction? a. creatine kinase b. aspartate transaminase c. aldolase d. lactate dehydrogenase - ANSWER a. creatine kinase

Which of the following statements is true about optical density concerning Beer's law? a. It is inversely proportional to the concentration. b. It is directly proportional to the concentration. c. It is proportional to the square root of the concentration. d. It is proportional to the square root of the absorbance. ANSWER B It is directly proportional to the concentration.

Which of the following statements is NOT applicable to white blood cells in the urine sediment? a. A few white blood cells can be present in normal urine. b. White blood cells in the urine must be accompanied by proteinuria. c. White blood cells in urine appear spherical and granular. d. An increase in white blood cells is associated with an inflammatory process. - ANSWER B White blood cells in the urine must be accompanied by proteinuria

Which of the following is true with regards to immunoelectrophoresis? a. There must be an application of direct current. b. There must be an excess of antigen. c. Control material must be made into a hemolysate. d. There must be excess antibody and constant trough distance between antibody and antigen. ANSWER D There must be excess antibody and constant trough distance between antibody and antigen.

Which one of the following statements is correct for oral route of drug administration? a. oral route compensates for drug solubility problems b. drug action occurs most rapidly when taken orally c. the oral route of administration is the most reliable d. patient compliance is not always reliable - ANWER D patient compliance is not always reliable

Which test gives a picture of the diabetic's glucose levels over the past 2 to 3 months? a. C-peptide b. 2-hour postprandial c. hemoglobin A1C d. glucose tolerance test - ANSWER c. hemoglobin A1c

White blood cells are often present in the urine of patients with urinary tract infections. Which of the following is the most common type of white blood cell present in the urine sediment? a. eosinophil b. lymphocyte C. monocyte d. neutrophil - ANSWER D neutrophil

Why would a metal ion be necessary sometimes in an enzymatic reaction? a. controls the pH b. inhibits competing enzymes c. acts as an activator of the enzyme d. enhances the colorimetric reaction - ANSWER c. acts as an activator of the enzyme enhances

Why is bromcresol purple the preferred indicator for albumin dye binding techniques? a. it lends itself to manual and automated procedures b. it never binds with alpha or beta globulins c. it can be employed with both serum and plasma d. there is less interference from pigment(s) ANSWER d. there is less interference from pigment(s)

Which of the following is a reason that the first morning specimen of urine is preferred? a. It contains the most formed elements b. It is freshly voided. c. There is a better chance of detecting microalbumin. d. It will display the phenomenon of "alkaline tide." - ANSWER A It contains the most formed elements

Why should not hemolyzed serum be utilized for analysis of total protein? a. hemoglobin is absorbed at the same wavelength as protein in the reagent h there are elevated protein amounts in red blood cells as compared to serum c. hemoglobin reacts with biuret reagent d. the value will be falsely lowered - ANSWER a. hemoglobin is absorbed at the same wavelength as protein in the reagent

Why would you want to draw serum iron at the same time on consecutive days? a. to avoid diurnal variation b. to avoid the effect of medication c. to avoid gastrointestinal d. to avoid chance of consumption absorption of iron of dietary iron - ANSWER A to avoid diurnal variation