A&P CDU FINAL EXAM NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 120 QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS, Exams of Nursing

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A&P CDU FINAL EXAM NEWEST

ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 120

QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT

ANSWERS | ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY 2024 - 2025

The ___________ is the largest lymphoid organ a) liver b) spleen c) thymus d) intestine Correct Answer spleen Neutrophils produce an antimicrobial chemical called? a) defensin b) histamine c) complement d) interferon Correct Answer defensin Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation? a) pain b) redness c) heat d) bleeding Correct Answer bleeding Which of the following represents logical sequence of structures that contribute to the return of fluid into the blood via lymphatic system

a) Blood capillaries, arteries, lymphatic vessels, subclavian vein b) Arteries, lymphatic vessels, blood capillaries, subclavian vein c) Arteries, blood capillaries, lymphatic vessels, subclavian vein d) Subclavian vein, arteries, blood capillaries, lymphatic vessels Correct Answer Arteries, lymphatic vessels, blood capillaries, subclavian vein During the inflammation process Mast cells release ___________ that causes vasodilation a) interferon b) histamine c) defensin d) heparin Correct Answer histamine Neutrophils are able to sqeeze through capillary walls in a process called a) leukocytosis b) margination c) diapedesis d) hyperemia Correct Answer diapedesis What is the effect of the sympathetic system on the liver? a) Stimulates release of glucose b) Stimulates secretory activity c) Increases release of digestive enzymes d) Promotes renin release Correct Answer Stimulates release of glucose

Rami Communicantes are associated only with sympathetic division? True False Correct Answer True All of the following E's are used to describe the sympathetic nervous system except? a) excitement. b) embarrassment. c) excretion. d) exercise. Correct Answer excretion As sound levels increase in the spiral organ (of Corti), a) outer hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane b) outer hair cells bend the cilia away from the kinocilium c) inner hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane d) inner hair cells bend the cilia away from the kinocilium Correct Answer outer hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane Albuterol that we use for asthma treatment binds to a) β 1 receptor b) β 2 receptor c) β3 receptor d) Cholinergic receptor Correct Answer B 2 receptor Noreinephrine is secreted by a) some axons of the voluntary nervous system b) some axons of the parasympathetic nervous system c) some axons of the sympathetic nervous system d) both a & b Correct Answer both a & b

In the visual pathways to the brain, the optic radiations project to the a) Optic chiasma b) Lateral geniculate body c) Primary visual cortex d) Medial retina Correct Answer Primary visual cortex Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerve number a) X b) V c) XII d) VI Correct Answer X Olfactory cells and taste buds are normally stimulated by a) The movement of otoliths b) Movemnet of a cupula c) Stretching of the receptor cells d) Substances in solution Correct Answer Substances in solution AcH receptors are a) Adrenergic only b) Nicotinic only c) Muscarinic only d) Nicotinic or Muscarinic Correct Answer Nicotinic or Muscarinic Information from balance receptors goes directly to the a) Visual cortex

b) Motor cortex c) Brain stem reflex centres d) Back muscles Correct Answer Brain stem reflex centres Muscarinic receptors differ from nicotinic receptors in that a) They are always excitatory b) They respond to acetylcholine c) They can be inhibitory d) They are found in the voluntary nervous system Correct Answer They can be inhibitory A feeling of seeing through frosted glass is experienced in glaucoma? True False Correct Answer False Strabismus is caused by congenital weakness of eye muscles? True False Correct Answer True Congenital eye problems are rare but infection with this agent can predispose to this a) Rubella infection b) Tuberculosis c) Influenza Type A d) Burkholderia Pseudomallei Infection Correct Answer Rubella

Internal urethral sphincter is __________________ where as External urethral sphincter is _______________. Correct Answer Involuntary;Voluntary Fibers that activate the nasal and lacrimal gland has its origin in the ____________ a) Lacrimal nuclei b) Edinger-Westphal nuclei c) Superior salivary nuclei d) Inferior salivary nuclei Correct Answer Lacrimal nuclei To move your eye laterally you are actually using

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a) Abducens nerve b) Oculomotor nerve c) Trochlear nerve d) Trigeminal nerve Correct Answer Trochlear nerve MALT would most likely be found here. a. Throat b. CNS c. Dermis d. Peritoneal cavity Correct Answer throat Taste buds are not found ________. A) in fungiform papilla B) in filiform papilla C) in circumvallate papilla D) lining the buccal cavity Correct Answer in filiform papilla Most abundant antibody

a) IgE b) IgD c) IgA d) IgG Correct Answer IgG Antibody found on the surface of B cells a) IgG b) IgE c) IgM d) IgD Correct Answer IgD Antibodies found in glandular secretions like tears, sweat & saliva, also found in breast milk a) IgM b) IgA c) IgG d) IgE Correct Answer IgA First antibody to be released into bloodstream during an immune response a) IgA b) IgM c) IgE d) IgD Correct Answer IgM antibody activated in allergic reactions and parasitic infections a) IgD b) IgG c) IgE d) IgM Correct Answer IgE

All of the following statements are true of most lymph tissues except? a. they house lymphocytes and macrophages. b. they are largely composed of reticular connective tissue. c. they are the site of lymphocyte proliferation. d. the B lymphocytes are able to secrete antigens into the blood Correct Answer the B lymphocytes are able to secrete antigens into the blood Which of the following contributes to the flow of lymph through lymphatic vessels a) The pumping of the heart b) The milking action of skeletal muscle contraction c) Pressure changes in the thorax that result from breathing d) Both b and c Correct Answer Both b and c Lymph tends to stall inside the lymph nodes due to: a) small-diameter spaces within the medulla. b) the large volume of lymph entering the node. c) fewer efferent lymphatic vessels than afferent lymphatic vessels. d) fewer afferent lymphatic vessels than efferent lymphatic vessels. Correct Answer fewer efferent lymphatic vessels than afferent lymphatic vessels. In order for some phagocytes to destroy certain pathogens they have ingested, what must be employed? a) lysosomes

b) diapedesis c) respiratory burst d) complement Correct Answer respiratory burst The thoracic duct receives lymph from? a) upper left b) upper right c) lower body d) both a & c Correct Answer both a & c What would be the clinical sign you will notice if there are blockages in the lymphatic circulation? a) redness b) swelling c) itching d) heat Correct Answer swelling What is found in the spleen, red bone marrow & lymph nodes that fight microbes? a) Lymph b) Natural killer cells c) Inflammation d) Red blood cells Correct Answer Natural killer cells An autoimmune disease is? a) genetic disorder b) immune reactions against self. c) aquired from others d) allergic reaction Correct Answer immune reactions against self

Phagosomes fuse with what cell organell of the phagocyte? a) peroxisome b) lysosome c) nucleus d) ribosome Correct Answer lysosome Red pulp of the spleen is most concerned with filtering ----- -----; White pulp is most concerned with __________ a) immunity; new RBC formation b) filtering lymph; T lymphocyte formation c) blood filtering; immunity d) urine formation; blood filtering Correct Answer blood filtering; immunity The process in which antibodies coat foreign pathogens is called a) opsonization b) adherence c) margination d) apoptosis Correct Answer opsonization What characteristics do all inflammatory chemical share? Correct Answer they are all vasodilators Net filtration pressure formula Correct Answer (HPgc + OPcs) - (HPcs + OPgc) Hydrostatic Pressure of the glomerular capsule PLUS 1st Osmotic Pressure of the capsule space MINUS 3rd

Hydrostatic Pressure of the capsule space PLUS 2nd Osmotic Pressure of the glomerular capsule BMI Normal range Correct Answer 18.5-24. BMI Overweight range Correct Answer 25 - 29. BMI Obese range Correct Answer 30+ Thalamus Correct Answer Gateway to the Cerebrum (cerebral cortex) Sorts/edits/relays info, recieves (afferent) impuleses from all senses Cerebellum Correct Answer Motor Command Center --subconsiously provides precise timing and patterns of skeletal muscle contraction Hypothalamus Correct Answer Visceral Command Center Autonomic control center for many visceral functions (BP, digestive tract motility) + center of emotional response (fear, rage, biological rhythms) Brain stem Correct Answer Survival Center associated with 10 of the 12 cranial nerves Cerebrum Correct Answer Exectuive suite

The brain stem consists of the a) medulla oblongata, pons & midbrain b) medulla oblongata, cerebellum & pons c) pons, midbrain & cerebellum d) pons, midbrain & thalamus Correct Answer medulla oblongata, pons & midbrain Diencepalon includes Correct Answer thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. Which statement about coma is true? A) Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma B) Coma is a form of deep sleep C) Coma is neurologically identical to syncope D) During coma, brain oxygen consumption resembles that of a waking state. Correct Answer Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma REM sleep is associated with _____________. A) temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm B) decreased oxygen use, especially in the cerebral cortex

C) decreased vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure D) decreased activity of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex Correct Answer temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm Which category of memory is involved when playing a piano? A) motor B) declarative C) emotional D) procedural Correct Answer procedural The blood-brain barrier is effective against _____________. A) nutrients such as glucose B) metabolic waste such as urea C) anesthetics D) alcohol Correct Answer metabolic waste such urea Broca's area ___________.

A) is usually found in the right hemisphere B) is considered a motor speech area C) serves the recognition of complex objects D) corresponds to Brodmann's area 8 Correct Answer considered a motor speech area The obturator and femoral nerves branch from this plexus Correct Answer Lumbar Trauma to a nerve of this plexus may cause wrist drop Correct Answer Brachial Striking the "funny bone" (ulnar nerve) may cause injury to a nerve of this plexus Correct Answer Brachial A fall or improper administration of an injection to the buttocks may injure a nerve of this plexus Correct Answer Sacral The phrenic nerve branches from this plexus Correct Answer Cervical Glycolysis Correct Answer Conversion of glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules occurring in the cytosol of cells, an anaerobic process GLUCOSE>2 PYRUCIC ACID MOLECULES

glycogenolysis Correct Answer breakdown of glycogen into glucose, a simple sugar that the body uses to produce energy. occurring when blood glucose levels drop GLYCOGEN>GLUCOSE gluconeogenesis Correct Answer a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non- carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids GLYCEROL+AMINO ACIDS>GLUCOSE Renal Clearance formula CUVP Correct Answer C=(UxV)/P U times V divided by P equals C C U V P Correct Answer C= renal clearance rate (mL/min) U= concentration of substance in urine (mg/mL) V= flow rate of urine formation (mL/min) P= concentration of same substance in plasma Possibly occurring with emphysema, extreme obesity, or narcotic overdose a) Respiratory acidosis b) Metabolic acidosis c) Respiratory alkalosis d) Metabolic alkalosis Correct Answer respiratory acidosis

Possibly caused by asthma, pneumonia, or a severe panic attack a) Respiratory acidosis b) Metabolic acidosis c) Respiratory alkalosis d) Metabolic alkalosis Correct Answer respiratory alkalosis Possibly caused by vomiting, use of diurectics, or use of antacids a) Respiratory acidosis b) Metabolic acidosis c) Respiratory alkalosis d) Metabolic alkalosis Correct Answer metabolic alkalosis Possibly caused by severe diarrhea, untreated Diabetes Mellitus a) Respiratory acidosis b) Metabolic acidosis c) Respiratory alkalosis d) Metabolic alkalosis Correct Answer metabolic acidosis Choose the true statement about the cornea. a) The cornea lacks blood vessels. b) The cornea is not well-supplied with nerve endings. c) The cornea is unable to regenerate. d) The cornea is continuous with the dura mater of the brain. Correct Answer the cornea lacks blood vessels The __________ is NOT a part of the vascular layer of the eye.

a) choroid b) ciliary body c) sclera d) iris Correct Answer sclera The __________ dilate the pupils of the eyes. a) circular muscles b) inferior oblique muscles c) radial muscles d) medial rectus muscle Correct Answer radial muscles Dim light and peripheral vision receptors are called __________. a) foveae b) rods c) ganglion cells d) cones Correct Answer rods Choose the true statement. a) Vitreous humor is located in the anterior segment of the eye. b) Vitreous humor is continuously produced and drained. c) Aqueous humor supplies nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea. d) Aqueous humor is formed in the embryo and lasts for a

lifetime. Correct Answer Aqueous humor supplies nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea Choose the answer that shows the correct order of light transmission from the air to the retina. a) air, aqueous humor, lens, cornea, vitreous humor, retina b) air, cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina c) air, lens, cornea, vitreous humor, aqueous humor, retina d) air, cornea, lens, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, retina Correct Answer air, cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina Adjustment to low light conditions is primarily facilitated by changes in __________ concentration. a) rod b) rhodopsin c) vitamin A d) cone Correct Answer rhodopsin Olfactory receptor cells are neurons that undergo noticeable turnover throughout adult life. True False Correct Answer True Where is the olfactory epithelium located? a) in the soft palate b) in the floor of the nasal cavity c) in the roof of the nasal cavity

d) in the nostrils Correct Answer in the roof of the nasal cavity Which of the following is an INCORRECT match? a) umami taste: elicited by glutamate and aspartate b) bitter taste: elicited by metal ions c) sour taste: elicited by H+ ions in solution d) sweet taste: elicited by alcohols Correct Answer bitter taste: elicited by metal ions Which of the following is/are a part of the external ear? a) tympanic cavity b) semicircular canals c) auditory ossicles d) auricle Correct Answer auricle Place the following events in the order in which they occur during sound transmission:

1. Tympanic membrane vibrates
2. Internal ear fluids are set in motion
3. Hearing receptors are stimulated
4. Ossicles of the ear vibrate
5. Auditory cortex is stimulated Correct Answer 1,4,2,3, the height of a wave crest Correct Answer amplitude The distance between two consecutive wave crests Correct Answer wavelength a mixture of sound wave frequencies Correct Answer quality

the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time Correct Answer frequency a single sound wave frequency Correct Answer tone Which of the following is true of static equilibrium receptors? a) Static equilibrium receptors can respond to rotational forces. b) Static equilibrium receptors are called cristae ampullares. c) Static equilibrium receptors are found in the semicircular canals of the ear. d) Static equilibrium receptors monitor the position of the head. Correct Answer Static equilibrium receptors monitor the position of the head. As we age, __________. a) the lens of the eye becomes increasingly elastic b) the ability to detect high-pitched sounds diminishes c) the clarity of the lens of the eye remains unchanged d) the number of cochlear hair cells in the ear increases Correct Answer the ability to detect high-pitched sounds diminishes Information from the balance receptors goes directly to the cerebral cortex. True False Correct Answer False

Which of following lists the correct order of the layers of the epidermis in thick skin from deep to superficial? a) stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale b) stratum spinosum, stratum basale, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum granulosum c) stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum basale, stratum spinosum d) stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum Correct Answer tactile cells Correct Answer sensory detection hypodermis Correct Answer skin anchoring melanin Correct Answer protection from UV radiation Langerhans cells Correct Answer activate the immune system keratinocytes Correct Answer make a fibrous protein for skin protection Keratin protects the skin from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. True False Correct Answer False The role of ceruminous glands is to _________. a) produce melanin

b) produce sebum c) produce mucus d) produce earwax e) produce sweat Correct Answer produce earwax For humans, food is the only source of vitamin D. True False Correct Answer False If an individual was unable to produce sebum, what problem would they most likely develop? a) They would have excessively oily skin. b) They would have brittle, more easily broken hair. c) They would be unable to make keratin. d) They would be less likely to get sunburns. Correct Answer They would have brittle, more easily broken hair. Apocrine sweat glands __________. a) are unable to carry out exocytosis b) begin functioning puberty c) make watery secretions that are deficient in fats and proteins d) are smaller and more numerous than eccrine glands Correct Answer begin functioning puberty The region deep to the skin is the _________. a) hypodermis b) stratum functionalis c) dermis d) epidermis Correct Answer hypodermis

If dermal papillae were missing then _________. a) friction ridges would be absent. b) keratin could not be produced in the skin c) excess water loss would occur d) sebum secretion would be absent Correct Answer friction ridges would be absent. One main difference between thin skin and thick skin is that a) in thin skin keratinocytes are absent b) in thin skin the stratum corneum appears to be absent c) in thin skin there are no melanocytes d) in thin skin the stratum lucidum appears to be absent Correct Answer in thin skin the stratum lucidum appears to be absent Keratin is found in hair and nails. True False Correct Answer True sebaceous gland Correct Answer sebum mammary glands Correct Answer milk sudoriferous glands Correct Answer sweat ceruminous gland Correct Answer cerumen Hirsutism is a condition that is characterized by _____________. a) a decrease in androgen production

b) hair thinning c) hair loss d) excessive hairiness e) graying of the hair Correct Answer excessive hairiness Follicles that give rise to eyebrows remain active longer than follicles of the scalp. True False Correct Answer False Choose the FALSE statement. a) Low pH protects the skin. b) There are substances in sweat that can kill bacteria. c) Skin does not have a role in regulating body temperature. d) Skin acts as a biological barrier. Correct Answer Skin does not have a role in regulating body temperature. Melanoma is particularly dangerous because __________. a) it is a cancer of the keratinocytes b) it grows rapidly and metastasizes c) it is the most common type of skin cancer d) it never has symptoms Correct Answer it grows rapidly and metastasizes A sunburn is generally classified as being _________. a) a first-degree burn b) a third-degree burn c) a zero-degree burn d) a second-degree burn Correct Answer a first-degree burn

What type of mole or pigmented spot on the skin would be the most concerning? a) A small, perfectly round, uniformly red freckle. b) A spot with varying colors and irregular borders. c) A uniformly colored mole that has been on the skin for 10 years and is now shrinking in size. d) A uniformly tan mole that is 2 mm in diameter. Correct Answer A spot with varying colors and irregular borders. Layers of skin in order from top Correct Answer Epidermis, Dermis & Hypodermis Layers of epidermis in order from top Correct Answer Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum & Stratum basale Layers of dermis in order from top Correct Answer Papillary layer, Reticular layer Hypodermis Correct Answer Superficial fascia, adipose tissue Glycogenesis Correct Answer when energy supplies exceed demand, glucose is converted to glycogen for carbohydrate storage GLUCOSE>GLYCOGEN