AAMI Pathology for Embalmers Final Exam Questions with Complete 100% Verified Solutions 20, Exams of Nursing

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AAMI Pathology for Embalmers Final

Exam Questions with Complete 100%

Verified Solutions 2024/

what system is responsible for the intake of our nutriens and the elimination of waste products from the body. Digestive where does digestion begin? Mouth what is the mechanical breakdown of food? Chewing what are the organs of the digestive tract? Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestines what are the accessory organs of the digestive tract? Teeth, Tongue, Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas where does the digestion of large proteins begin? Stomach what does the cardiac sphincter prevent? Regurgitation what prevents regurgitation? Cardiac Sphincter what is the name of the sphincter that food passes through the stomach to the small intestines? Pyloric what is food called once it is in the small intestines? Chyme chyme is propelled along its course by rhythmical smooth muscle contraction called? Peristalsis where does the greatest amount of digestion take place? Small Intestines what produces bile? Liver what is an emulsifying agent. Bile a substance that reduces large fat droplets into much smaller fat droplets. Emulsifier this enables the lipase enzyme to digest fat into small absorbable units.

Bile what are finger-like projections that increases the absorption area for digestion? Villi inflammation of the mouth (oral or buccal cavity) which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, roof and floor of the mouth. Stomatitis causes of __________:

• mechanical trauma - chewing or peeling
• extreme temperature - drinking beverages that are too hot; eating hot pizza can burn the roof of your mouth
• chemical injury - exposure to heavy metals such as mercury
• infections from pathogens: common cold; gonorrhea; measles; leukemia; AIDS Stomatitis fungus that causes thrush. Candida Albicans viral infections seen with cold sores and fever blisters. Herpes Simplex l the causative agent of syphilis, can lead to inflammatory lesions, refered to as mucous patches, in the mouth during the secondary stage of the disease. Treponema Pallidum these organisms cause inflammation of the _______
• candida albicans
• herpes simplex l
• treponema pallidum Mouth inflammation of the lips. Chelitis causes of _________
• mechanical injury such as chewing or peeling of the lips
• thermal injury: drinking hot coffee, eating hot pizza
• chemical reaction
• infection: cold sores, canker sores, herpes Chelitis inflammation of the tongue Glosstis causes of __________
• mechanical injury

• thermal injury
• chemical irritation
• vitamin deficiency - lack of vitamin B Glosstis a periodontal disease of the gums involving inflammation and infection that can result in the destruction of the gums. Gingivitis
• inflammation of the gums
• characterized by swelling, redness, watery exudate, and bleeding Gingivitis causes of ___________
• poor hygiene - buildup of bacterial plaque. In time, plaque mineralizes into a hard deposit known as tartar.
• food impaction - it is more common in cases of uncontrolled diabetes; pregnancy (due to hormonal changes) Gingivitis
• inflammation of the tonsils
• commonly caused by bacterial or viral infection. Strep throat is a common cause
• frequently accompanies inflammation of other parts of the upper respiratory tract
• tonsils become swollen, narrowing the opening of the throat and causing pain and difficulty in swallowing
• their surface may be covered by pus
• the availability of antibiotics have decreased the need for a tonsiliectomy. Tonsillitis what is the common cause of tonsillitis? Strep Throat these are masses of lymphoid tissue embedded in the mucous membrane of the mouth, one on each side of the throat. Tonsils
• inflammation of the pharynx or throat that results in a sore throat
• most cases are caused by viruses; which include the common cold, flu, adenovirus, mononucleosis, and HIV.
• Bacteria may also cause this. These include streptococcus, corynebacterium, neisseria gonorrhea, and chlamydia pneumoniae
• may extend to the larynx Pharyngitis where may pharyngitis extend too?

Larynx Stomatitis is a disease of the ______? Mouth Chelitis is a disease of the _______? Mouth Glossitis is a disease of the ________? Mouth Gingivitis is a disease of the _______? Mouth Tonsillitis is a disease of the _______? Mouth Pharyngitis is a disease of the ________? Mouth inflammation of the esophagus. Esophagitis what is the most common type of esophagitis? Reflux what do we know reflux esophagitis as? Heartburn this result from a regurgitation of stomach acid through the cardiac sphincter which causes a chemical irritation of the mucosa lining of the esophagus. Heartburn esophagitis is a disease of the _________? Esophagus

• are varicose veins of the esophagus or esophageal varices.
• esophageal varices is due to an obstruction of the hepatic venous return as a result of cirrhosis of the liver.
• esophageal varices are a complication of cirrhosis
• the most serious danger of esophageal varices is that of hemorrhage - especially in those who have clotting disorders. Varices what is the most serious danger of esophageal varices.? Hemorrhage varices is a disease of the ________? Esophagus what is another term for Sternosis? Stricture

an abnormal narrowing of an opening or passageway. Stenosis this can result from a serious infection or chemical irritation which leads to the formation of scar tissue within the lumen of the esophagus. Esophageal Stenosis this can also be caused by tumors which develop either within the lumen of the organ itself of outside of the organ which will cause pressure on its muscular wall. Esophageal Stenosis Stenosis is a disease of the ______? Esophagus in an inflammation of the stomach and may be caused by many things, most commonly bacterial or viral infection and chemical irritants such as coffee, aspirin, and alcohol: pernicious anemia, autoimmune disorders or the bacteria that causes ulcers. Gastritis this can develop after major surgery, traumatic injury, burns or severe infections. Gastritis the vomiting of blood from the stomach is often associated with gastritis. Hematemesis gastritis is a disease of the ________? Stomach these can occur in the stomach. There are localized areas of necrosis on the skin of mucous membrane in which the dead tissue is sloughed off resulting in a crater or hole at the site. Ulcers ulcers can be a disease of the __________. Stomach what are ulcers that occur in the stomach or duodenum referred to as? Peptic Ulcers secretion of an excess amount of ____________ are associated with peptic ulcers. Gastric Juices inflammation of the lining of the membrane of the abdominal cavity. Peritonitis ulcers can perforate the stomach wall allowing contents of the digestive tract, including bacteria, to reach the abdominal cavity resulting in _________. Peritonitis what is one danger of any ulcer? Hemorrhage

the narrowing of the pyloric sphincter. This can be a result of scar tissue that has formed as a result of a peptic ulcer. This narrowing can have an effect upon the normal passage of food products from the stomach into the small intestines. Pyloric Stenosis an abnormal, black, tarry stool that contains digested blood which results from bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Melena what is often a sign of a peptic ulcer or small bowel disease? Melena pyloric stenosis is a disease of the ________? Stomach entamoeba histolytica causes Amoebic Dysentery amoebic Dysentery is a disease of the _________? Intestines salmonella typhi caues this disease? Typhoid Fever Typhoid Fever is a disease of the _______? Intestines the shigella species causes this disease? Bacillary Dysentery bacillary dysentery is a disease of the _________? Intestines mycobacterium tuberculosis causes this disease? Tuberculosis tuberculosis is a disease of the ___________? Intestines staphylococcus aureus, clostridium perfringens, and clostridium botulinum cause this? Food Poisoning food poisoning is a disease of the ____? Intestines escherichia coli causes this disease? Enteritis enteritis is a disease of the _______? Intestines an inflammation of the small intestines caused by microorganisms which typically involves the stomach and intestines.

Enteritis the organisms associated with enteritis are usually ingested in contaminated ______ or _______. Food, Water symptoms of __________ include

• abdominal pain
• cramping
• diarrhea
• fever
• dehydration Enteritis an inflammation of the colon, the main part of the large intestines. Colitis these are all types of _________:
• crohns disease
• ulcerative colitis
• ischemic colitis
• irritable bowel syndrome
• cryptosporidium entercolitis
• cytomegalovirus colitis Colitis colitis is a disease of the _________? Intestines symptoms of _______ include:
• severe diarrhea
• dehydration
• abdominal pain
• abdominal bloating
• intestinal gas
• bloody feces Colitis an inflammation of the appendix or veriform appendix which is attached to the cecum. If left untreated, the appendix can burst, causing peritonitis. One will feel a pain in the right side of the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, low fever, loss of appetite, and abdominal swelling. Appendicitis appendicitis is a disease of the _______? Intestines this is a condition in which there is an increase in the diverticulum without inflammation.

Diverticulosis a little pouch or sac that forms in the intestine as the mucosal lining pushes through the underlying muscle layer. Diverticulum inflammation of the diverticulum. The sacs have become infected with fecal matter and bacteria. It usually occurs in a diet that is high in fat and low fiber, grain, and bulk. Diverticulitis diverticulitis is a disease of the ________? Intestines an inflammation of the rectum. Stool passes through the rectum on its way out of the body. Proctitis this may be caused by bacterial infection, parasites, irritation from fecal matter of toxic agents. Proctitis this may be secondary to such conditions as hemorrhoids or rectal tumors. Proctitis proctitis is a disease of the __________? Intestines this is an inflammation about the rectum. This is when the inflammation diffuses through the rectal wall and involves the peri-rectal tissue. Periproctitis signs or symptoms of ________

• frequent of continuous sensation that you to have a bowel movement.
• rectal bleeding
• the passing of mucus through your rectum
• rectal pain
• pain on the left side of the abdomen
• a feeling of fulliness in your rectum
• diarrhea
• pain with bowel movements
• inflammation of the rectum
• mucous, blood, and pus maybe present Proctitis ________ may be caused by
• bacterial infection
• parasites
• irritation from fecal matter
• toxic agents

Proctitis a condition in which the veins of the lower portion of the rectum become greatly dilated which often results from straining to defecate or constipation. Hemorrhoids what is another term for hemorrhoids? Piles causes of ___________ -- poor diet

• inadequate fiber
• lack of excerise
• pregnancy or pressurefrom pelvic Hemorrhoids hemorrhoids are a disease of the _________? Intestines refers to the protrusion of an organ through the walls of the body cavity in which it is contained. Hernia are hernias more common in men or women? Men these are more common in men because the abdominopelvic cavity is weak at the level at which the testicles descend. Hernias this hernia is caused by the weakening of the abdominal muscles in the groin area. Inguinal this hernia occurs in the are of the femoral triangle Femoral this hernia is part of the stomach pushes up through the esophageal opening of the diaphragm. Hiatal this hernia occurs in infants due to imperfect closure of the abdominal wall in the area where the umbilical cord was attached. Umbilical an inflammation of the liver and the most common form of the disease is caused by several strains of viruses. It can also be caused by infections from parasites, bacteria, illicit drugs, or poisonous mushrooms, or an overdose of acetaminophen in combination with excessive alcohol. Hepatitis this can cause progressive liver damage, liver failure, or liver cancer. Hepatitis

these risk factors increase the chance of contracting __________.

• eating contaminated foods
• unprotected sex with multiple partners
• IV drug users
• living in a nursing home
• excessive alcohol consumption
• organ transplant
• AIDS
• receiving a tattoo
• working in a healthcare setting or funeral home Hepatitis what is hepatitis A also known as. Infectious Hepatitis hepatitis is a disease of the _______. Liver this is spread through the fecal-oral route by the ingestion of contaminated water and food. The virus is known to survive for days on countertops and other fomites. Hepatitis A this is resistant to normal levels of chlorine in water. Hepatitis A oysters that live in contaminated water may be a source of infection when eaten undercooked. Hepatitis A what is the incubation period for Hepatitis A? 4 Weeks there is no chronic form of Hepatits A. T/F True what is the least serious of the 3 Hepatitis diseases? Hepatitis A which hepatitis is this
• by the time the symptoms are observable, the person is no longer infectious
• it can be developed as an isolated case or an epidemic
• no permanent liver damage
• has a good prognosis Hepatitis A symptoms of _________:
• usually mild be can last up to several months, especially in adults.
• anorexia

• fatigue
• nausea
• diarrhea
• fever
• jaundice
• chills Hepatitis A what is hepatitis B also known as? Serum Hepatitis this form of hepatitis is spread through contaminated body fluid such as blood. Hepatitis B what type or workers are at risk for Hepatitis B? Healthcare this form of hepatitis has been isolated in numerous bodily fluids such as blood, saliva, breast milk, semen, vaginal secretions. Hepatitis B this form of hepatitis is chronic, sometimes fulminate disease, meaning that it can rapidly lead to death. Hepatitis B about _______% of acute hepatitis B ends in complete recovery. 90 the sharing of IV needles, contaminated tattoo needles, and unprotected sex all lead to a highers incidences of _________? Hepatitis B ________ can cause any of the following:
• jaundice
• fatigue
• abdominal pain
• loss of appetite
• nausea
• vomiting
• joint pain Hepatitis B this is caused by the hepatitis c virus which is spread through direct contact with blood or other bodily fluids. Hepatitis C hepatitis c is subclinical in _____% of the cases 80

what is the incubation period for Hepatitis C? 2 - 22 Weeks what do half of the hepatitis C cases lead too? Chronic Hepatitis what are most cases of hepatitis C transmitted through? Illegal Injected Drugs this is a chronic, degenerative disorder of the liver. Cirrhosis in the United States ________ of the liver is mainly caused by long term alcoholism poisoning or hepatitis. It may also result from damage done by drugs and previous viral or bacterial infections. Cirrhosis in the liver this is characterized by fatty and cellular infiltration and degeneration of liver cells, causing hardening of the liver. As a result of loss of the liver function, increased blood pressure in the hepatic portal system may develop, leading to ammonia toxicity in the body. Cirrhosis numerous effects of _________ are often seen either ante-mortem or post-mortem. They are as follows:

• jaundice
• ascites
• Edema
• toxins build up because the liver is unable to remove them hemorrhage of blood vessels in the stomach or intestines Cirrhosis a yellow discoloration of skin and tissues and whites of the eyes caused by the build-up of bile pigments in the blood stream. It results from complication of cirrhosis but may also occur from an obstruction in one of the bile ducts that causes bile to back up such as a gallstone. Jaundice what is another term for jaundice? Iceterus jaundice is a disease of the _______? Liver the sac-like structure attached to the undersurface of the liver for the purpose of storing bile. Gall Bladder due to lack of symptoms there is a high mortality rate with? Stomach Cancer stomach cancer can develop in any part of the stomach and then spread throughout the stomach and other organs. Initially it spreads through the stomach wall and into nearby lymph nodes and organs such as _______, ______, and ________.

Liver, Pancreas, Colon characteristics of __________

• indigestion
• abdominal pain
• nauseau
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• constipation
• bloating
• loss of appetite
• bloody vomit or feces Stomach Cancer these normally begin as tumors of vascular organs which develop on their mucous membranes. They appear as talk growth, like a cherry on a stem. Polyps these are surgically remove in they are malignant or occulde the organ. Polyps these are typically found in vascular organs such as the nose, uterus, and rectum. Polyps what is cancer that affects either the colon or the rectum. Colorectal an inflammation of the gall bladder often caused by the presence of galllstones in the biliary system. Cholecystitis the formation or presence of gallstones. There are 3 types of gallstones; the most common is composed of cholesterol. The other types include pigment gallstones and mixed gallstones. Gallstones can be single or multiple, large or small. Cholelithiasis what is the most common type of gall stones? Cholesterol an inflammation of the bile ducts which is caused by blockages of the bile ducts. Cholangitis what is the most common cause cholangitis? Gallstones an inflammation of the pancreas in which the pancreas is digested by its own enzymes. Pancreatitis what it the digestion of tissues by cellular enzymes known as? Autolysis

binge alcohol consumption and gallstones can lead to this disease? Pancreatitis if the gallstones become lodged in the pancreative duct or the ampulla of Vater, the flow of pancreative juices becomes blocked and ___________ ensues. Pancreatitis what are the small and large intestines referred to as? Bowel _________ are serious because the blood vessels may also become compressed within the occlusion leading to a lack of blood flow to the intestines and resulting in necrosis. Bowel Obstructions ______ causes distention of the small intestines leading to an increased pressure within the lumen of the intestines. The increased pressure compresses the lymphatic vessels in the mucosal layer of the intestines. The compression of the lymphatic vessels prevents them from removing excess fluid and lymphedema appears within the lumen of the intestines. The fluid loss and dehydration that ensues is often a fatal combination. Vomiting any narrowing of the lumen of the intestines, or other hollow organ. Stricture what is another term for stricture? Stenosis these are protrusions of an organ through the wall of the cavity containging the organ. Hernias this type of hernia cannot be returned to normal position due to inflammatory adhesions. Irreducible this type of hernia are irreducible hernias without any disturbance in blood flow. Incarcerated this type of hernia is one in which the blood supply is cut off resulting in gangrene and peritonitis. Strangulated a strangulated hernia can result in _______ or ________. Gangrene, Peritonitis the loss of movement in the muscles. Paralysis in the case of ________ of the peristaltic muscles in the bowel prevents the movement of material within the bowel leading to intestinal/bowel obstruction. Paralysis in children bowel obstruction commonly results from _________. Congenital Defects

involves the twisting of the intestines around itself causing an obstruction of the movement of fecal matter through the bowel. Volvulus is the telescoping or invagination of the intestines. One part of the intestines is pushed into the part ahead of it. Intussusception who is intussusception more common in? Children of the abnormal cavity will be present. Ascites will call for larger volumes of milder solutions Dehydration the extreme loss of weight due to malnutrition and repeated hemorrhage, particularly in the case when malignancy is involved. A long and careful arterial injection with humectants will be required to restore some of the lost moisture. Post embalming hypodermic tissue builder may be necessary to fill out the features. Emaciation in the tissues predisposes to rapid decomposition Edema edema in the tissues predisposes to rapid _________ Decomposition often accompanies diseases of the liver and gall bladder. This will call for special fluid to be used for arterial injection, with extra care being given to removing the yellow discoloration without promoting the development of a deeper green discoloration. Jaundice will predispose to a higher secondary dilution of arterial and cavity chemicals. Edema this can short circuit the flow of embalming fluid throughout the body. Hemorrhage _______ from within the abdominal cavity may also pre-dispose to purge from the nose and mouth. Pressure may result from both edema and collection of gases in the digestive tract which may put pressure on the major vessels, impairing both arterial distribution of embalming solutions and venous drainage of body fluids. Abdominal Distention with their high bacterial activity may indicate a need for a stronger germicidal chemical. Infectious Disease

what are two other terms for the common cold? Acute Coryza, Acute Rhinitis this is an acute viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. Common Cold this is characterized by nasal congestion, runny nose and eyes, and mild sore throat and fever. Common Cold the common cold is spread by ________ and _________ Droplet Spray, Fomites what type of immunity is there for the common cold? None the common cold produces ______ amounts of mucous. Large in the common cold antibiotics work against the viral agent. T/F False with the common cold the use of antibiotics is used to prevent a _____________ Secondary Infection what is the best prevention for the common cold? Handwashing what is another term for Coryza? Rhinitis inflammation of the nasal passages Coryza coryza could be a result of _________. Allergies what are the 4 sinuses? Frontal, Ethmoid, Maxillary, Sphenoid inflammation of any or all four of the sinuses or nasal passages. Sinusitis swelling of the mucous lining that causes pain, pressure, and headache. Sinusitis this can also cause dark circles under the eyes Sinusitis this is caused by viruses, bacteria, allergens, environmental conditions such as changes in barometric pressure, airplane flights, and swimming Sinusitis this may also follow a tooth extraction or dental work Sinusitis

protruding growths of the mucous membrane within the nasal cavity. Nasal Polyps nasal polyps usually hang down from the ________ wall of the nasal septum. Posterior nasal polyps are usually noncancerous. T/F True individuals with asthma and chronic rhinitis are susceptable to Nasal Polyps inflammation of the pharynx or throat. Phayrngitis this disease is characterized by difficulty swallowing, redness and pain in the throat. Pharyngitis this disease is caused by bacteria, viruses, other pathogens, foreign objects, hot liquids, or spice food may also contribute. Phyrangitis inflammation of the larynx box. Laryngitis inside the larynx there are your _________, two folds of mucous membrane covering muscle and cartilage Vocal Cords your vocal chords become inflated or irritated. Laryngitis caused by viruses, allergies, overuse of the voice, exposure to caustic chemicals, irritation, infection and smoke. Lyrangitis what is the viral infection that causes laryngitis in young children? Croup a bacterial infection of the trachea. Tracheitis what causes tracheitis? Staphylococcus Aureus who does tracheitis mostly effect. Children this frequently follows a recent viral upper respiratory infection. Tracheitis inflammation of the bronchi Bronchitis

what are the main air passages in the lungs Bronchi the mucous membrane lining of the bronchi becomes red and swollen. Bronchitis bronchitis can be acute or chronic. T/F True usually follows a viral respiratory infection that begins in the nose, sinuses, or throat and then spreads to the bronchi or lungs. Acute Bronchitis acute bronchitis can be caused by ________ agents Bacterial acute bronchitis can affect one or both side of the bronchial tree. T/F True in acute bronchitis there is no risk of a secondary infection leading to pneumonia. T/F False this is characterized by chest pain, dyspnea, cough, fever, and sometimes chills. Acute Bronchitis with acute bronchitis the sputum may contain _______. Pus difficulty breathing. Dyspnea this type of bronchitis is most serious in small children, chronically ill, and the elderly Acute to be classified as _______ bronchitis, there must be the presence of a cough with mucus most days of the month for at least 3 months. Chronic a long term disorder of the bronchi accompanied by excessive mucus production and a productive cough. Chronic Bronchitis a _________ cough means mucus is being coughed up to clear the respiratory tract. Productive an allergic disease of the bronchi. Bronchial Asthma this a characterized by a hypersensitivity to various allergens such as dust, mold, pollen, animal dander, and various foods such as eggs, shellfish, and chocolate. Bronchial Asthma bronchial asthma is not inherited but there is a hereditary factor involved; a predisposition for sensitivity to allergens is inborn. T/F

True it is not unlike an allergic reaction where the mucus membrane lining of the bronchi become irritated and produces excess mucous narrowing of the lumen and then swells shut, causing a reduction in airflow. Bronchial Asthma these are some non-allergen causes: emotional stress, exercise, smoke, environment Bronchial Asthma an acute inflammation of the lungs. Pneumonia the majority of cases are due to bacterial infection, but viruses also cause ________. Pneumonia the air sacs of the lungs become filled with an inflammatory exudate. As a result oxygen exchange is impaired and the person has difficulty breathing. Pneumonia symptoms include: dyspnea, fever, chest pain and a productive cough and can affect one lung or both or different areas of the lung. Pneumonia a severe infection of one or more of the 5 lobes of the lung. Lobar Pneumonia in this type of pneumonia the affected lobe is consolidated with a thick, fibrous exudate making respiration in that portion of the lung virtually impossible. Lobar what causes lobar pneumonia Streptococcus Pneumoniae influenze, chronic bronchitis, or weakend immune system increases the risk of? Lobar Pneumonia a form of pneumonia focused on the small bronchi. Bronchopneumonia more common in debilitated patients who are bedridden from other diseases. Bronchopneumonia common causes of ______ are infection and aspiration of gastric contents. Bronchopneumonia major factors that increase the risk for ________:

• chronic bronchitis
• measles or whooping cough
• cancer
• old age
• bronchiectasis

Bronchopneumonia this also walking pneumonia or viral pneumonia Primary Atypical Pneumonia caused by a variety of pathogens including viruses and an atypical bacterial called Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Primary Atypical Pneumonia this disease is most common in adolescents and young adults Primary Atypical Pneumonia starts with a dry, nonproductive cough, headache, fever, muscle pain and fatigue Primary Atypical Pneumonia as it progresses, breathlessness occurs and a cough that now produces small quantities of phlegm that may be clear or white. Primary Atypical Pneumonia caused by the fungal organism pneumocystis carinii Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia this organism is common in the environment and does not cause illness in healthy people Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia this can cause lung infections with those who have a weakened immune system

• cancer
• chronic use of corticosteroids or other medication that affect the immune system
• HIV/AIDS
• solid organ or bone marrow transplant Pneumocystis Carinni Pneumonia pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was relatively rare infection before the ______ epidemic AIDS a term used for certain forms of interstitial lung disease. Interstitial Pneumonia the tissue that surrounds and separates the tiny air sacs in the lungs. Intersitium this disease involves an inflammation of the supportive tissue between the air sacs rather than inflammation the air sacs themselves. Interstital Lung typically a diffuse process that occurs all over the lungs and is not confined to one location. Interstitial Inflammation occasionally used to refer to the inflammation that occurs in the absence of true infection. Interstital Pneumonitis what is another term for pleurisy?

Peuritis inflammation of the pleural membrane of the lungs Pleurisy occurs as a complication of various lung diseases, like pneumonia, tuberculosis, or bronchial carcinoma. Pleurisy this is quite painful; a sharp, stabbing pain accompanies each inspiration. The pain may stem from excess pleural fluid or not enough, or pus/blood in the lungs. Pleurisy this is treated with antibiotics, heat applications, and bed rest. Pleurisy what are the two types of pleurisy? Dry, Wet which is the more common form of pleurisy? Dry this form of pleurisy is more painful, as the inflamed pleurae rub directly against each other. Dry what are two other terms for wet pleurisy Pleural Effusion, Hydrothorax this pleurisy results from an excess amount of exudate in the pleural spaces. Wet in the form of pleurisy the fluid oozes from the inflamed tissue into the space between the lungs and chest wall. Wet in this form of pleurisy the pain usually disappears because the fluid serves as a lubricant. Wet what is another term for Empyema? Pyothorax an accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. Empyema the fluid exudates are purulent, of which there can be a pint of more. Empyema this is caused by an infection that spreads to the lungs. Empyema this is caused by the bacillus mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis this is a highly contagious disease that spreads through the air, by coughs and sneezes. Tuberculosis

the virulence of tuberculosis is enhanced by its ________, which contains high lipid content, providing the organism with a somewhat "waxy" coat which helps protect it against germicides and adverse environmental factors. Cell Wall the bacillus can exist for long periods of time in dried specks of sputum or blood and can be spread in these dust particles to inhabit and infect new hosts. Tuberculosis what is the most common form of the tuberculosis disease Pulmonary Tuberculosis spreads by way of the blood and lymph vessels, forming tiny, widely dispersed foci of infection resembling millet seed giving this form of the disease the name? Miliary Tuberculosis what is the lesion associated with tuberculosis? Tubercles this lesion is a small, hard, gray mass of tissue surrounded by inflammatory cells. Tubercle when the cells within the tubercle are killed, the center or core becomes a soft, cheesy mass and is now called? Caseous Tubercle the content of the tubercle becomes liquified, but without all of the characteristic signs of inflammation. Cold Abscess when the growth of a tubercle erodes the walls of an adjacent bronchus, and the contents are thrown off into the air passageway, leaving an empty cavity. Cavitation a complication of TB. Tubercle formation can damage blood vessels, resulting in hemoptysis, of the spitting up of blood. Hemorrhage the spitting up of blood. Hemoptysis the symptoms of _______:

• fever
• considerable weight loss
• leading to emaciation
• night sweats which could lead to dehydration and weakness Tuberculosis persons with TB are often ________ and ________ due to the chronic nature of the disease. Emaciated, Dehydrated

on of the primary concerns about ________ is that it has become resistant to all major antibiotics and drugs. Tuberculosis any disease of the lung caused by chronic environmental settings. Pneumonconiosis this is caused by inhalation of mineral dusts of occupational or environmental origin. Pneumonconiosis pneumonconiosis is a non-communicable, non-infectous disease affecting the lung. T/F True the type of dust identifies the name of the disease. Pneumoconiosis a coal miners disease; characterized by deposit of coal dust in lungs. Anthracosis what is anthracosis commonly known as? Black Lung Disease involves the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Asbestosis the inhalation of fine particles of silica or stone dust. A common hazard for people working in the mining, rock-quarry, or sand blasting industries. Silicosis crystalline forms of _________ include quartz, cristobalit and tridymite. Silica commonly referred to as a collapsed lung Atelectasis the loss of lung volume due to the inadequate expansion of airspaces, which result in inadequate oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange within the lungs. The result is that blood is not able to eliminate carbon dioxide and refresh itself with the oxygen it needs. Atelectasis this disease prevents the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Atelectasis this disease can do the following:

• can involve a portion of a lung, the entire lung, or both lungs
• may occur as a congenital condition or developed during later years
• it is the opposite of emphysema Atelectasis increased pressure in the pleural cavity causes the lungs to collapse. Atelectasis

mucous plug from inflamed membrane - dilation of bronchi - infectious material collects - abscessess form

• walls become necrotic and break down Brochiectasis a chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory system Emphysema this is characterized by the presence of air pockets at the terminal ends of the bronchioles. Emphysema
• the walls of alveolar sacs become desiccated and tear, a characteristic barrel chest develops
• the indivdual is able to inhale, but is unable to properly exhale; therefore the lungs stay filled with air high in carbon dioxide. As a result, the person experiences a suffocating feeling due to the inability to get enough oxygen into the lungs Emphysema symptoms includes chronic cough (smokers cough) shortness of breath, and abnormally rapid breathing. Emphysema this is not an infectious disease, but is associated with long term irritation of the respiratory Emphysema in emphysema a stethoscope placed on the chest detects abnormal respiratory sounds called? Rales some individual with emphysema experience right-sided heart failure or exhibit ________. Cyanosis a blue discoloration due to lack of oxygen. Cyanosis a complication of chronic bronchitis and other respiratory irritations such as environmental pollutants. Emphysema the end result of emphysema is a breakdown of delicate walls of the alveoli, and a joining together of the tiny air sacs into a much larger functionless sacs called. Bullae an area of inflamed, pus filled tissue in the lung caused by infection Lung Abscess cause of a _________:
• bacteria that have been inhaled from the nose and mouth
• periodontal gum diseases are frequently the cause of lung disease
• may also be associated with a tumor in the lung or pneumonia; IV drug users who use contaminated needles Lung Abscess if a lung abscess ruptures into the pleural space, pus can fill the space causing ________. Empyema

a ________ abscess will eventually rupture causing the formation of a cavity filled with fluid and air in the lung. This rupture produces a large quantity of pus, fluid and blood is coughed up and expectorated. Lung there are a variety of ________ disease of the respiratory system and many are complications of AIDS. Fungal an inherited disease that affects the exocrine glands of the body causing them to secrete viscous mucous, which blocks the ducts and prevents the glands from delivering their products. Cystic Fibrosis this is caused by the mutation in the cystic fibrous trransmembrane regulator gene. The protein associated with this gene should allow cells to release chloride and other ions, but in this disease the cells are defective and do not release chloride. The defective cells produce think, sticky mucus that clogs the lungs, leads to infection and blocks the pancreas. The thick mucus stops digestive enzymes from reaching the intestines, where they are required for proper digestion. Cystic Fibrosis this disease kills more children that any other genetic disease. Cystic Fibrosis what is the leading cause of death among both men and women. Lung Cancer what accounts for most cases of lung cancer. Smoking risk factors for _______ include:

• exposure to high levels of certain compounds related to mining and manufacturing
• these compounds include - asbestos, beryllium, chromium, arsenic Lung Cancer by the time that __________ is diagnosed it has usually spread beyond the primary tumor. Lung Cancer lung cancer is found in its early development stages. T/F False a respiratory disorder in which the bronchioles become more occluded and the alveolar sacs become dehydrated. COPD complicates chronic bronchitis when bronchioles become plugged with mucous. The plugged bronchioles develop a bacterial infection that makes breathing difficult. the individual is unable to draw a normal breath due to bacterial obstruction and is unable to exhale normally due to the pockets of air that develop in the lungs. COPD included under this heading are emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and bronchial asthma.