A&P II FINAL EXAM STUDY 2024-2025 Edition. Questions & Correct, Verified Answers. Graded A, Exams of Health sciences

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A&P II FINAL EXAM STUDY 2024-

2025 Edition. Questions and

Correct, Verified Answers. Graded

A

__ are substances that can trigger the adaptive defense and provoke an immune response. a. interleukins b. antibodies c. haptens d. antigens - ANSd. antigens After hemoglobin is broken down, what part of it enters the liver and becomes bile, which helps us digest food? a. globin b. bilirubin c. heme d. ferritin - ANSb. bilirubin Air moves into the lungs because: a. the gas pressure in the lungs becomes lower that the outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts b. the volume of the lungs decreases with inspiration c. contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity d. the internal intercostal muscles decrease the thoracic cavity volume - ANSa. the gas pressure in the lungs becomes lower that the outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts All blood cells develop from a. hemocytoblasts b. ejection of the nucleus c. myeloid stem cells

d. lymphoid stem cells - ANSa. hemocytoblasts All of the following would stimulate pancreatic secretion except: a. CCK b. secretin c. parasympathetic stimulation d. serotonin - ANSd. serotonin An increase in carbon dioxide would lead to a a. decreased pH b. slower breathing rate c. increased pH d. slower heart rate - ANSa. decreased pH An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a. a decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma b. a decrease in the production of the ADH c. an increase in the production of the aldosterone d. an increase in the production of ADH - ANSd. an increase in the production of ADH Bacteria living in the colon a. ferment indigestible carbohydrates b. synthesize vitamins c. release irritating gases d. all of these - ANSd. all of these Blood flow through the tissues is responsible for a. urine formation b. removal of wastes from tissue cells c. gas exchange in the lungs d. all of these - ANSd. all of these Blood flow would be increased by

a. decreasing vessel diameter b. increasing blood vessel length c. increasing cardiac output d. decreasing blood pressure - ANSc. increasing cardiac output Cardiac muscle cells use _____ ions for the plateau phase of the action potential. a. calcium b. potassium c. sodium d. chloride - ANSa. calcium Catabolism involves processes that ________. a. mobilize fat during the postabsorbative state b. elevate glucagon levels c. cause a decline in circulating ketone bodies d. break down complex structures to simpler ones - ANSd. break down complex structures to simpler ones Chemical digestion starts in the a. mouth b. stomach c. small intestine d. pancreas - ANSa. mouth Chemical Substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ___________. a. proteins b. antibodies c. hormones d. enzymes - ANSc. hormones Cholesterol, while it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because ________.

a. it enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered b. it is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the precursor of steroid hormones c. it helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs d. it helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation - ANSb. it is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the precursor of steroid hormones During normal inspiration a. intrapolmonary volume increases b. the diaphram is relaxed c. intrapolmonary pressure increases d. intrapolmonary volume decreases - ANSa. intrapolmonary volume increases During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle __________. a. estrogen reaches its highest levels b. the graafian follicle forms c. LH reaches its highest levels d. progesterone levels are at their highest - ANSd. progesterone levels are at their highest During ventricular systole, AV valves close because a. atrial pressure decreases b. atrial pressure increases c. ventricular pressure decreases d. ventricular pressure increases - ANSd. ventricular pressure increases Erection is controlled by the ________ nervous system a. sympathetic b. excitatory c. voluntary d. parasympathetic - ANSd. parasympathetic

Estrogen and progesterone maintain the integrity of the uterine lining and prepare the mammary glands to secrete milk. Which of the following structures makes this possible during the first two months of pregnancy? a. the amnion b. corpus luteum c. corona radiata d. the chorion - ANSb. corpus luteum Fluids would be likely to leave or filter out of the capillary if: a. osmotic pressure in the capillary is high b. net hydrostatic pressure is greater than net osmotic pressure c. net hydrostatic pressure is less than net osmotic pressure d. net filtration pressure is negative - ANSb. net hydrostatic pressure is greater than net osmotic pressure Function of the lymphatic system include _____. a. transport of excess tissue fluid to the blood vascular system b. transport of red blood cells to the blood vascular system c. excretion of excess dietary fat d. maintenance of blood pressure in the venous circulation - ANSa. transport of excess tissue fluid to the blood vascular system Functions of the spleen include all of those below except ___________. a. storage of blood platelets. b. crypts that trap bacteria c. storage of iron d. removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood - ANSb. crypts that trap bacteria How much blood goes to the kidneys every minute? a. 120 ml b. 12 ml c. 5000 ml d. 1200 ml - ANSd. 1200 ml

If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________. a. the AV node would become the pacemaker of the heart b. the heart rate would increase c. parasympathetic stimulation would increase, causing a decrease in heart rate d. the heart would stop, since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contract

• ANSb. the heart rate would increase In the second phase of glycolysis: a. glucose is split into two 3-carbon molecules b. glucose is phosphorylated c. glucose is oxidized d. 4 ATP are produced - ANSa. glucose is split into two 3-carbon molecules In which uterine phase does the functional layer of the endometrium start to rebuild a. menstrual b. proliferative c. secretory d. post-ovulatory - ANSb. proliferative Intrapleural pressure is always a. higher than atmospheric b. higher than intrapulmonary c. negative d. A and C - ANSc. negative Isovolumetric contraction ________. a. occurs only in people with heart valve defects b. occurs while the AV valves are open c. occurs immediately after the aortic and pulmonary valves close d. refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers - ANSd. refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because _________. a. all vitamins are water-soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization. b. most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients c. very few foods contain vitamins d. vitamins provide protection against the common cold - ANSb. most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients Lipids are important because they a. form cell membranes b. help regulate smooth muscle contraction c. are a concentrated source of fuel d. all of these - ANSd. all of these Lipogenesis occurs when a. cellular ATP and glucose levels are low b. the body needs long term energy storage c. cellular ATP and glucose levels are high d. the body needs short term energy storage - ANSc. cellular ATP and glucose levels are high Most of a cells ATP comes from a. glycolysis b. krebs cycle c. electron transport chain d. lactic acid fermentation - ANSc. electron transport chain Most pathogens that try to enter your body a. are stopped by surface barriers b. are killed by the humoral immune response c. cause inflammation

d. are killed by antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells - ANSa. are stopped by surface barriers Neural tissue is formed by the a. epiderm b. mesoderm c. ectoderm d. endoderm - ANSc. ectoderm Normally menstruation occurs when a. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease b. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase c. blood levels of FSH fall off d. the corpus luteum secretes estrogen - ANSa. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease One reason we can hold our breath for a long time is: a. excess carbon dioxide can be converted to bicarbonate and excreted by the kidneys b. hemoglobin can be saturated in .25 seconds c. hemoglobin unloads only about 25% of its oxygen in 1 trip through the systemic circulation d. our body can resist changes in blood pH - ANSc. hemoglobin unloads only about 25% of its oxygen in 1 trip through the systemic circulation One way the kidneys maintain bicarbonate balance is by a. generating sodium ions b. reabsorbing carbon dioxide c. reabsorbing hydrogen ions d. generating new bicarbonate - ANSd. generating new bicarbonate Pressure in the ventricles is greatest when a. they are filling b. they are relaxed c. they are in diastole

d. they are in systole - ANSd. they are in systole Proteins must be broken down into ________ before they can be absorbed. a. monosaccharides b. monoglycerides c. triglycerides d. amino acids - ANSd. amino acids Reabsorption of _______ provides the energy and the means for reabsorbing most other substances. a. water b. glucose c. chloride d. sodium - ANSd. sodium Red blood cells contain ___% hemoglobin a. 50 b. 82 c. 97 d. 100 - ANSc. 97 Saliva and lacrimal fluids contain this enzyme that destroys bacteria. a. Salivase b. Trypsin c. Amylase d. Lysozome - ANSd. Lysozome Select the correct statement about lymph transport. a. under normal conditions, lymph vessels are very high-pressure conduits b. lymph transport is only necessary when illness causes tissue swelling c. lymph transport is faster than that occurring in veins d. lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles - ANSd. lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles

Select the correct statement about lymphocytes a. B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood b. the two main types are Tcells and macrophages c. T cells are the precursors of B cells d. T cells are the only form of lymphocyte found in lymphoid tissue - ANSa. B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue a. T lymphocytes act by ingesting foreign substances b. once a lymphocyte enters the lymphoid tissue, it resides there permanently c. lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue d. lymphoid macrophages secrete antibodies into the blood - ANSc. lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue Sex hormones play roles in a. development of reproductive organs b. growth and development of other organs and tissues c. sexual behavior and drives d. all of these - ANSd. all of these Someone who is suffocating would develop a. respiratory alkalosis b. respiratory acidosis c. metabolic acidosis d. metabolic alkalosis - ANSb. respiratory acidosis Steroid hormones influence other cells by a. activating cyclic AMP b. entering the nucleus of the cell and altering the expression of the gene c. binding specific receptors and activating G proteins d. stimulating the uptake of glucose - ANSb. entering the nucleus of the cell and altering the expression of the gene Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by

a. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid b. humidifying the air before it enters c. warming the air before it enters d. protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations - ANSa. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid The advantage of chemical buffer system is a. they can not be overwhelmed b. they act quickly c. they can eliminate wastes d. all of these - ANSb. they act quickly The cell-mediated immune response is important because antibodies: a. cannot recognize cells infected with viruses b. cannot recognize viruses c. are produced very slowly d. only work once - ANSa. cannot recognize cells infected with viruses The cells with the most receptors for growth hormones are a. liver b. nerves c. bones d. blood vessels - ANSc. bones The chemical buffering system in the urine is a. ammonia b. hydrochloric acid c. phosphate d. sodium hydroxide - ANSc. phosphate The correct sequence of preembryonic structures is a. morula, zygote, blastocyst

b. zygote, morula, blastocyst c. zygote, blastocyst, morula d. blastocyst, morula, zygote - ANSb. zygote, morula, blastocyst The counter current mechanism a. establishes the osmotic gradient in the medulla and cortex b. allows the kidneys to make concentrated urine c. is made up of the vasa recta and the loop of henle d. all of these - ANSd. all of these the critical factor controlling stroke volume is a. preload b. afterload c. contractility d. sympathetic stimulation - ANSa. preload The electrons that are carried by NADH and FADH eventually: a. combine with oxygen and form water b. activate sugar molecules for glycolysis c. directly activate ATP synthase d. all of these - ANSa. combine with oxygen and form water The events of puberty are cause by a. an increase in gonadal hormones b. reaching the age of 13 c. a decrease in gonadal hormones d. an increase in pituitary hormones - ANSa. an increase in gonadal hormones The first phase of erythrocyte production is a. hemoglobin synthesis b. ejection of the nucleus c. ribosome synthesis d. reticulocyte formation - ANSc. ribosome synthesis

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is __________. a. the nephron b. the basement membrane of the capillaries c. Bowman's capsule d. the loop of Henle - ANSa. the nephron The hormone involved in the positive feedback cycle that causes labor contractions is a. surfactant protein A b. progesterone c. oxytocin d. cortisol - ANSc. oxytocin The hormone that has the greatest effect on the metabolic rate is _____________. a. growth hormone b. aldosterone c. thyroid d. cortisol - ANSc. thyroid The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for a. regulating the rate of filtrate formation b. reabsorption of electrolytes c. regulating acid base balance d. reabsorption of organic molecules - ANSa. regulating the rate of filtrate formation The life span of a red blood cell is about a. 4 days b. 4 weeks c. 4 months d. 4 years - ANSc. 4 months The liver produces chemicals which will help break down :

a. proteins b. carbohydrates c. lipids d. all of these - ANSc. lipids The major plasma protein is a. thrombin b. albumin c. fibrin d. fibrinogen - ANSb. albumin The master gland of the endocrine system is the_________. a. endocrine b. pituitary c. adrenal d. thyroid - ANSb. pituitary The most important chemical extracellular buffer in the body is a. phosphate b. renal c. protein d. bicarbonate - ANSd. bicarbonate The most important factor in the regulation of the heart rate is a. acidosis b. autonomic nervous system stimulation c. stroke volume d. extracellular calcium levels - ANSb. autonomic nervous system stimulation The most important force in determining the net filtration pressure is the ________. a. glomerular hydrostatic pressure b. colloid osmotic pressure inside capsular space c. colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood

d. capsular hydrostatic pressure - ANSa. glomerular hydrostatic pressure The most plentiful and powerful intracellular buffer system is a. bicarbonate b. protein c. phosphate d. carbonic acid - ANSb. protein The only T-cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are__________. a. regulatory cells b. cytotoxic cells c. plasma cells d. helper cells - ANSb. cytotoxic cells The part of cell metabolism that allows energy found in the bonds of glucose to be released in a stepwise manner is: a. glycolysis b. krebs cycle c. electron transport chain d. ATP synthase - ANSc. electron transport chain the PO2 of blood in lung capillaries reaches equilibrium with the PO2 of the alveoli rapidly because a. the capillary walls are less than 1 micrometer thick b. there is a steep pressure gradient c. blood velocity is lower in capillaries d. all of these - ANSd. all of these The primary function of the uterus is to a. protect the ovaries b. receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum c. regulate the ovarian and menstrual cycles d. synthesize female hormones - ANSb. receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum

The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by __________. a. Charles' law b. Henry's law c. Dalton's law d. Boyle's law - ANSd. Boyle's law The resistance that has the most effect on blood pressure is from a. length of blood vessels b. diameter of blood vessels c. viscosity of blood d. none of these - ANSb. diameter of blood vessels The respiratory system eliminates carbonic acid by a. eliminating carbon dioxide b. secreting bicarbonate ions c. secreting hydrogen ions d. absorbing oxygen - ANSa. eliminating carbon dioxide The secretion of hormones in response to changing blood levels of ions is known as _____. a. neural stimulus b. hormonal stimulus c. humoral stimulus d. ionic stimulus - ANSc. humoral stimulus The stomach produces enzymes which will break down: a. proteins b. carbohydrates c. lipids d. all of these - ANSa. proteins The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called

a. the infundibula b. the graafian follicles c. fallopian tubes d. the fimbriae - ANSc. fallopian tubes The term metabolism is best defined as _____. a. the length of the time it takes to digest and absorb fats b. a measure of carbohydrate utilization c. the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day d. the sum of energy produced by all the chemical reactions and mechanical work of the body - ANSd. the sum of energy produced by all the chemical reactions and mechanical work of the body The thirst center is located in the a. cerebellum b. medulla c. pituitary d. hypothalamus - ANSd. hypothalamus The thirst center will signal the pituitary gland to release a. insulin b. PTH c. aldosterone d. ADH - ANSd. ADH The total surface area of the respiratory membrane is a. less than the skin b. about the same as the skin c. twice as big as the skin d. 40 times larger than the skin - ANSd. 40 times larger than the skin The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the ________. a. lining of the endometrium b. placental tissue c. archenteron

d. allantois - ANSb. placental tissue The two intrinsic defense systems have many components. Which of the following cell types is not a contributor to specific immunity a. natural killer cells b. plasma cells c. t-cells d. b-cells - ANSa. natural killer cells This type of leukocyte produces antibodies a. neutrophil b. eosinophil c. monocyte d. lymphocyte - ANSd. lymphocyte True/False: Fever is seldom beneficial because it speeds up the cellular metabolic rate and will not allow antigen-antibody reactions to occur. - ANSFalse Trypsin would break things down into a. simple sugars b. fatty acids c. glycerol d. amino acids - ANSd. amino acids Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular __________. a. ions b. deactivators c. second messengers d. nucleotides - ANSc. second messengers Water balance is most closely tied to ______ balance. a. potassium b. sodium

c. chloride d. calcium - ANSb. sodium Water is essential to the body because it a. is a good solvent b. is reactive c. has a high heat capacity d. all of these - ANSd. all of these What effect would metabolic acidosis have on the respiratory rate? a. increase b. would not change c. decrease - ANSa. increase What hormone controls the reabsorption of PTH a. aldosterone b. ADH c. PTH d. insulin - ANSc. PTH What hormone controls the reabsorption of sodium a. ADH b. PTH c. insulin d. aldosterone - ANSd. aldosterone What hormone controls the reabsorption of sodium a. insulin b. PTH c. aldosterone d. ADH - ANSc. aldosterone What organ in the body regulates erythropoeisis? a. brain

b. kidney c. pancreas d. liver - ANSb. kidney What percent of carbon dioxide is carried by hemoglobin in the blood? a. 20 b. 10 c. 97 d. 70 - ANSa. 20 When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling it is an indication that: a. antigens are present b. fever is developing c. an immune response is underway d. inflammation is occurring - ANSd. inflammation is occurring When ADH levels are at their highest, how much water will be reabsorbed from the filtrate? a. 10% b. 50% c. 67% d. 99% - ANSd. 99% When blood glucose levels fall, the pancreas releases ________. a. insulin b. melatonin c. glucose d. glucagon - ANSd. glucagon When NaCl concentration in the filtrate increases, the juxtaglomerular apparatus a. changes the surface area available for filtration b. releases a vasodilating chemical c. releases a vasoconstricting chemical

d. releases angiotensin II - ANSc. releases a vasoconstricting chemical When parathyroid hormone is released a. blood calcium levels fall b. osteoclasts are activated c. calcitonin is inhibited d. calcium channels are blocked - ANSb. osteoclasts are activated When phagocytes leave the capillary wall it is called a. diapedesis b. leukocytosis c. chemotaxis d. margination - ANSa. diapedesis When T-cells mature, negative selection: a. eliminates cells that are strongly anti-self b. eliminates cells that are self-tolerant c. eliminates cells that should have stayed in bone marrow d. eliminates cells that secrete antibodies - ANSa. eliminates cells that are strongly anti-self When the body's mean arterial blood pressure rises, the myogenic mechanism of autoregulation will compensate by a. constriction of the afferent arterioles b. constriction of the efferent arterioles c. dilation of the efferent arterioles d. dilation of the afferent arterioles - ANSa. constriction of the afferent arterioles Which hormone is responsible for the increase in maternal metabolism? a. human placental lactogen b. human chorionic thyrotropin c. human chorionic gonadotropin d. human chorionic somatomammatropin - ANSb. human chorionic thyrotropin

Which hormone produced by the placenta causes the mother's pubic symphysis to loosen and widen? a. relaxin b. hCg c. estrogen d. progesterone - ANSa. relaxin Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells? a. natural killer cells b. basophils c. macrophages d. all of these - ANSa. natural killer cells Which of the following are functions of the larynx? a. speech production b. airway c. switching mechanism d. all of these - ANSd. all of these Which of the following are true about natural killer cells? a. all of these b. they are nonspecific c. they enhance the inflammatory response d. they release perforins - ANSa. all of these Which of the following cells could develop from a lymphoid stem cell? a. lymphocyte b. erythrocyte c. monocyte d. any blood cell - ANSa. lymphocyte Which of the following forms the female gametes and releases hormones

a. vagina b. uterus c. ovaries d. testes - ANSc. ovaries Which of the following glands are responsible for synthesizing an alkaline fluid that makes up 70% of the volume of semen? a. seminal vesicles b. the pituitary c. the bulbourethral glands d. the prostate - ANSa. seminal vesicles Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response? a. a secondary immune response produces fewer antibodies than a primary immune response b. a secondary immune response is started by naive lymphocytes while a primary immune response is started by memory cells c. a secondary immune response does not last as long as a primary immune response d. a secondary immune response is faster than a primary immune response - ANSd. a secondary immune response is faster than a primary immune response Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? a. booster shot b. infusion of weakened viruses c. passage of antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus d. long-term immune protection - ANSc. passage of antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus Which of the following is not a characteristic of the inflammatory response? a. prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue b. replaces injured tissues with connective tissue c. sets the stage for repair processes d. disposes of cellular debris and pathogens - ANSb. replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

Which of the following is not a common metabolic/physiological change that occurs in pregnant women? a. lower blood pressure b. glucose sparing c. increased urine production d. increased tidal volume - ANSa. lower blood pressure Which of the following is not a difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle? a. cardiac muscle has a longer refractory period b. cardiac muscle exhibits automaticity c. cardiac muscle has striations d. cardiac muscle has gap junctions - ANSc. cardiac muscle has striations Which of the following is not a function of blood a. controlling endocrine glands b. transporting oxygen c. distributing heat d. producing antibodies - ANSa. controlling endocrine glands Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys? a. removing wastes b. lipogenesis c. glucogenesis d. regulation of blood volume - ANSb. lipogenesis Which of the following is not a function of the small intestine a. absorption b. ingestion c. chemical digestion d. mechanical digestion - ANSb. ingestion Which of the following is not a phase of erythropoiesis

a. synthesis of hemoglobin b. production of vacuoles c. ejection of the erythrocyte nucleus d. production of ribosomes - ANSb. production of vacuoles Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis? a. vascular spasm b. fibrinolysis c. coagulation d. platelet plug formation - ANSb. fibrinolysis Which of the following is not a result of the estrogen surge in females during puberty? a. increased fat deposit in hips and breasts b. axillary and pubic hair growth c. deepening of the voice d. widening of the pelvis - ANSc. deepening of the voice Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation? a. redness b. fever c. swelling d. pain - ANSb. fever Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2and dispose of CO2? a. external respiration b. internal respiration c. blood pH adjustment d. pulmonary ventilation - ANSc. blood pH adjustment Which of the following is not one of the major nutrients the body needs to survive a. carbohydrates b. lipids