AAOS Emergency Care (EMT-B) EXAM #1 [Chapter 1-12] with 100% Correct Answers 2023-2024, Exams of Advanced Education

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AAOS Emergency Care (EMT-B) EXAM

#1 [Chapter 1-12] with 100% Correct

Answers 2023-

what actions should be performed during the scene size up? - Correct Answer-scene safety MOI/NOI standard precautions number of patients additional resources multisystem trauma - Correct Answer-trauma effecting more than one system of the body when should non-life saving interventions be performed with a multisystem trauma patient? - Correct Answer-en route how many hours of training does it take to become an EMT? - Correct Answer- what is the definition of the moro reflex? - Correct Answer-startled reflex open hands and arms wide what are the functions of the skin - Correct Answer-protect body from environment regulate the temperature of the body translate information from the environment to the brain what are the structures of the upper airway? - Correct Answer-nose mouth jaw oral cavity pharynx (oro/naso) epiglottis larynx/glottis where should the strongest provider be positioned when carrying someone? - Correct Answer-at the head how is glucose absorbed in the body? - Correct Answer-through mucous membranes between the cheek and tongue in the mouth what is negligence based in? - Correct Answer-duty breach of duty

damages causation duty - Correct Answer-standard of care breach of duty - Correct Answer-not acting within standard of care damages - Correct Answer-physical or psychological harm to a patient causation - Correct Answer-cause and effect relationship between breach of duty and damages res ipsa loquitor - Correct Answer-proves negligence if it is shown that injury occurred, the EMT was in control of the injury, and that such injuries do not normally occur unless due to negligent behavior negligence per se - Correct Answer-proves negligence if there is a clear violation of stature, such as performing a task outside the EMT's scope of practice what are the components of the perfusion triangle? - Correct Answer-the heart, the blood, and the vessels why do middle aged adults experience financial concerns? - Correct Answer-kids in college preparing for retirement daily financial concerns what are the components of the secondary assessment? - Correct Answer-system based assessment physical examination of the entire body take vital signs what is HIPAA and what is it for? - Correct Answer-health insurance portability and accountability act limits availability of patients' health care information and penalizes violations of patient privacy what are the signs of a post traumatic stress disorder reaction amongst providers? - Correct Answer-re-experiencing the event over responding to stimuli depression startle reactions flashback phenomena difficulty paying attention dissociative episodes

when checking someone's pupils with a light, what is the normal reaction? - Correct Answer-both pupils instantly constrict to the appropriate size for the pupil introduced to more light what is the most reliable indicator of adequately performed BVM ventilations? - Correct Answer-chest rise and fall what should you do if there is a knife on scene - Correct Answer-stand down, call dispatch/law enforcement if they are not already there, wait until scene is safe, don't touch it informed consent - Correct Answer-permission to treat given by a competent patient who understands potential risks, benefits, and alternative treatments expressed consent - Correct Answer-patient gives verbal or nonverbal authorized for care or transport implied consent - Correct Answer-occurs when patient is unable to give consent (unconscious, minor, psych, etc.) given under the legal assumption that he or she would want treatment what type of questions should you use when interviewing a patient? - Correct Answer- open-ended questions "pertaining to" - Correct Answer--al how do you describe something close to the midline of the body? - Correct Answer- medial what are the stages of grieving - Correct Answer-denial anger bargaining depression acceptance denial - Correct Answer-refusing to accept the situation anger - Correct Answer-projecting bad news onto the environment, lashing out bargaining - Correct Answer-attempting to secure a prize for good behavior, promising to change depression - Correct Answer-internalizing anger, expressed via withdrawl acceptance - Correct Answer-accepting the situation and possible death

what are some complications of immobilizing an elderly patient on a backboard? - Correct Answer-fear skeletal changes (osteoporosis, rigitidy, kyphosis/spondylosis) "around" - Correct Answer-peri-, circum- what are some reasons to use a bariatric stretcher? - Correct Answer-when the patient is over 650 lbs or does not comfortably fit in a regular stretcher right upper quadrant organs - Correct Answer-liver gallbladder small intestines duodenum head of pancreas right kidney left upper quadrant organs - Correct Answer-liver stomach spleen colon left kidney right lower quadrant organs - Correct Answer-cecum appendix ascending colon right ovary right fallopian tube right ureter left lower quadrant organs - Correct Answer-descending colon left ovary left fallopian tube left ureter what are some dangers of the oxygen tank? - Correct Answer-projectiles combustion reactions what is a multiplex system? (communications) - Correct Answer-the ability to transmit audio and data signals through the use of more than one channel when should you use a jaw thrust maneuver versus a head tilt chin lift? - Correct Answer-JTM - when you need to maintain a patent airway but expect spinal injury HTCL - when you need to maintain a patent airway and do not expect spinal injury what is the normal respiratory rate for an infant? - Correct Answer-25-50 breaths/min

what situations need to be filed with local authorities? - Correct Answer-abuse of children/elderly injury during the commission of a felony drug-related injuries childbirth attempted suicides dog bites certain communicable diseases assaults domestic violence sexual assault/rape what is the American Disabilities Act (ADA)? - Correct Answer-legislation that protects people with disabilities from discrimination in the workplace what interventions can be used by all levels of EMS providers - Correct Answer-oral airway bag mask device head tilt chin lift jaw thrust maneuver modified chin lift obstruction oxygen therapy nasal cannula non rebreathing mask upper airway suctioning manual BP unit dose auto-injector manual C-spine stabilization manual extremity stabilization eye irrigation direct pressure hemorrhage control emergency moves for endangered patients CPR AED assisted normal delivery of an infant "-pathy" - Correct Answer-disease what vacuum pressure is generated by a mechanical suctioning unit? - Correct Answer- 300 mm Hg what are the waste products of aerobic metabolism? - Correct Answer-CO2, H2O, and energy (ATP)

respirations for a neonate - Correct Answer-30-60 breaths/min respirations for an infant - Correct Answer-25-50 breaths/min respirations for a toddler - Correct Answer-25-30 breaths/min respirations for a preschooler - Correct Answer-15-20 breaths/min respirations for an adolescent - Correct Answer-12-20 breaths/min respirations for an adult - Correct Answer-12-20 breaths/min what is the paramedic's role in an attempted resuscitation? - Correct Answer-ALS medication therapy advanced airway adjuncts "melan" - Correct Answer-dark brown/black what are the functions of the lymphatic system? - Correct Answer-rid the body of toxins and other harmful material what are the components of the lymphatic system? - Correct Answer-spleen lymph nodes lymph lymph vessels thymus gland what are the functions of a mobile integrated healthcare model? - Correct Answer- facilitate improved access to healthcare at an affordable price offer access for care to patients in communities with limited resources which patient populations require a modified drug dose? - Correct Answer-infants older adults what is the NREMT and what does it do? - Correct Answer-a nongovernmental organization provides national standardized EMS testing and certification where is smooth muscle found in the body? - Correct Answer-blood vessels ureters gastrointestinal tract what is a rules-based medication error? - Correct Answer-the administration of a medicine outside one's scope of practice what is the central nervous system composed of? - Correct Answer-brain

spinal cord what are causes of obstructive shock? - Correct Answer-tension pneumothorax cardiac tamponade pulmonary embolism when should you apply manual inline support of the patient's head? - Correct Answer- move the patient transfer to stretcher log roll AND no other stabilization procedures can be done what is the recovery position? when should you use it? - Correct Answer-breathing adequately no suspected spinal/pelvic injuries patient may seize or vomit or have other fluid blocking their airway how are hormones released in the body? - Correct Answer-from endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream what characterizes normal gas exchange in the lungs? - Correct Answer-occurs at the alveoli CO2 is exchanged for oxygen via the pulmonary capillaries works via partial pressure differences what happens if your patient has a decreased output and poor myocardial contractility?

• Correct Answer-may be at risk for cardiogenic shock or heart attack treat with high flow oxygen and rapid transport what are some normal physical changes occurring in adolescence? - Correct Answer- vital signs level off into adult ranges (systolic BP 90-100, pulse 60-100, respirations 12-

growth spurt muscle mass and bone density increase maturation of the human reproductive system chest hair and voice drops menstruation/ovulation adipose tissue increases egg/sperm production begins how is urine transported in the body? - Correct Answer-ureters take filtrate from kidneys to urinary bladder via peristalsis bladder empties to the outside of the body via the urethra

what are some statements regarding patient refusal? - Correct Answer-adults who are conscious alert and capable of making informed decisions have the right to refuse treatment must sign an AMA AMA does not guarantee legal protection, but helps patients should be A/O X 4 remind the patient to call 911 if they change their mind suicide is not considered capable of making informed decisions what is the last measurable factor to change if someone is in shock? - Correct Answer- blood pressure what is required for an EMT to administer a drug to a patient? - Correct Answer- standing or direct orders from medical control statements regarding breathing adequacy - Correct Answer-tidal volume is the most accurate indicator use chest rise and fall to reliably assess regular rhythm or pattern is normal normal rate and depth watch for movement of accessory muscles clear bilateral lung sounds how can we prevent a tension pneumothorax? - Correct Answer-needle chest decompression (ALS) rapid transport high-flow oxygen keep patient warm why do we need to know the MOI? - Correct Answer-build index of suspicion assess other possible injuries what should you do if there is a minor and no parents are present? - Correct Answer-try to contact the parents do not delay quality care Lipitor (atorvastatin) - Correct Answer-treats high cholesterol and triglyceride levels reduce risk of angina, stroke, heart attack Norvasc (amlodipine) - Correct Answer-calcium channel blocker treats high BP and angina what are the stages of shock - Correct Answer-compensated (peripheral vasoconstriction, increase in heart rate and BP) uncompensated (multiple organ failure, BP drops)

things to remember when communicating with older patients - Correct Answer-do not assume altered mental state is due to age fear is extremely present isolation and depression are common separation from family will often increase anxiety do not limit your assessment to chief complaint often suffering from multiple problems often on many medications allow time for patients to answer less responsive to pain allow patients to gather personal items be caring and confident what is an AAA? - Correct Answer-abdominal aortic aneurysm weakened portion of the aorta swells and may burst per rectum (PR) - Correct Answer-supository, used when patient may regurgitate medication oral/per os (PO) - Correct Answer-swallowed absorbed in the digestive tract affected by stomach acid 1 hour unpredictable absorption noninvasive intravenous (IV) - Correct Answer-directly into bloodstream rapid not all medications can use this route intraosseous (IO) - Correct Answer-directly into bone marrow rapid painful, mostly used on unconscious patients intramuscular (M) - Correct Answer-into the muscle fairly quick can be unreliable muscle damage possible subcutaneous (SC) - Correct Answer-into adipose tissue slow inhalation - Correct Answer-inhaled into lungs fast lots of capillaries

sublingual (SL) - Correct Answer-enters oral mucosa by dissolving under tongue faster and more reliable than oral transcutaneous (transdermal) - Correct Answer-absorbed through the skin patches intranasal (IN) - Correct Answer-liquid is aerosolized and pushed up nose how are your major organs protected? - Correct Answer-by the skeleton what is a DNR? - Correct Answer-an advanced direction to withhold resuscitation attempts what is needed for a DNR to be valid? - Correct Answer-clear statement of medical problem signature of the patient or legal guardian signature of one or more physicians expiration date witness signature is good what are the routes of transmission for communicable disease? - Correct Answer-direct airborne (indirect) food-borne (indirect) vector-borne (indirect) what should you remember when completing an EPCR? - Correct Answer-drop down boxes provide limited information include a good narrative section how would you know if a patient is an organ donor? - Correct Answer-organ donor wallet card driver's license what is the function of the fallopian tubes? - Correct Answer-ovum passes to uterus from ovary primary site for fertilization what are things to remember when moving a conscious patient downstairs? - Correct Answer-if no spinal injury, use a stair chair have a wheeled ambulance stretcher waiting at the base stretcher for patients with suspected spinal injury carry patient feet first strongest provider at feet what is the percentage of oxygen being receiver when performing mouth-to-mask ventilations? - Correct Answer-16% (17%?)

what are vector borne transmissions? - Correct Answer-the spread of disease via an animal or insect what is hepatomegaly? - Correct Answer-abnormal enlargement of the liver how do we place pregnant patients on the gurney? - Correct Answer-Patients in late stages of pregnancy should be positioned and transported on their left side if they are uncomfortable or hypotensive when supine how do you properly ventilate a stoma? - Correct Answer-pediatric mask seal nose and lips tracheostomy mask if available through tracheostomy tube HIV - Correct Answer-causes AIDS damages body's ability to fight off infections and disease blood borne sexually transmitted PPE and proper discarding of sharps are essential precautions what is the definition of patient advocacy? - Correct Answer-doing whatever is in the best interest of the patient what are the steps of immobilizing a patient with a suspected spine injury? - Correct Answer-manually hold C-spine place the patient in supine position log roll patient place patient on backboard secure patient and C-spine what is a pericardiocentesis? - Correct Answer-alleviates cardiac tamponade needle placed into the pericardial sac to drain blood/fluid when are emergency moves performed? - Correct Answer-whenever there is an immediate danger to the patient what are the emergency move drag techniques? - Correct Answer-emergency clothes drag blanket drag arm drag arm-to-arm drag how do you remove a patient from a vehicle? - Correct Answer-clear feet of pedals arm-to-arm drag immobilize C-spine if necessary

which routes for medication are immediate? - Correct Answer-IM, IO which routes for medication are rapid? - Correct Answer-SL, PR, inhalation, IN which routes for medication are moderate? - Correct Answer-IM which routes for medication are slow? - Correct Answer-SC, transcutaneous, PO what happens to the arteries and veins when blood is lost from the body? - Correct Answer-initially, the may constrict to try to increase blood pressure, which will remain low what conditions may cause altered mental status? - Correct Answer-hypoxia/inadequate perfusion obstructed airway inadequate breathing damage to CNS medications alcohol/drugs poisoning what are some clinical signs that may necessitate narcan? - Correct Answer-altered LOC known opioid overdose respiratory depression slander - Correct Answer-verbal defamation (false information) libel - Correct Answer-written defamation (false information) assault - Correct Answer-unlawfully placing a person in fear of immediate bodily harm battery - Correct Answer-unlawfully touching a person false imprisonment - Correct Answer-unlawful containment of an individual kidnapping - Correct Answer-carrying a person away by force abandonment - Correct Answer-deliberately and inappropriately stopping patient care without handing off care to another provider of equal to higher status negligence - Correct Answer-failure to act how a professional with the same training would under the same circumstances (standard of care)

steps of decontaminating the ambulance after a call - Correct Answer-clean at hospital if possible medical waste goes in red biohazard bag contaminated equipment should be cleaned use a bleach and water solution at a 1:10 dilution air dry surfaces what is important to remember about body mechanics when pulling a patient? - Correct Answer-get .low avoid twisting back should be locked in a very slight curve extend your arms no more than 15-20 inches at a time who notifies the hospital of your arrival in your rig? - Correct Answer-the EMS unit the secondary provider? what are some effective stress management strategies? - Correct Answer-minimize stress change partners change hours change work environment cut overtime change attitude talk about your feelings seek counseling don't obsess adopt a relaxed outlook expand social support develop a non-EMS life yoga meditation nutrition exercise why are older adults at a greater risk for bleeding in the brain? - Correct Answer-brain naturally shrinks with age more room for brain to move within the skull what are some common factors affecting the vital signs of older adults? - Correct Answer-overall health medical conditions use of medications where is the apex of the heart - Correct Answer-the tip where the ventricles meet at what ages is the body functioning at its optimal level? - Correct Answer-19-

what is a dedicated line for? (communications) - Correct Answer-specific point-to-point contact call directly without intermediary or hold what are some things to remember when treating elderly patients with signs of shock? - Correct Answer-more complications possible medications could alter signs CNS has delayed response cardiovascular system is less efficient respiratory system is less efficient skin is thinner and provides less thermal protection renal system does not respond well to unusual demands gastrointestinal system slows what are the signs and symptoms of respiratory failure? - Correct Answer-inadequate breathing poor chest rise and fall accessory muscle use labored breathing peripheral vasoconstriction - Correct Answer-constriction of blood vessels in the extremities to redirect blood to the major organs