AAMC FL2 FULL REVIEW Questions And Answers, Exams of Groundwater Flow and Contaminant Transport

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What part of the eye is directly related to color perception? - correct answer FOVEA -> color sensation & where photoreceptors and most cones are The aging of the U.S. population is most likely to increase: A.the dependency ratio. B.the social gradient in health. C.the life course perspective. D.the intersectionality of medicine. - correct answer A is correct -dependency ratio= ratio of # of economically dependent members of population / econ. productive members -productive= working-age population (~18-65) Linguistic Relativity hypothesis - correct answer Human cognition is affected by language (i.e., humans better at distinguishing colors for which their language has a name)

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A patient who is experiencing severe marital problems reports having NO memory of any life events surrounding the marriage and the spouse. The patient's memory for other life events is intact. This patient is most likely to be diagnosed with: A.a conversion disorder. B.schizophrenia. C.retrograde amnesia. D.a dissociative disorder - correct answer D is correct. Dissociative disorder= person selectively forgets distracting elements of his/her life Dissociative Disorder - correct answer Disorder where people escape reality and experience a disconnection and lack of continuity in reality (i.e., person abused in marriage one day wakes up with no memory of spouse and marriage)

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Conversion Disorder - correct answer A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which NO physiological basis can be found. RETROgrade Amnesia - correct answer an inability to retrieve information from one's PAST Reward-seeing motivation is associated with which type of learning? - correct answer Operant conditioning *think Operant= rewards/punishments *Marginal Poverty - correct answer individual can't find/keep a job Relative Poverty - correct answer Social disadvantage due to income/wealth as compared to advantages that the wealthy have Structural Poverty - correct answer theory that poverty is due to inadequacies in societal and economic structure (society's fault)

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Which information from the passage contradicts the socioeconomic gradient in health? A.The U.S. has a comparatively high median household income. B.The U.S. health disadvantage exists for all social classes. C.The U.S. lags behind peer countries in health indicators. D.The U.S. health disadvantage is explained by social capital. - correct answer B is correct -D is wrong since this would be a confounding variable, but does NOT directly contradict the theory, so B is better B= directly addresses health gradient Beliefs and ideas are which part of of the ABC model of attitudes? - correct answer C- Cognitive= identifies beliefs and ideas ABC model of Attitudes - correct answer affect, behavior, cognition

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Affective component of attitude - correct answer A person's feelings or emotions about an object, person, or event. (ex: I like high heels) Behavioral component of attitude - correct answer The influence that attitudes have on behavior. (ex: I will buy high heels if I go to the Mall) Cognitive component of attitude - correct answer BELIEFS/ideas or knowledge about a specific object of interest. (ex: I believe high heels make me gorgeous) Which type of psychoactive drug has the lowest risk of dependence? A. Stimulants

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B. Hallucinogens C. Alcohol D. Sedatives - correct answer Kill A b/c stimulations (dopamine)-> drugs that make you "high" = addictive Keep B-> Hallucinogens Kill C b/c "alcoholics" are very real Kill D b/c sleeping pills= abused sedative Although the study examines a specific bias in group decision-making, similar biases can influence individual decision-making. Which of the following individual-level effect is most similar to groupthink? A. Self-serving bias B. Confirmation bias C. Hindsight bias D. Response Bias - correct answer B is correct. -Confirmation bias similar since this can cause person to seek/attend to ONLY info that confirms his/her existing point of view & ignore disconfirming evidence

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-confirmation bias leads you to bad decision b/c you didn't think things through, in the same way groupthink does D is wrong since "response" is NOT individual decision- making Response Bias - correct answer Tendency of person to answer questions on survey untruthfully or misleadingly -pressure to give answers that are *socially acceptable -> similar to social desirability bias The left cerebral hemisphere in humans is most often linked with which cognitive function? A. Visuospatial skills B. Music perception C. Vocabulary skills D. Emotion processing - correct answer C. Vocabulary skills -LEFT= language

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-visuospatial skills/music= RIGHT hemisphere Emotion processing is lateralized to which hemisphere? - correct answer RIGHT hemisphere Individuals who have the ability to delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards are most likely to be categorized as having which type of intelligence? A.Analytical B.Creative C.Interpersonal D.Emotional - correct answer D. Emotional -Emotional intelligence= ability to perceive, express, understand, and manage one's emotions Emotional intelligence - correct answer Emotionally intelligence people= self-aware and can delay gratification in pursuit of long-term reward

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Difference b/w Escape & Avoidance behavior? - correct answer Escape: occurrence of behavior terminates aversive stimulus Avoidance: occurrence of behavior prevents presentation of aversive stimulus; here indv. learns how to avoid aversive stimulus due to its conditioning history Structural Functionalism - correct answer Theory that sees society as complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability How would a structural functionalist interpret the efficacy of yoga as part of a smoking cessation therapy? - correct answer D. utility of yoga= effective smoking cessation therapy is an unintended, though beneficial, outcome of a yoga practice (latent function) Results from a study indicate that there is a -0. correlation between alcohol consumption and internal locus of control. Which statement will most likely be concluded from these findings?

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A. High alcohol consumption behavior is strongly associated with people perceiving that they control their own fate. B. High alcohol consumption behavior is strongly associated with people perceiving that chance or outside forces control their fate. - correct answer B is correct. b/c -0.82 is a strong negative correlation, so as one variable increases, the other decreases -> so then HIGH alcohol relates to EXTERNAL locus of control (opposite of internal) high alcohol= low internal= high external locus (don't fall for the TRAP!*) Thomas Theorem - correct answer States that if an individual believes something to be real, then IT IS REAL in its consequences Exchange mobility occurs when ________ - correct answer some people move up into better jobs and others move down into worse ones, but the overall number of jobs stays the same.

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Describe the Phodphodiester Bond in 1 DNA strand to another - correct answer Links the 3' carbon atom of 1 deoxyribose and the 5' carbon atom of another deoxyribose w/ni the DNA molecules Pyrimidine dimer - correct answer Pyrimidine= C U T When researchers determined the total cellular concentration of ATP in AlP-exposed rat liver cells, they found the concentration to be equal to the control value. Which conclusion about the metabolic state of the cell is best supported by these data? A. Glycolytic flux is increased after AlP treatment. B. Glycolytic flux is decreased after AlP treatment. C. Citric acid cycle flux is increased after AlP treatment. D. Citric acid cycle flux is decreased after AlP treatment. - correct answer Passage states that "ATP production decreased in AIP-exposed cells" recall from P1 that AIP makes phosphine= toxin that hinders ETC, so then the glocylytic pathway= major pathway for ATP production once ETC IS SHUT DOWN! -> A is the right answer.

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-can kill C/D since "TCA cycle requires ETC to produec ATP" Phagocytosis process - correct answer Macrophage ingests foreign material -> initially becomes trapped in phagosome, which then fuses w/lysosome to form phagolysosome Phagolysosome - correct answer digestive vesicle formed by the fusing of a lysosome with a phagosome; has digestive enzymes inside to digest foreign objects Inhibition of phosphofructokinase-1 by ATP is an example of: I. allosteric regulation. II. feedback inhibition. III. competitive inhibition - correct answer C. I and II only -allosteric regulation & feedback inhibition

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Which process moves chlorine IONS into the cells of the green algae? (Graph shows Cl- concentration higher in cytoplasm vs. in pond H20) A.Osmosis B.Diffusion C.Active transport D.Facilitated diffusion - correct answer C. Active transport -In order to maintain HIGHER cCl- concentration inside cell, ions must be moved into cell against the conc. gradient= needs ATP energy (we're going low-> HIGH, against gradient) -B, and D* are all process that go WITH gradient (treat as same); A= for H Osmosis - correct answer diffusion of WATER across a selectively permeable membrane from LOW-> HIGHER areas of concentration

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Diffusion moves materials from area of ______ concentration to area of _____ concentration - correct answer HIGHER -> LOWER = moving "down concentration gradient" Facilitated Diffusion - correct answer Passive movement of molecules along concentration gradient, guided by presence of another molecule (often integral membrane protein forming pore/channel) If Dendrotoxin blocks VG-K+ channels in somatic motor neurons that regulation skeletal muscle contraction -> how does this affect the initiation of action potential electrical signal? A. inhibit the initiation of an action potential. B. shorten the refractory period. C. prolong the action potential. D. prevent depolarization. - correct answer C is correct.

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-Na+ channels OPENing cause depolarization and the K+ channels cause repolarization --> so if K+ can't leave, then cell will NOT repolarize and AP will last longer The opening of K+ channels causes _____ - correct answer REpolarization (K+ ENTERS cell while Na+ leaves) The opening of Na+ (sodium) channels causes ____ in a cell - correct answer DEpolarization *Na+ channel OPEN -> sodium ENTERS the cell * Repolarization - correct answer Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell. Depolarization - correct answer The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing INTO the cell causing the interior to become more positive.

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(loss of negative resting membrane potential--> potential becomes MORE positive) Where are secretory proteins synthesized? - correct answer Rough ER! Isoelectric point of 9 suggests - correct answer Protein is positively charged at physiological pH Proteins that are translocated into the nucleus usually contain ______? - correct answer Nuclear localization sequence Nuclear localization sequence - correct answer A sequence of amino acids (usually basic/positive) that directs a protein to the nuclear envelope, where it is imported by a specific transport mechanism. The middle region, as opposed to either end, of each of the seven α-helical domains of Frizzled is most likely to contain a high proportion of which type of amino acid residue? (Passage: domains= transmembrane) A. Nonpolar

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B. Polar uncharged C. Positively charged D. Negatively charged - correct answer A is correct -transmembrane domains cross phhospholipid bilayer, so have high hydrophobic residues= NONpolar transmembrane proteins - correct answer span the membrane -> often NONpolar/hydrophobic then b/c they can cross the phospholipid bilayer/barrier GADPH catalyzes the reversible conversion of what? - correct answer glycolytic enzyme -glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> 1,3-biphosphoglycerate The posttranslational modification of proteins such as histone acetylation is best analyzed by what? A. Western blot B. Southern blot C. Northern blot

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D. RT-PCT - correct answer A is correct. WESTERN BLOT= PROTEINS Which experimental approach(es) can be used to analyze the effect of ROS on the lifespan of yeast? Comparing the lifespans of: I. wild-type yeast versus yeast lacking antioxidant enzymes II. wild-type yeast versus yeast overexpressing antioxidant enzymes III. yeasts growing in the presence or absence of hydrogen peroxide A.I only B.II only C.II and III only D.I, II, and III - correct answer D. I, II, and III is correct -All options influence ROS (reactive oxygen species) in yeast and can be used to analyze role fof ROS in regulating lifespan of yeast

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-think broadly b/c it just says "effect of ROS", nothing specific + hydrogen peroxide= ROS Vasopressin regulates the insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of the epithelial cells of which renal structure? A. Collecting duct B. Proximal tubule C. Bowman's capsule D. Ascending loop of Henle - correct answer A. Collecting duct Vasopressin= ADH What are the primary myelin-forming cells in the peripheral nervous system? - correct answer Schwann cells Microglia - correct answer Phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in the CNS

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Astrocytes - correct answer form blood brain barrier A prion is best described as an infectious: - correct answer protein Prion - correct answer An abnornally folded protein that induces normmally folded version of the protein to also adopt the abnormal structure (often deleterious) Assume that S. typhi immediately enters the bloodstream from the small intestine. Of the following, which would be the first major organ that bloodborne S. typhi would encounter? A. Stomach B. Pancreas C. Large intestine D. Liver - correct answer D. Liver -blood from small intestine transported 1st to the liver -

regulated nutrient distribution/removes toxins from blood

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**Researchers have noted that chloramphenicol (commonly used antibiotic) is becoming less effective in treating typhoid fever. The BEST explanation for this observation would be selection: A. against chloramphenicol in ΔF508 heterozygotes. B. against chloramphenicol in wild-type homozygotes. C. for chloramphenicol resistance in populations of S. typhi. D. for ΔF508 CFTR, which cannot bind chloramphenicol. - correct answer Pseudo-discrete question-> don't let passage distract you! (Question asking why antibiotic becoming less effective?) -C is BEST since this is the most likely/main form of antibiotic resistance -B would have intended result, but something more unlikely/novel, might require genome evolution Autosomal mutations - correct answer occur within genes located on the autosomes (nonsex chromosomes)

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If something is amplified, the % value is ____ than 100 - correct answer MORE than 1oo, so 1.48= 48% MORE than the maximum Internalization of viral particles through endocytosis is mediated by _____ - correct answer Endosomes Endosomes - correct answer carry and sort material brought into the cell (i.e., vesicles, especially used for endocytosis) The precursor of EGP is translated from a transcript that has had one nontemplated nucleotide added to the open reading frame. This change does not create or eliminate a stop codon. Compared with the protein sGP, which is produced from the unedited transcript, EGP most likely has the same primary: A. amino-terminal sequence as sGP, but a different primary carboxy-terminal sequence. B. carboxy-terminal sequence as sGP, but a different primary amino-terminal sequence.

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C. sequence as sGP except that EGP has one additional amino acid. - correct answer A is correct -addition of 1 nucleotide to open reading frame -> frameshift mutation and an aberrant carboxy-terminal domain *C terminal is modified post-translationally, NOT N- terminal and also proteins made N-->C!!! so C side= OPEN frame **C is wrong since it has one more AMINO ACID, NOT NUCLEOTIDE and nucleo= 3 AA (codon) Stop codons - correct answer UAA (U Are Annoying) UGA (U Go Away) UAG (U Are Gross) Which terminal (N or C) is post-translationally modified? - correct answer C-terminal (carboxy) What direction are proteins synthesized in? - correct answer N-terminus to C-terminus!!!

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In humans, eggs and sperm are most similar with respect to: A. cell size. B. genome size. C. the time required for development. D. the numbers produced by a single individual. - correct answer B is correct since both egg & sperm contain haploid # of chromosomes Based on the passage, myosin Va most likely directly binds: (dumb mistake..) A. tubulin. B. actin. C. melanin. D. Rab27a. - correct answer B is correct. -MYOSIN= MOTOR protein, so these move along microfilaments and bind actin

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Centrosome vs. Kinetochores - correct answer Kinetochore: Microtubules ATTACH to Centrosome: Microtubules ORIGINATE/radiate from here Microtubules are cellular structures that originate from the ______ - correct answer Centrosomes How do cytotoxic T cells work? - correct answer Target virus-infected cells by recognizing the viral antigen presented on the cell surface Where in the human male reproductive system do the gametes become motile and capable of fertilization? A. Testis B. Urethra C. Epididymis D. Prostate gland - correct answer C. Epididymis= where sperm gain MOTILITY Sperm are produced in the - correct answer Seminiferous tubules