ACS General Chemistry 1 Exam: Key Concepts and Answers, Exams of Chemistry

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ACS Gen Chem 1 Exam 48 Questions with Verified Answers

Ion - CORRECT ANSWER A species of an element in which the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons. Isotope - CORRECT ANSWER Each isotope of an atom has a different number of neutrons. Isoelectric - CORRECT ANSWER Two atoms with the same charge. Isotopic - CORRECT ANSWER Two atoms with the same number of neutrons. Transition Metal Orbitals - CORRECT ANSWER The 4s orbital is filled before the 3d orbital, but listed after. Paramagnetic - CORRECT ANSWER Atoms that possess a permanent magnetic charge due to the presence of unpaired electrons. Electropositive - CORRECT ANSWER Tending to lose electrons and form positive ions. Tetrahedral Bond Angle - CORRECT ANSWER 109.5° Resonance Structures - CORRECT ANSWER Two equally correct arrangements of one molecule's electrons; generally the molecule exists as an average of the two. Polar Molecule - CORRECT ANSWER A molecule that is mostly positive on one side and mostly negative on the other. sp³ Orbital - CORRECT ANSWER An orbital composed of one s orbital and three p orbitals; can hold eight total electrons. Tetrahedral. Trigonal Planar - CORRECT ANSWER The way that three objects will arrange themselves around a central atom. Non-polar.

Free Radicals - CORRECT ANSWER Compounds with an odd number of electrons in their Lewis Structure. Eg. NO₂ Incomplete Octets - CORRECT ANSWER Occur in elements that can form stable bonds with less than eight electrons. Eg. BF₃ Expanded Octets - CORRECT ANSWER Occur in the third row of the periodic table and beyond in elements that can form stable bonds with more than eight electrons. Eg. XeF₂ Hydrogen Bonding - CORRECT ANSWER When hydrogen is attracted to electronegative atoms. Sigma Bonding - CORRECT ANSWER Formed by head-on overlapping between orbitals. Coordinate Covalent Bonding - CORRECT ANSWER A covalent bond in which the two electrons derive from the same atom; occurs most often between Lewis acids and bases. Hybridization - CORRECT ANSWER Mathematical procedure in which the standard atomic orbitals combine to form new orbitals. sp² Orbital - CORRECT ANSWER Composed of one s orbital and two p orbitals; can hold six total electrons. Trigonal planar. Pi Bonding - CORRECT ANSWER Bonding occurs between orbitals that are side-by- side. sp Orbital - CORRECT ANSWER Composed of one s and one p orbital; can hold four electrons. Linear. Linear - CORRECT ANSWER Arrangement of two objects around a central atom. Non-polar. Bent - CORRECT ANSWER Occurs when one non-bonding pairs and two atoms are arranged around a central atom. Polar.

Tetrahedral - CORRECT ANSWER Arrangement of four objects around a central atom. Non-polar. Trigonal Pyramidal - CORRECT ANSWER Occurs when three atoms and one non- bonding pair is arranged around a central atom. Polar. Silicon Dioxide - CORRECT ANSWER Has a unique structure; O-Si-O bonds are always 109.5°. Formal charge - CORRECT ANSWER V - N - (B/2) where V = total valence e⁻, N = non-bonding e⁻, and B = bonding e⁻. Isomer - CORRECT ANSWER Two molecules that are composed of the same type and number of elements but are arranged in different ways and have different properties are isomers. Combustion of a Hydrocarbon - CORRECT ANSWER CxHy + (x + y/4)O₂ → xCO₂ + y/2H₂O Molar Volume - CORRECT ANSWER (Vm) The volume occupied by one mole of a substance. Molar Volume of an Ideal Gas - CORRECT ANSWER 22.414 L/mol @ STP Limiting Reagent - CORRECT ANSWER The component of a chemical reaction that will be completely used up first. Atomic Mass - CORRECT ANSWER Can be g/mol, kg/kmol, mg/mmol, etc. Specific Heat - CORRECT ANSWER The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one °C. (units: J x g⁻¹ x °C⁻¹) Heat (J) - CORRECT ANSWER mass (g) x specific heat (J x g⁻¹ x °C⁻¹) x ΔT (°C) Molar Heat Capacity - CORRECT ANSWER Same as specific heat, but requirement for raising 1 mole of a substance by one °C.

Bond Energy - CORRECT ANSWER The energy required to break a bond, and the energy released when a bond is formed. Bomb Calorimeter - CORRECT ANSWER An insulated container used to study reactions at a constant volume. Calorimeter Constant - CORRECT ANSWER Amount of energy required to raise the water surrounding the chamber of the bomb calorimeter by one °C Gibbs Free Energy - CORRECT ANSWER ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, where ΔH = change in enthalpy and ΔS = change in entropy. Enthalpy - CORRECT ANSWER change in energy of a system. Entropy - CORRECT ANSWER change in chaos of a system. Free Energy - CORRECT ANSWER change in spontaneity of a system. Boiling Point - CORRECT ANSWER The point at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals 1 atm. Normal Melting Point - CORRECT ANSWER The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium at atmospheric pressure ( mm Hg). Graham's Law of Effusion - CORRECT ANSWER The lighter a gas's atomic weight, the faster it will escape a container. Molarity - CORRECT ANSWER mols/L; mmols/mL