ACTUAL MIDTERM EXAM OF LSUE Biology 1001 - j.fontenot, Biology 1001 - Fontenot WITH AC, Exams of Nursing

Download ACTUAL MIDTERM EXAM OF LSUE Biology 1001 - j.fontenot, Biology 1001 - Fontenot WITH AC and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! ACTUAL MIDTERM EXAM OF LSUE Biology 1001 - j.fontenot, Biology 1001 - Fontenot WITH ACTUAL CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS A theory is a. an idea that has been proven. b. a concept in the early stages that still needs to be tested. c. a description of a belief that invokes the supernatural. d. an explanation of an idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence. e. All of the choices are correct. - ANSWER-an explanation of an idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence Which of the following statements regarding a common cellular activity is false? - ANSWER-New cells are derived from cellular components like organelles The teeth of grain-eating animals (such as horses) are usually broad and ridged. This makes the teeth suitable for grinding and chewing. Meat-eating animals (such as lions) have pointed teeth that are good for puncturing and ripping flesh. This illustrates a. a food web. b. All of the choices are correct. c. a result of natural selection only. d. the connection between form and function only. e. a result of natural selection as well as the connection between form and function. - ANSWER-a result of natural selection as well as the connection between form and function Which of the following is not an example of evolution that has resulted from human activity? a. Because of hunting, species such as bears and wolves are in danger of extinction. .b. Like certain other crops, domesticated strawberries are larger than wild strawberries. c. Some insect species are now resistant to pesticides. d. Many strains of bacteria are now resistant to some commonly used antibiotics - ANSWER-Because of hunting, species such as bears and wolves are in danger of extinction. Which of the following statements about the properties of life is false? - ANSWER-All organisms have the ability to maintain a constant internal temperature. Which of the following statements about genetics is true? - ANSWER-Differences among organisms reflect different nucleotide sequences in their DNA. An antibiotic kills 99.9% of a bacterial population. You would expect the next generation of bacteria. a. to be just as susceptible to that antibiotic as was the previous generation. b. to be more resistant to that antibiotic. c. to die out due to the drastic decrease in population size. d. to be more contagious than the prior generation. e. All of the choices are correct. - ANSWER-To be more resistant to that antibiotic. You notice that over the past month, many students on campus have started wearing a new style of school sweatshirt. You think to yourself that perhaps the bookstore has recently started selling this new sweatshirt style. This prediction is an example of - ANSWER-Hypothesis Which of the following is a kingdom within the domain Eukarya? - ANSWER-Fungi Which of the following statements about evolution is true? - ANSWER-Evolution can result in adaptations Kingdom Fungi includes species a. such as mushrooms and plants. b. that obtain food by ingestion. c. that use photosynthesis to obtain food. c. The energy emitted by radioactive isotopes can break chemical bonds and cause molecular damage in cells. d. Radioactive elements are natural and therefore not harmful. - ANSWER-The energy emitted by radioactive isotopes can break chemical bonds and cause molecular damage in cells What is the difference between glucose and fructose linear isomers? - ANSWER-The location of a double-bonded oxygen atom Which of the following statements about dehydration synthesis is false? - ANSWER-Animal digestive systems utilize this process to break down food A hydroxyl group is a. also called a carbonyl group. b. characteristic of proteins. c. characteristic of alcohols. d. basic. - ANSWER-Characteristic of alcohols The primary structure of a protein is a. an α helix or a pleated sheet. b. the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain. c. composed of two or more polypeptide chains. d. maintained by hydrogen bonds. - ANSWER-The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain An oil may be converted into a substance that is solid at room temperature by a. adding hydrogens, decreasing the number of double bonds in the molecules. b. removing water, causing a dehydration synthesis reaction to occur. c. removing hydrogens, increasing the number of double bonds. d. cooling it, so that double bonds form and the fats solidify. - ANSWER-Adding hydrogens, decreasing the number of double bonds in the molecules Which of the following statements about functional groups of organic compounds is false? - ANSWER-All functional groups include a carbon atom In what part of the world did the mutation for lactose tolerance first appear? a. Eastern Asia b. South America c. Northern Europe d. North America - ANSWER-Northern Euroupe A scientist suspects that the food in an ecosystem may have been contaminated with radioactive nitrogen over a period of months. Which of the following substances could be examined for radioactivity to test the hypothesis? - ANSWER-The hair produced by humans living in the ecosystem Which of the following statements about animal cell lipids is false? - ANSWER-Many lipids function as enzymes Which of the following lists contains only polysaccharides? - ANSWER-Cellulose, starch, and glycogen Which of the following organisms contain the polysaccharide chitin? a. animals and plants b. plants and bacteria c. fungi and insects d. insects and plants - ANSWER-Fungi and insects A molecule with the formula C55H110O55 is probably a. a. oil. b. steroid. c. protein. d. polysaccharide. - ANSWER-Polysaccharide Sucrose is formed - ANSWER-From two monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis Decreased fertility in men from developed countries may be related to - ANSWER-Increased exposure to hormone-like chemicals in the environment In the plasma membrane, the phospholipid heads - ANSWER-are hydrophilic and face outward toward the aqueous solution on both sides of the membrane When a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes tend to burst and release their contents into the cell. As a result of this, that cell will - ANSWER-Undergo self-digestion and die The function of chloroplasts is - ANSWER-Photosynthesis Mitochondria differ from chloroplasts in that mitochondria - ANSWER-Contain membrane folds called cristae, whereas chloroplasts contain disk-like vesicles in stacks called grana Which of the following structures are used by prokaryotes for attaching to surfaces? - ANSWER-Capsule Your throat is dry, and you want the last cough drop in the box to last a long time in your mouth. What should you do? a. Break the cough drop into little pieces and put them all in your mouth. Since each little piece must be dissolved separately, the drop will last longer. b. Keep the cough drop whole. This maintains the largest surface-to-volume ratio, and slows the dissolution of the cough drop. c. Break the cough drop into little pieces and put them all in your mouth. This decreases the surface-to- volume ratio, and slows the dissolution of the cough drop. d. It doesn't matter if the cough drop is in one piece or many pieces; the total amount of cough drop is all that matters. - ANSWER-Keep the cough drop whole. This maintains the largest surface-to-volume ratio, and slows the dissolution of the cough drop During cell reproduction, chromatin fibers coil up into structures called - ANSWER-Chromosomes Which organelle is involved in the catabolism of fatty acids and the detoxification of alcohol? - ANSWER- Peroxosome The cells that produce hair contain a lot of _____, which the cells that produce the oils that coat the hair contain a lot of _____. - ANSWER-Rough endoplasmic reticulum . . . Smooth endoplasmic reticulm Fat Away prevents ATP from being made by - ANSWER-Destroying the H+ gradient that allows ATP synthase to work After glycolysis but before the citric acid cycle - ANSWER-Pyruvate is oxidized The mitochondrial cristae are an adaptation that a. permits the expansion of mitochondria as oxygen accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix. b. helps mitochondria divide during times of greatest cellular respiration. c. increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes. d. carefully encloses the DNA housed within the mitochondrial matrix. - ANSWER-Increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes Which of the following colors contributes the least energy to photosynthesis? - ANSWER-Green Carbon fixation - ANSWER-Occurs when carbon atoms from CO2 are incorporated into an organic molecule Ozone - ANSWER-Protects Earth from UV radiation Photoautotrophs - ANSWER-Produces organic molecules from inorganic molecule To produce one glucose, the Calvin cycle needs to be run through _____ times - ANSWER-Six What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis - ANSWER- Light The energy that excites P680and P700 is supplied by - ANSWER-Photons A redox reaction involves the transfer of - ANSWER-An electron Which of the following are produced during the Calvin cycle - ANSWER-Glucose, ADP, NADP+ Of the following wavelengths of light, which would you expect to be reflected or transmitted by chlorophyll a - ANSWER-Green Which of the following is an example of a photoautotroph - ANSWER-Cyanobacteria in freshwater and marine ecosystems Which of the following statements concerning the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true a. Photosynthesis involves only reductions, while respiration involves only oxidations. b. Photosynthesis involves only oxidations, while respiration involves only reductions. c. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is oxidized to form sugar, while in respiration, sugar is reduced to form carbon dioxide. d. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to form sugar, while in respiration, sugar is oxidized to form carbon dioxide - ANSWER-In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to form sugar, while in respiration, sugar is oxidized to form carbon dioxide Which is NOT an example of evolution resulting from human activity? - ANSWER-Because of hunting, species such as bears and wolves are in danger of extinction Which statement regarding common cellular activity is FALSE? - ANSWER-New cells are derived from cellular components like organelles Organisms that are prokaryotes are in the domains... a. Eukarya and Archaea. b. Plantae and Animalia. c. None of the choices is correct. d. Fungi and Bacteria. e. Bacteria and Archaea. - ANSWER-Bacteria and Archaea Which of the following are NOT consistent with Darwin's theory of natural selection? a. Factors in the environment result in some organisms having better reproductive success than others. b. Individual organisms exhibit genetic change during their life spans to better fit their environment. c. Natural selection can lead to the appearance of new species. d. All of the choices are correct. e. Individuals in a population exhibit variations, some of which are passed from parents to offspring. - ANSWER-Individual organisms exhibit genetic change during their life spans to better fit their environment. National Institutes of Health (NIH) study doses of vitamin C and the time if takes to recover from a cold. Group A gets 3000mg of vitamin C and Group B gets the placebo. What else would you want to know to ensure valid results? a. whether any volunteers had colds at the start of the experiment. b. whether the volunteers exercised daily. c. whether the volunteers all worked for the same company. d. what the volunteers ate during the experiment. e. All of the choices are correct. - ANSWER-a. whether any volunteers had colds at the start of the experiment What are the levels of organization in ground-up beef muscle? - ANSWER-organelle, cell, tissue Members of the Kingdom Animalia... - ANSWER-Can obtain their food by eating other organisms To be scientifically valid, a hypothesis must be... a. All of the choices are correct. b. controlled. c. testable and falsifiable. d. part of a theory. e. reasonable. - ANSWER-Testable and falsifiable What is the ultimate source of energy in nearly all ecosystems? a. radioactivity. b. sunlight. c. electricity. d. wind. - ANSWER-Sunlight c. the amino acids of which it is made. d. the overall three-dimensional structure. - ANSWER-Overall three-dimensional structure Peptide Bonds... - ANSWER-Link amino acids How are genes used by cells to build proteins? - ANSWER-The genes in DNA direct the synthesis of an RNA molecule, which is used to build a protein How is sucrose formed? - ANSWER-From 2 monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis What is dehydration synthesis? - ANSWER-Dehydration synthesis is the process of joining to molecules or compounds together, following the removal of water. Storage of carbohydrates is ________ in animals and ________ in plants. - ANSWER-Glycogen ; Starch Statement that is FALSE about enzymes: - ANSWER-They are monomers used to build proteins Where are structural proteins found? - ANSWER-Hair and tendons Phospholipids are composed of... - ANSWER-One glycerol molecule linked to one phosphate group and two fatty acids What is the general function of enzymes within a cell? - ANSWER-Speeds up chemical reactions Statement regarding carbon that is FALSE? - ANSWER-Carbon has the ability to bond with up to six other atoms Which is FALSE about monomers and polymers found in living organisms? - ANSWER-Monomers are joined tightly together by the process of hydrolysis Which of the following is FALSE regarding anabolic steroids? - ANSWER-They promote bone growth Which substance is a lipid? - ANSWER-Steroids You want to keep a cough drop in your mouth for a long time. What should you do? - ANSWER-Keep cough drop whole. This maintains the largest surface-to-volume ratio and slows dissolution of the cough drop. The idea that living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells defines what? a. the laws of inheritance. b. organelle theory. c. cell theory. d. inheritance of acquired characteristics. - ANSWER-Cell theory Protein synthesis requires the use of mRNA, which - ANSWER-is translated by the ribosomes into the amino acid sequences of proteins A child dies following a series of chronic bacterial infections. At the autopsy, the physicians are startled to see that the child's white blood cells are loaded with vacuoles containing intact bacteria. Which of the following explanations could account for this finding? - ANSWER-A defect in the lysosomes of the white blood cells prevented the cells from destroying engulfed bacteria Archaea are composed of ________ cells. - ANSWER-Prokaryotic Which of the following statements about plant cell walls is false? - ANSWER-Plant cell walls protect plants by forming an impermeable layer around the cell You are told that the cells on a microscope slide are plant, animal, or bacterial. You look at them through a microscope and see cell walls and membrane-bound organelles. You conclude correctly that the cells - ANSWER-are plant cells Which of the following cells has the greatest surface-to-volume ratio? - ANSWER-Bacterium Tay-Sachs disease - ANSWER-causes an accumulation of lipids in brain cells Microfilaments differ from microtubules in that microfilaments - ANSWER-are mainly composed of actin, whereas microtubules are composed of tubulin Which of the following statements about cells is true? - ANSWER-All cells have internal structures that move A basal body is a. composed of nine microtubule triplets surrounding a central pair of microtubules. b. similar in structure to centrioles. c. composed of nine microtubule doublets surrounding a central pair of microtubules. d. identical in structure to cilia. e. None of the choices. - ANSWER-similar in structure to centrioles. Intermediate filaments... - ANSWER-Surround the nucleus It is essential for heart muscle cells to beat in a coordinated fashion. The cell junctions that would best facilitate this are... - ANSWER-Gap junctions (communicating junctions) Which of the following statements regarding cells is false? - ANSWER-All cells have a cell wall Which characteristic promoted the utilization of lipids as the first cell membrane? - ANSWER-Self- assembly into a simple membrane In a hypotonic solution, an animal cell will... - ANSWER-Lyse Americans spend up to $100 billion annually for bottled water (41 billion gallons). The only beverages with higher sales are carbonated soft drinks. Recent news stories have highlighted the fact that most bottled water comes from municipal water supplies (the same source as your tap water), although it may undergo an extra purification step called reverse osmosis. Imagine two tanks that are separated by a membrane that's permeable to water, but not to the dissolved minerals present in the water. Tank A Select one: a. decomposing bacteria b. mushroom c. leopard d. giraffe e. tree - ANSWER-tree Which level in the hierarchy shown is a community? a. level C, All organisms in the dessert b. level B, Dessert c. level A, All environments on earth supporting life d. LEVEL E, All of the choices are correct. e. level D, Group of lizards - ANSWER-level C, All organisms in the dessert Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which of the following sequences correctly lists that hierarchy from least inclusive to most inclusive? a. ecosystem, population, organ system, cell, community, molecule, organ, organism, organelle, tissue b. cell, molecule, organ system, organ, organelle, population, tissue, organism, ecosystem, community c. organism, organ system, tissue, population, organ, organelle, community, cell, ecosystem, molecule d. molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem e. None of the choices is correct. - ANSWER-molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem Consider the following statement: "If all vertebrates have backbones, and turtles are vertebrates, then turtles have backbones." This statement is an example of a. a hypothesis. b. rationalization. c. deductive reasoning. d. inductive reasoning. e. None of the choices is correct. - ANSWER-deductive reasoning. You've made a hot drink by dissolving a teaspoon of instant coffee and a teaspoon of sugar in a cup of hot water. Which of the following statements is true? a. You've just prepared an aqueous solution. b. The water is the solute portion of the drink. c. The instant coffee and sugar are solvents. d. The instant coffee and sugar dissolve because they have no charged regions to repel the partial positive and partial negative regions of the water molecules. - ANSWER-You've just prepared an aqueous solution. A solution with a pH of 7 is a. strongly acidic. b. weakly acidic. c. neutral. d. weakly basic. - ANSWER-neutral The sodium atom contains 11 electrons, 11 protons, and 12 neutrons. What is the mass number of sodium? a. 11 b. 22 c. 23 d. 34 - ANSWER-23 Which of the following statements about pH is true? a. The pH scale is a measure of oxygen ion concentration. b. A single unit change on the pH scale is equivalent to a 1% change in hydrogen ion concentration. c. An increase in hydrogen ion concentration means a decrease in pH scale units. d. Basic pH levels are less than 7. - ANSWER-An increase in hydrogen ion concentration means a decrease in pH scale units. Table salt is formed when a. chlorine gives an electron to sodium. b. a hydrogen bond forms between sodium and chlorine. c. sodium and chlorine share electrons to form a bond. d. sodium donates its single outer electron to chlorine - ANSWER-sodium donates its single outer electron to chlorine Which of the following trace elements needed by humans is commonly added to table salt? a. iodine b. iron c. magnesium d. fluoride - ANSWER-iodine Which of the following statements about acid precipitation is false? a. Acid precipitation is defined as having a pH below 5.6. b. Acid precipitation damages natural wilderness areas. c. Acid precipitation is primarily the result of burning fossil fuels. d. Acid precipitation has little or no effect on soil chemistry. - ANSWER-Acid precipitation has little or no effect on soil chemistry. a. the temperature of the liquid in the washing vat b. the manufacturer of the fabric c. how long the fabric has been in storage d. the primary structure of the enzyme - ANSWER-the temperature of the liquid in the washing vat Which of the following statements about internal membranes in eukaryotic cells is false? a. In eukaryotic cells, internal membranes greatly increase a cell's total membrane area. b. In eukaryotic cells, internal membranes provide an additional area for many metabolic processes to occur. c. In eukaryotic cells, internal membranes form membranous compartments called organelles. d. In eukaryotic cells, internal membranes standardize the internal environment of all cellular organelles. - ANSWER-In eukaryotic cells, internal membranes standardize the internal environment of all cellular organelles. Which of the following statements regarding the endomembrane system is false? a. The endomembrane system is involved in the synthesis, storage, and export of important molecules. b. The endomembrane system includes the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. c. The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope. d. The endomembrane system is a system of interrelated membranes that are all physically connected. - ANSWER-The endomembrane system is a system of interrelated membranes that are all physically connected. Which of the following would be most affected by a mutation that prevented cells from forming tight junctions? a. attachment of cells to the surrounding matrix b. direct flow of water and small molecules from one cell to another c. integrity of the inner lining of the digestive tract d. attachment of the cytoskeleton to the inside of the plasma membrane - ANSWER-integrity of the inner lining of the digestive tract The complex of proteins and DNA in a nondividing cell is called a. chromatin. b. a nucleolus. c. a ribosome. d. a lysosome. - ANSWER-chromatin. The endosymbiosis hypothesis proposes that a. two cells were juxtaposed and one benefited from the other. b. a small cell lived inside a larger cell to the benefit of both cells. c. a large cell engulfed and digested a smaller cell, exposing its enzymes for use by the larger cell. d. two cells merged into one cell, improving the enzyme function of the new cell. - ANSWER-a small cell lived inside a larger cell to the benefit of both cells. Cilia differ from flagella in that a. cilia contain nine microtubule doublets surrounding a central pair of microtubules, while flagella contain only nine microtubule doublets. b. the protein filaments of cilia are "naked," while those of flagella are wrapped in an extension of the cell membrane. c. cilia are typically more numerous and shorter than flagella. d. cilia are anchored only in the proteins of the cell membrane, while flagella are anchored in a special structure called the basal body. - ANSWER-cilia are typically more numerous and shorter than flagella. If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference? a. the expulsion of water by the plant cell's central vacuole b. the relative impermeability of the plant cell wall to water c. the fact that plant cells are isotonic to tap water d. the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall - ANSWER-the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall Oxygen crosses a plasma membrane by a. osmosis. b. active transport. c. pinocytosis. d. passive transport. - ANSWER-passive transport. Certain cells that line the stomach synthesize a digestive enzyme and secrete it into the stomach. This enzyme is a protein. Which of the following processes could be responsible for its secretion? a. endocytosis b. exocytosis c. diffusion d. pinocytosis - ANSWER-exocytosis Which of the following processes can move a solute against its concentration gradient? a. osmosis b. passive transport c. facilitated diffusion d. active transport - ANSWER-active transport Osmosis can be defined as a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 90% - ANSWER-75% Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism? a. the citric acid cycle b. oxidative phosphorylation c. glycolysis d. electron transport chain - ANSWER-glycolysis The energy yield from the complete aerobic breakdown of a single molecule of glucose a. is always 32 ATP. b. increases as the supply of oxygen increases. c. can vary depending on whether NADH passes its electrons to NAD+ or FAD. d. is less than the yield from anaerobic respiration. - ANSWER-can vary depending on whether NADH passes its electrons to NAD+ or FAD. Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________. a. gain of electrons . . . loss of electrons b. loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons c. gain of oxygen . . . loss of oxygen d. gain of protons . . . loss of protons - ANSWER-loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis is false? a. ATP is not produced during photosynthesis, but only during cellular respiration. b. Photosynthesis is ultimately powered by light energy and respiration by the chemical energy of fuel molecules. c. Photosynthesis consumes CO2; respiration consumes O2. d. Photosynthesis produces O2; respiration produces CO2. - ANSWER-ATP is not produced during photosynthesis, but only during cellular respiration. If you expose a photosynthesizing plant to water that contains both radioactive H and radioactive O, in which of the products of photosynthesis will the radioactive H and O show up? a. H and O both in glucose b. H in glucose; O in water c. H in water; O in glucose d. H in glucose and water; O in O2 - ANSWER-H in glucose and water; O in O2 Photosystem II a. has P700 at its reaction center. b. passes electrons to photosystem I. c. does not have a reaction center. d. releases CO2 as a by-product. - ANSWER-passes electrons to photosystem I. Which of the following molecules is both a reactant and a product of photosynthesis? a. H2O b. glucose c. O2 d. chlorophyll - ANSWER-H2O In a photosystem, clusters of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid pigments function most like a. an antenna. b. a propeller on a motorboat. c. a windmill. d. a spring. - ANSWER-an antenna. What is the main adaptive advantage of the C4 and CAM photosynthesis strategies over the C3 strategy? a. They help the plant conserve water and synthesize glucose efficiently under hot, dry conditions. b. They allow the plant to fix carbon more efficiently under conditions of low atmospheric CO2. c. They allow the plant to fix carbon more efficiently in dim or cool conditions. d. They make it possible for the plant to use the Calvin cycle at night. - ANSWER-They help the plant conserve water and synthesize glucose efficiently under hot, dry conditions. Sunlight is a type of ________ energy. a. electromagnetic b. potential c. kinetic d. nuclear - ANSWER-electromagnetic What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and thus sustain themselves without consuming organic molecules derived from other organisms? a. chemotrophs b. heterotrophs c. synthesizers d. autotrophs - ANSWER-autotrophs b. centrioles . . . chloroplasts . . . cell walls c. chloroplasts . . . cell walls . . . a nucleus d. centrioles . . . cell walls . . . large central vacuoles - ANSWER-chloroplasts . . . cell walls . . . centrioles Which of the following statements regarding enzyme function is false? a. An enzyme's function depends on its three-dimensional shape. b. Enzymes are very specific for certain substrates. c. Enzymes are used up when they catalyze a chemical reaction, so must be synthesized for each new chemical reaction. d. Enzymes emerge unchanged from the reactions they catalyze. - ANSWER-Enzymes are used up when they catalyze a chemical reaction, so must be synthesized for each new chemical reaction. Which of the following is a typical feature of an ATP-driven active transport mechanism? a. The transport protein must cross to the correct side of the membrane before the solute can bind to it. b. The transport protein is irreversibly phosphorylated as transport takes place. c. The transport protein catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP. d. The solute moves against the concentration gradient. - ANSWER-The solute moves against the concentration gradient. Which of the following statements about the ATP molecule is true? a. It contains five phosphate groups. b. Extremely stable bonds link the second and third phosphate groups. c. It contains the sugar glucose. d. It releases energy when one phosphate group leaves ATP. - ANSWER-It releases energy when one phosphate group leaves ATP. All cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane that is similar in ________ and ________. a. thickness . . . composition b. permeability . . . content c. lucidity . . . texture d. structure . . . function - ANSWER-structure . . . function By-products of cellular respiration include a. oxygen and heat. b. carbon dioxide and water. c. FADH2 and NADH. d. NADH and ATP. - ANSWER-carbon dioxide and water. Which of the following is a result of glycolysis? a. production of CO2 b. conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds c. a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule d. conversion of NADH to NAD+ - ANSWER-conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds Photorespiration a. may be an evolutionary relic from when atmospheric O2 levels were low. b. is of benefit to the plant since it breaks down rubisco. c. is attributable to high CO2 levels. d. produces glucose. - ANSWER-may be an evolutionary relic from when atmospheric O2 levels were low.