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transplantation. Treatment is emergent re-transplantation. 17.What is the best test to differentiate between esophageal motility disor- ders?: Manometry 18.Side effect of mafenide (sulfamylon)?: Metabolic acidosis (carbonic anhy- drase inhibitor) 19.Side effect of silver nitrate?: Methemoglobinemia, hyponatremia (think of the negative nitrate ion chelating positive ions) 20.Silver sulfadiazine (silvadene): Transient neutropenia 21.Bacitracin side effect?: Nephrotoxicity 22.What is the empiric dose of epinephrine for anaphylaxis: 0.3 mg 23.Name 4 genes associated with Lynch syndrome (HNPCC): MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS
24. What are the two cancers associated with HNPCC/Lynch syndrome?: - Colon and endometrial cancer 25.When should patients with a Lynch syndrome diagnosis undergo colonoscopy screening?: At age 20-25, or 2-5 years before the earliest known case of cancer, whichever is earliest
26.How often should Lynch syndrome patients get screening colono- scopies?: Every 1-2 years 27.Colonoscopy screening age and interval, normal risk patient?: Age 45, every 10 years if normal, every 3-5 years if benign polyps are found 28.Colonoscopy screening age, prior history of abdominal RT?: 5 years after RT completion or age 30, whichever comes last; colonoscopy every 3-5 years 29.Colonoscopy screening age/interval, IBD patient?: 8 years after IBD diagno- sis, every 1-3 years 30.Colonoscopy screening age/interval, Lynch syndrome carriers?: Age 20-25 or 2-5 years before earliest known cancer case (whatever is earlier) - screening every 1-2 years 31.Colonoscopy screening guidelines, FAP gene carriers?: Screening at age 10-15, yearly screening until TAC is done 32.Indications for prophylactic CCX in asymptomatic patients?: - Sickle cell disease
Inability to tolerate pneumoperitoneum
42.Tumor marker for hepatoblastoma?: AFP 43.Most common extracranial solid tumor in children?: Neuroblastoma
44.Colonoscopy frequency if no polyps found?: 10 years 45.Colonoscopy frequency if <10mm hyperplastic polyps found: 10 years (considered normal) 46.Colonoscopy frequency, 3-10 tubular adenoma: 3 years 47.Colonoscopy frequency, >10 adenomas: 3 years + genetic counseling 48.Colonoscopy frequency, tubular adenoma > 10mm: 3 years 49.Colonoscopy frequency, villous adenoma: 3 years 50.Colonoscopy frequency, adenoma with high-grade dysplasia: 3 years 51.What are 5 high-risk findings on screening colonoscopy?: 1) 3- tubular adenomas
10 adenomas
not cell cycle-specific 54.BIRADS 1 = ?: Normal 55.BIRADS 2 = ?: Benign finding 56.BiRADS 3 = ?: Probably benign 57.BIRADS 4 = ?: Suspicious 58.BIRADS 5 = ?: Very suspicious 59.BIRADS 6 = ?: Biopsy-confirmed cancer 60.Malignancy risk, BIRADS 3?: <2% 61.Malignancy risk, BIRADS 4a?: 2-10% 62.Malignancy risk, BIRADS 4b?: 10-50% 63.Malignancy risk, BIRADS 4c?: 50-95% 64.Malignancy risk, BIRADS 5?: 95%+ 65.What chemoprevention is indicated for atypical ductal hyperplasia?: Ta- moxifen for 5 years
66. What is a treatment option for patients with side effects to tamoxifen?: - Low-dose tamoxifen 67.NCCN guidelines for age to start mammography?: 40
68.RR of breast cancer with atypical ductal hyperplasia?: 3-5X 69.What is the upgrade rate to DCIS from ADH?: 20% 70.NCCN breast cancer screening guidelines for patients with a hereditary breast cancer syndrome?: Annual breast MRI at 25, with annual mammograms at 30 71.Gene associated with Cowden syndrome: PTEN 72.What is the function of the PTEN gene: Tumor suppressor 73.Cowden syndrome - what cancers?: Breast, thyroid, endometrium, and hamartomas of the skin/mucosa 74.What spinal nerve roots does the pudendal nerve originate from?: S2- 75.T1 colon cancer depth?: Extends into the submucosa 76.T2 colon cancer depth?: Invading the muscularis propria 77.T3 colon cancer depth?: Through the muscularis propria into the perirectal tissues 78.T4 colon cancer depth?: Into adjacent organs or visceral peritoneum 79.Highest TNM staging for colon cancer to remain Stage I?: T2N 80.Highest TNM staging for colon cancer to remain Stage II?: T4N
81.Highest TNM staging for colon cancer to remain Stage III?: T4N 82.Name the syndrome: breast cancer, (osteo)sarcoma, brain tumors, adreno- cortical carcinoma, Wilms tumor, phyllodes, pancreatic cancer, leukemia, neu- roblastoma: Li-Fraumeni (TP53) 83.Mutation of Li-Fraumeni: TP 84.Syndrome: pancreatic islet cell tumors, parathyroid hyperplasia, pituitary adenomas: MEN 85.Mutation of MEN1: MENIN 86.Syndrome: medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, parathyroid hy- perplasia: MEN 87.Mutation of MEN2: RET 88.Neurofibromas, neurofibrosarcoma, AML, brain tumors: NF 89.Atypical lobular hyperplasia = what increase in lifetime breast cancer risk?: 4X 90.E-cadherin+ stain = what diagnosis: Atypical ductal hyperplasia
91. Adjuvant treatment for triple-negative breast cancer following surgery?: - Olaparib (PARP inhibitor)
92.Next step after identifying LCIS on CNBx?: Surgical excision to rule out associated DCIS (10-20% risk) 93.non-calcified oval mass with focal asymmetry = diagnosis and manage- ment?: pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH); benign, only excise if symptomatic 94.well-circumscribed solid mass with calcifications = diagnosis?: fibroade- noma 95.T1 breast cancer size?: <2 cm 96.T2 breast cancer size?: 2-5 cm 97.T3 breast cancer size?: >5cm 98.T4 breast cancer size?: Invades chest wall or skin 99.Midshaft humeral fx - what associated nerve injury?: Radial nerve
Biopsy at 1cm intervals, endoscopic RFA