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ACSM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE

SOLUTIONS

BIOMECHANICS - Correct Answersprinciples of physics related to energy and force as they apply to the human body PROXIMAL - Correct AnswersCLOSER TO THE TRUNK DISTAL - Correct Answersfurther from the trunk SUPERIOR (CRANIAL) - Correct Answersabove, toward the head INFERIOR (CAUDAL) - Correct Answerslower than, toward the feet ANTERIOR (VENTRAL) - Correct Answerstoward the front POSTERIOR (DORSAL) - Correct Answerstoward the back MEDIAL - Correct Answerscloser to the midline LATERAL - Correct Answersfurther from the midline THREE CARDINAL BODY PLANES - Correct Answerssagittal plane, frontal plane, transverse plane SAGITTAL PLANE - Correct Answersmakes a division into right and left portions FRONTAL PLANE - Correct Answersmakes a division into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

TRANSVERSE PLANE - Correct Answersmakes a division into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions ROTATION - Correct Answersmovement around a longitudinal axis, either toward or away from the midline CIRCUMDUCTION - Correct Answersa combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction EVERSION - Correct Answersturning the sole of the foot away from the midline INVERSION - Correct Answersturning the sole of the foot toward the midline Bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum... - Correct AnswersAXIAL SKELETON VERTEBRAL COLUMN (SPINE) - Correct Answersserves as the main axial support for the body 4 Major curvatures of the adult vertebral column - Correct Answerscervical curve, thoracic curve, lumbar curve, sacral curve KYPHOSIS "primary curves" - Correct Answerscurves of the thoracic and sacral regions LORDOSIS "secondary curves" - Correct Answerscurves of the cervical and lumbar region Commonly found abnormal curves in the sagittal plane - Correct Answershyperkyphosis and hyperlordosis HYPERKYPHOSIS - Correct Answersexaggerated posterior thoracic curvature HYPERLORDOSIS - Correct Answersexaggerated anterior lumbar curvature

Commonly found abnormal curve in the frontal plane - Correct Answersscoliosis STERNUM - Correct Answersmidline of the chest What are the 3 parts of the sternum? - Correct Answersmanubrium, body, xiphoid process RF for family history - Correct Answersmyocardial infarction, coronary revascularization or sudden death to a 1st degree family member when >55 male, >65 female RF for cigarette smoking - Correct Answerswithin 6 months Risk factor for Dyslipidemia LDL - Correct AnswersLgreater than 130 mg/dL RF Dyslipidemia Total Cholesterol - Correct Answersgreater than 200 mg/dL RF Dyslipidemia low HDL - Correct Answersless than 40 mg/dL RF Sedentary minutes of activity, days of week, past # of months - Correct Answersless than 30 min/day, 3 days/week, for at least 3 months RF Prediabetes fasting blood glucose - Correct Answersgreater than or equal to 100 mg/dL up to 126 greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL - Correct AnswersFasting Blood Glucose for Diabetes diagnosis RF for Obesity - Correct Answersbody mass of greater then or equal to 30kg/m2; waist girthgreater than 102 cm for men and 88 cm for women RF Age men, women - Correct Answers45 men, 55 women Negative Risk Factor - Correct AnswersHDL greater than 60 mg/dL

RF for hypertensive - Correct Answerssystolic greater than or equal to 140; diastolic greater then or equal to 90; confirmed by 2 separate occasions or on hypertension meds obesity - Correct Answersexcessivly high amounts of body fat or adipose tissue in relation to lean body mass overweight - Correct Answersincreased body weight, in relation to height when compared to some standard of acceptable or desirable weight percent fat - Correct Answersthe total amount of weight that is measured as fat tissue body mass index BMI - Correct Answersthe height to weight ratio can be misleading because it does not consider body type lean body mass - Correct Answersnot fat tissue: muscle, bone, skin etc anorexia nervosa - Correct Answersthe disorder of self-induced starvation bulimia nervosa - Correct Answersthe psychologically addictive cycle of binging/purging USRDA food pyramid - Correct Answers1. fat, oils & sweets: use sparingly

2. milk, yogurt &cheese 2 - 3 servings;
3. meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, nuts, eggs: 2 - 3 servings;
4. fruits: 3 - 5 serv;
5. veggies: 3 - 5 serv.
6. bread, cereal, rice, & pasta: 6 - 11 serv female athlete triad - Correct Answersamenorrhea, osteoporosis, and eating disorders; when left untreated they damage the musculoskeletal and reproductive systems

of kilocalories in one gram - Correct AnswersCarbo= 4; fats=9; protein=4; alcohol=

guidelines for losing weight - Correct Answers500- 1000 cal daily to lose 1 - 2 lbs. per wk; same to increase kilocalaries - Correct Answersequivalent to losing 1 lb of fat 3500cal waist-hip ratio - Correct AnswersHips/Waist (ex. 45" waist and 36" hips... 36/45=.8) ratios above .86 for women and .95 for men indicate abdominal adiposity Heart Rate (HR) - Correct Answerstotal # of times the heart contracts in one minute, increases with work-rate during exercise Stroke Volume - Correct Answersamount of blood pumped from the left ventricle in one beat Cardiac Output - Correct Answersthe amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute Blood Pressure - Correct Answersarterial pressure providing force for blood flow (systolic and diastolic pressure) Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference - Correct Answersdifference between oxygen content of arterial and venous blood Blood Flow - Correct Answersdistribution of the cardiac output Maximum Oxygen Consumption - Correct Answershighest rate and amount of oxygen achieved at maximal physical exertion Types of muscle tissue - Correct Answerscardiac, smooth, and skeletal Cardiac muscle - Correct Answerscardiac muscle tissue is involuntary, it is the tissue of the heart

smooth muscle - Correct Answersinvoluntary muscle tissue that lines the arterial walls and organs of the body skeletal muscle - Correct Answersvoluntary and made up of striated fibers Kinesiology - Correct Answersthe study of human movement Bones - Correct Answersmineral reservior, internal skeleton (levers) joints - Correct Answerswhere two bones meet (fulcrum and axis) muscle tissue - Correct Answerselastic tissue with contractile properties (pulley) tendons - Correct Answersconnective tissue that connects muscles to bone ligaments - Correct Answersconnective tissue that connects bone to bone cartilage - Correct Answerswhite fibrous tissue that cushions surfaces and prevents friction (cushions bones) anterior/posterior - Correct Answersfront/ back inferior/superior - Correct Answersbelow/ above medial/lateral - Correct Answerscloser to midline/further from midline proximal/distal - Correct Answerscloser to trunk/further from trunk abduction/adduction - Correct Answersmovement away/into from midline horizontal abduction - Correct Answersthe row horizontal adduction - Correct Answerschest press

supination/ pronation - Correct Answersrotational movement, results in the palm facing upward/downward flexion - Correct Answersdecrease joint angle (elbow curl) extension - Correct Answersincrease in joint angle lateral flexion - Correct Answersdecrease in joint angle (spine side bend, love handles) Physical Activity - Correct Answersbodily (musculoskeletal movement leading to caloric expenditure Exercise - Correct Answersmovement done for improvement in one or more components of fitness 5 components of Physical Fitness - Correct Answersa group of characteristics a person achieves/possesses related to physical activity and cardiorepiratory, muscle endurance, muscle strength, flexibility, body composition cardiorespiratory - Correct Answersincreases the capacity of the heart, lungs, and blood carrying vessels to deliver oxygen; also called aerobic fitness muscle endurance - Correct Answersrefers to a muscle's ability to perform repeated contractions or hold static contractions muscle strength - Correct Answersthe amount of force a muscle can exert in a single all- out effort (1 Rep Mas/1RM) flexibility - Correct Answersrefers to a joint's range of mobility (ROM) Body Composition - Correct Answersrefers to th ratio of lean body mass compared to fat mass

Principle of Adaptation/Overload Training and Progression - Correct Answers-greater then normal demand is placed upon muscles,

• to enhance the muscular fitness, the system must be progressively overloaded
• tension required for strength gain is about 60% - 80% of 1RM
• fleck and kraemer recommend 75 - 90% Progression involves increasing/changing one or more of the exercise training components to promote adaptations Principle of Specificity of Training - Correct AnswersThe body adapts to specific exercise training stimulus with specific physical and physiological adaptations. Cardio adaptations - Correct Answers-resting heart rate decreases by approx 10 - 15 bpm
• SV increases both at rest and during exercise
• Resting SBP/DBP may decrease (if prev elevated) Exercise Program Components - Correct Answers(FITTE) Frequency, Intensity, Time/Duration, Type/Mode, Enjoyment Warm up Considerations - Correct AnswersShould include appropriate cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal activity Cool Down Considerations - Correct AnswersAppropriate cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal activity serving to enhance venous return and decrease the chance of postexercise hypotension during recovery Initial treatment for Musculoskeletal injury for the first 24 - 72 hrs - Correct Answers(RICES) rest (prevents further injury, ice (reduces pain, swelling, and initiates inflammatory response) compression (reduces swelling and bleeding) elevation (controls edema and decreases blood flow) stabilization (assists in muscle relaxation, diminishing spasm

Symptoms of Angina (chest pain) and myocardial infaction (heart attack) - Correct Answersa. chest pain, b. pressure discomfort in the chest, c.left jaw, neck or shoulder- may radiate distally, d. shortness of breath and lightheadedness, e. back pain, which may be experienced by some women Treatment for chest pain and heart attack symptoms - Correct Answersa. stop exercise immediately and place person ina comfortable sitting or lying position, b. 911, monitor HR, and be prepared to begin CPR, c. Automated External Defibrillator AED may be used if cardiac arrest Signals of heat exhaustion - Correct Answersa. cool, moist pale, ashen, or flushed skin b. headache, nausea, dizziness, c. weakness, exhaustion d. heavy sweating e. body temp will be near normal Signals of heat stroke - Correct Answers1. red, hot dry skin 2. rapid weak pulse, shallow breathing 3. changes in the level of consciousness 4. vomiting 5. body temp will be very high as high as 105 Hydration recommendations according to ACSM - Correct Answersapprox. 3 - 6 ounces of water every 1 - 2 miles of the race ATP-PC phosphagen system (anaerobic) - Correct Answers25- 30 seconds of high intesity work (spints, weight lifting) Anaerobic Glycolysis/Lactic Acid System (anaerobic) - Correct Answers1- 2 min of high intensity work 400 - 800m distance sprint Oxygen System (aerobic) - Correct Answersfuels activities lasting more than 2 - 3 min. Capacity is limited only by oxygen and fuel avail. to the cell Ipsilateral - Correct Answerssame Side Contralateral - Correct Answersopposite side unilateral - Correct Answersone side

bilateral - Correct Answersboth sides supine - Correct Answerslying face up prone - Correct Answerslying face down upper respiratory system - Correct Answersnose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx ...filters air lower respiratory system - Correct Answerstrachea, bronchi, bronchiloes, alveoli...puts oxygen into blood anatomical sites of pulse - Correct Answerscarotid, brachial, radial, femoral type 1 fibers - Correct Answersslow twitch, slow oxidative and red twitch fibers (aerobic) type IIA fibers - Correct Answershave aerobic and anaerobic capabilities and refered to as intermediate fibers, continuum fibers, fast oxidative glycolitic fibers type IIB - Correct Answersanaerobic in nature. refered as fast glycolitic fibers sliding filament theory - Correct Answersthe events that occur b/w actin and myosin during muscle contraction and relaxation

• when nerve impulse is received, the cross bridges of myosin will put the actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere and tension is created neuromuscular activation - Correct Answersstimulus for vol. physical activity initiates in the brain and is then transformed into a movement pattern antihypertensive meds - Correct Answersreduces high blood pressure anti-anginal - Correct Answersreduces angina/chest pain

brochodilator - Correct Answersrelaxes bronchial passageways hypoglycemic - Correct Answersreduces blood sugar anti-arrhythmic - Correct Answersprevents/controls abnormal heart rhythms psychotropic - Correct Answersaffects behavior antihistamine - Correct Answersprevents system of allergic response vasodilator - Correct Answerswidens blood vessal beta-blocker - Correct Answersreduces resting and exercise heart rate and blood pressure caffine - Correct Answersmay extend endurance in moderate aerobic exercise alcohol - Correct Answersdehydrating-may impair exercise tolerance and increase risk of heart injury nicotine - Correct Answersmay elevate HR,BP and respiratory response A.O.M.S - Correct AnswersAcute-onset muscle soreness; muscle fatigue and discomfort dimininishes when exercise stops D.O.M.S - Correct Answersdelayed onset muscle soreness;muscle discomfort 24 - 36 hr after exercise overuse/chronic muscle and joint injury - Correct Answerstendonitis, fasciitis, bursitis, osteoarthritis tendonitis - Correct Answersinflammation of a tendon

fasciitis - Correct Answersinflammation of the fascia; fascia is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles, groups of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, binding those structures together in much the same manner as plastic wrap can be used to hold the contents of sandwiches together bursitis - Correct AnswersBursitis is inflammation of the fluid-filled sac (bursa) that lies between a tendon and skin, or between a tendon and bone osteoarthritis - Correct Answerschronic breakdown of cartilage in the joints normal acute cardiorespiratory response to aerobic exercise - Correct Answerselevated HR, SV, Cardiac output, BP, Blood Flow, Arteriovenous oxygen difference, pulmonary ventilation and oxygen consumption pulmonary ventilation - Correct Answersvol of air exchanged per minute Force - Correct Answersany interaction b/w 2 objects producing a change in magnitude or direction of motion torque - Correct Answersrotary force 1st class lever - Correct Answersprimarly for balance;see saw, head on cervical vertebrea 2nd class lever - Correct Answersprimarly for power; wheel borrw, plater flexion during walking 3rd class lever - Correct Answersrange of motion; shovel, exbow flexion; we use this the most isometric/static contraction - Correct Answerstension is created within the muscle fiber, but the fiber change length and there is no change in joint angle F=R Isotonic/dynamic contraction - Correct Answersmuscle fibers change length and joint angles; Work= force x distance; can concentric or eccentric

concentric - Correct Answersmuscle fibers creating cross bridges while shortening in length against the pull of gravity F>R eccentric - Correct Answersmuscle fibers creating cross bridges while returning to resting length while going with gravity R>F Isokinetic - Correct Answersvariable force w. accommodating speed agonist - Correct Answersmuscle responsible for producing joint movement ex. bicep during curl antagonist - Correct Answersopposing muscle to the prime mover synergists - Correct Answersmuscles involved in stabilizing, fixating or assisting at the joint SPIES - Correct AnswersSocial: support systems Physical: physical/phyiological well-being Intellectual: Open to Learn Emotional:Coping Skills Spiritual:living in harmony Transtheoretical Model stages of change - Correct AnswersPre-contemplation: not ready to exercise Contemplation: thinking about behavior change Preparation:doing something related to exercise, but not meeting the guidelines Action: meeting set criteria of at least 6 months Maintenance: met criteria of 6 months, and continuing

internal/external rotation - Correct Answerstransverse plane rotation towards/away from midline retraction/protraction - Correct Answersscapula toward (add) and away from midline (abd) hyperextension - Correct Answersextension beyond normal degree of extension Work = - Correct AnswersForce x distance = work dose response - Correct Answerssedentary individuals will demonstrate significicant improvements in fitness early in training program regular physical activity can improve health and reduce health risks by... - Correct Answersreduces...

• cardiovascular disease
• risk of stroke
• reduces high blood pressure
• risk of colon cancer, lowers
• cholesterol/triglycerides,
• depression/anxiety/stress Increases...
• lipoproteins
• self-esteem
• healthy body benefits of flexibility training - Correct Answers-reduces muscle tension
• promotes relaxation
• muscle contractions become easier/smoother
• improves ease of movement

benefits of resistance training - Correct Answers-stress management

• MET capacity
• increased resting metabolism
• osteoporosis prevention/management
• injury prevention/rehab consequences of physical inactivity - Correct Answers-heart disease
• stroke
• diabetes
• hypertension
• obesity
• depression/anxiety
• certain cancers Direction of blood flow - Correct AnswersThe Right Atrium, receives "used blood" from the body. Blood will be pushed through the tricuspid valve to the Right Ventricle, the chamber which will pump to the lungs through the pulmonic valve to the Pulmonary Arteries, providing blood to both lungs. Blood is circulated through the lungs where carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen added. It returns through the Pulmonary Veins, which empty into the Left Atrium, a chamber which will push the Mitral Valve open. Blood then passes into the Left Ventricle. As it pumps, the pressure will close the mitral valve and open the aortic valve, with blood passing through to the Aorta, where it will be delivered to the rest of the body. Mitral valve prolapse - Correct Answersheart problem resulting from the mitral valve not regulating the flow of blood between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart Arrhythmias - Correct AnswersAn arrhythmia is a disorder of the heart rate (pulse) or heart rhythm, such as beating too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or irregularly.

atrophy - Correct Answersdecrease in the mass of the muscle;Muscle atrophy results from a co-morbidity of several common diseases, including cancer, AIDS, congestive heart failure, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), renal failure, starvation hypertrophy - Correct AnswersEnlargement of muscle 2 types of hypertrophy - Correct Answerssarcoplasmic and myofibrillar sarcoplasmic - Correct Answersvolume of sarcoplasmic fluid in the muscle cell increases with no accompanying increase in muscular strength myofibrillar - Correct Answersactin and myosin contractile proteins increase in number and add to muscular strength as well as a small increase in the size of the muscle Par-Q - Correct AnswersPhysical Activity Readiness identifies people who should not be tested in a field setting. Proceed with caution if a client answers yes to one or more questions. May require physician clearance informed consent - Correct Answerslets person know there is a risk to exercise order of exercise assessments - Correct Answers1.resting mesurements (BP/HR/Body Fat/height/weight) 2.cardio test 3.muscular endurance 4.flex Heart rate reserve - Correct AnswersHRR = HRmax − HRrest Karvonen formula - Correct Answersaka max heart rate reserve method; training HR = (max HR - resting HR) X target intensity (40/50-85%) + resting HR FITTE (resistance training) - Correct AnswersFrequency(2-3x a week),

Intensity (2 to 4 sets of 8 - 12 reps w/ 2 - 3 mins b/w sets) Time no longer then 60 mins, Type (various resistance equipment), Enjoyment Risk stratifications (low) - Correct Answersmen/women w/ 1 or less CVD; can participate in moderate(40%-60%) and vigorous (>60% VO2R) exercise w/o prior medical testing Risk stratifications (med) - Correct AnswersMen 45 or older Women 55 or older and Those who meet the threshold for two or more positive risk factor are considered moderate risk; can participate in moderate(40%-60%) but need prior medical testing for vigorous (>60% VO2R) exercise Risk stratifications (high) - Correct AnswersCardiac, peripheral vascular, or cerebrovascular disease Chronic OPD, asthma, interstitial lung disease, or cystic fibrosis Diabetes type 1 or 2, thyroid disorders, renal, or liver disease VAK - Correct Answersvisual learner: Auditory Learner Kinesthetic Learner the learning process - Correct Answerscognitive phase:learn general skill concepts associative phase: practice and refine automatic phase: skill is developed and consistent social learning theory - Correct Answersthe theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. SMART Goals - Correct AnswersSpecific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely

active listening - Correct AnswersEmpathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies Body composition testing - Correct AnswersSkin Fold Caliper

• Circumference (waist/hip)
• Infra-red (x-ray)
• BMI (mass(lb) x 703/ ((height(in))^
• bioelectrical Impedence
• Hydro-static under water weighing Dietery Recommendations - Correct AnswersCarbs: 55%-60% Fat: 25%- 30% Protein: 10% - 15% 6oz of grains (3oz of whole-grain), 2.5 cups veggies, 2 cups fruits, 3 cups milk Periodization - Correct AnswersMacrocycle: largest cycle Mesocycle: next largest (4 - 6 in yr) Microcycle: smallest cycles (1 - 4 wks) Linear v Non Linear Linear changes intensity every 4 - 6 wks
• hypertrophy (high vol,short rest)
• Strength/power (reduced vol,increase load/rest)
• Peaking (low vol/high load/rest)
• Recovery (active rest) Non Linear changes every day within a 4 - 6 wk period

1RM table - Correct Answers60% = 17 70%= 80%= 8 90%= 100%= exercise and pregnancy - Correct Answers-Supine position should be avoided after 1st trimester

• low/mod intensity
• non-ballistic
• proper clothing and hydration to prevent overheating high risk flexibility - Correct Answersstanding toe touches, barre streches, hurdler strech, neck circles, yoga plough, knee hyperflexion Static stretching - Correct Answersactive: muscle is actively moved through ROM passive:muscle is actively moved through ROM by partner/device Ballistic Stretching - Correct Answersa series of quick but gentle bouncing or bobbing motions designed to stretch your muscles Dynamic Stretching - Correct AnswersStretching that involves moving the joints through their full range of motion to mimic a movement used in a sport or exercise to increase joint flexibility, core temp and circulation Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation PNF - Correct AnswersStretch muscle statically, contract and stretch muscle statically beyond initial static stretch Sarcomere - Correct Answerssmallest contractile unit of a muscle cell; composed of 2 types of muscle protein,
• actin "thin filament", which contains troponin and tropomyosin
• myosin "thick filament" : contains many cross bridges

Anaerobic Glycolysis - Correct Answers-transformation of glucose to pyruvate when limited amounts of oxygen (O2) are available

• glycolysis doesnt use oxygen and is considered anaerobic
• The burning sensation in muscles during hard exercise can be attributed to the production of hydrogen ions which form lactic acid along with lactate tricuspid valve - Correct Answerssituated between the right atrium and the right ventricle; controls the flow of blood from RA to RV mitral valve - Correct Answerslocated between the left atrium and left ventricle; prevents blood from flowing back into the LA after it has entered the LV heart chambers - Correct AnswersRight atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle Right atrium - Correct AnswersThe upper part of the heart that receives oxygen-depleted blood from the body via the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava and pumps it through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Right ventricle - Correct Answersthe lower part of the heart that receives oxygen-depleted blood from the right atrium and pumps it through the pulmonary valve into the lungs via the pulmonary artery. Left atrium - Correct Answersthe upper part of the heart that receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. Left ventricle - Correct Answersthe lower part of the that heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it through the aortic valve to the entire body via the aorta, including to the heart muscle itself through the coronary arteries.

Artery - Correct Answersa blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the body Radial: thumb side of forearm Brachial: groove formed b/w tricep and bicep Carotid: anterior portion of the neck arterioles - Correct Answersthe smallest arteries that connect with the capillaries which allow the exchange of blood and other nutrients with various tissue veins - Correct Answersblood vessels that carry blood back to the heart venules - Correct Answerssmall veins that drain blood from the capillaries and then join to form a vein Fibrous joints - Correct AnswersFibrous joints connect bones without allowing any movement. The bones of your skull and pelvis are held together by fibrous joints. Cartilaginous joint - Correct AnswersCartilaginous joints are joints in which the bones are attached by cartilage. These joints allow for only a little movment, such as in the spine or ribs. Synovial joints - Correct AnswersSynovial joints allow for much more movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavaties between bones in synovial joints are filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones. Bursa sacks contain the synovial fluid. saddle joint - Correct AnswersA saddle joint allows movement back and forth and up and down, bot does not allow for rotation like a ball and socket joint. Ball and socket joint - Correct AnswersA ball and socket joint allows for radial movment in almost any direction. They are found in the hips and shoulders. (Like a door knob) Ellipsoid joints - Correct AnswersEllipsoid joints are similar to a ball and socket joint. They allow the same type of movment to a lesser magnitude. The wrist is an ellipsoid joint.

Pivot joints - Correct AnswersPivot joints allow rotation arround an axis. The neck and forearms have pivot joints. In the neck the occipital bone spins over the top of the axis. In the forearms the radius and ulna twist arround each other. gliding or plane joint - Correct AnswersIn a gliding or plane joint bones slide past each other. Midcarpal and midtarsal joints are gliding joints testing preliminaries - Correct Answershave clients min. factors that influence heart rate including:

• non prescription heart rate altering meds
• caffeine
• exercise
• large meals
• fatigue
• test anxiety 3 min step test - Correct Answers12" step 96 bpm locate radial pulse first client steps up up down down for 3 mins @ 96bpm with no talking check pulse within 5 secs after test Arthritis - Correct Answersinflammation of a joint
• flex training recommended osteoarthritis - Correct Answers-caused by mechanical stress and destruction of hyaline cartilage in the joints
• many degrees of severity
• degenerative arthritis rheumatoid - Correct Answersinflammation of synovial membrane, which then cause the body to initiate autoimmune response

humerus - Correct Answersmajor bone of arm rotator cuff muscles - Correct AnswersSITS Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis major joint action for

• pec major
• post deltoid - Correct Answers-shoulder horizontal adduction
• shoulder horizontal abduction major joint action for
• mid trap
• pec minor - Correct Answers-scapular retraction(add)
• scapular protraction(abd) major joint action for
• latissimus dorsi
• middle delt - Correct Answers-shoulder adduction
• shoulder abduction major joint action for
• rotator cuff muscles - Correct Answers-shoulder abduction/ext rotation/int. rotation major joint action for
• erector spinae
• abs - Correct Answers-spinal extension/flexion major joint action for

• biceps brachii
• triceps brachii - Correct Answerselbow flexion elbow extension major joint action for
• gluteus maximus
• Ilopsoas - Correct AnswersHip Extension Hip Flexion major joint action for
• quads
• hams - Correct Answersknee extension knee flexion major joint action for
• gastrocnemius
• tibialis anterior - Correct Answersplanter flexion dorsiflexion major joint action for
• obliques - Correct Answersspinal rotation and lateral flexion skinfold abs - Correct Answersvertical fold 2cm right of belly button skinfold triceps - Correct Answersvertical fold posterior midline of middle right arm, halfway b/w the acromion(shoulder) and olecranon(elbow) processes skinfold bicep - Correct Answersvertical

1 cm above mark of tricep on belly of bicep skinfold chest/pec - Correct Answersdiagonal fold half the distance b/w anterior axillary line and nipple (men) 1/3rd the distance b/w anterior axillary line and nipple (women) skinfold midaxillary - Correct Answersvertical fold Midaxillary line at the level of the xiphoid process of the sternum skinfold Subscapular - Correct AnswersDiagonal fold 1 to 2 cm below the inferior angle of the scapula skinfold suprailium - Correct AnswersDiagonal fold Anterior axillary line immediately superior to the iliac crest in line with the natural angle of the iliac crest taken skinfold thigh - Correct AnswersVertical fold Anterior midline of the thigh Midway between the proximal border of the patella (upper knee) and the inguinal crease (hip) skinfold calf - Correct AnswersVertical fold maximum circumference of calf on the midline of medial border 9 site skinfold locations - Correct Answersabs tricep bicep chest midaxillary subscapular suprailium