ACTUAL NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 Rasmussen Guaranteed succe, Exams of Nursing

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Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2

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2023/

What are the functions of the kidneys? - Answer Regulation of blood pressure; regulating blood osmolarity; removal of toxins; blood filtration; activate vitamin D What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy? - Answer dribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention, decreased stream What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts? - Answer ADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone What is type 2 diabetes characterized as? - Answer peripheral tissue insulin resistance What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease? - Answer Exophthalmos (bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance, anxiety- hyperthyroidism What processes occur during fasting? - Answer glucogenesis; glycogenesis What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type 1 diabetes? - Answer adipose/ fat What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - Answer myxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism? - Answer Goiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism? - Answer fatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory loss What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism? - Answer numbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis? - Answer fruity breath, drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation? - Answer negative feedback loop

Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2

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2023/

What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland? - Answer Growth Hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins What is diabetes insipidus? - Answer a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus - Answer polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome? - Answer Excessive secretion of cortisol causes redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo" hump on the back and pendulous abdomen. - Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen develops stretch marks - • ndividual bruises easily and wound healing is poor - Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to severe psychiatric disturbance - Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism - Answer Weakness. - Fatigue. - Cold intolerance. - Constipation. - Weight gain. - Depression. - Joint or muscle pain. - Brittle fingernails. clinical manifestations of primary hypothyroidism - Answer fatigue. - lethargy. - sensitivity to cold. - depression. - muscle weakness. clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism - Answer hypertension and hypokalemia

Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2

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2023/

clinical manifestations of secondary aldosteronism - Answer High blood pressure. - Low level of potassium in the blood. - Feeling tired all the time. - Headache. - Muscle weakness. - Numbness. What is myxedema? - Answer severe hypothyroidism; non pitting edema What are the causes of hypothyroidism? - Answer Hashimoto's disease: most common when the immune system attacks the thyroid cells

• after surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism
• head or neck radiation for cancer
• iodine deficiency What are the three p's in diabetes? - Answer polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine disorders? - Answer Primary endocrine disease inhibits the action of downstream glands, malfunction of the hormone producing gland; Secondary endocrine disease is indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland. What is the cause of Cushing syndrome? - Answer Excessive corticosteroids What is acute gastritis? - Answer Transient inflammation of the gastric mucosa What is chronic gastritis? - Answer Chronic mucosal inflammatory changes leading to atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. This is mostly due to H. Pylori, but in some cases it can be autoimmune. What causes gastritis? - Answer Acute - circulatory disturbances (shock) and exposure to exogenous irritants (drugs [aspirin], alcohol, chemicals, lactose intolerance) Chronic - cause is unknown is probably mediated by immunologic mechanism or related to infection with H. pylori What is amenorrhea? - Answer - absence of menstruation What is metrorrhagia? - Answer - bleeding between periods What is dysmenorrhea? - Answer - painful periods

Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2

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2023/

Costal vertebral angle (CVA) - Answer angle formed by the 12th rib and the vertebral column on the posterior thorax, overlying the kidney; percuss for kidney tenderness What causes flank pain? - Answer kidney stones When is enuresis abnormal? - Answer after age 5 People with polycystic kidney disease should do what? - Answer increase fluid intake, measure blood pressure regularly What is polyuria? - Answer frequent urination Female Mutilation - Answer risks for uti, trouble urinating What hormone causes bleeding during menopause? - Answer estrogen Where does exchange occur in the kidneys? - Answer As the filtered fluid moves along the tubule, the blood vessel reabsorbs almost all of the water, along with minerals and nutrients your body needs. The tubule helps remove excess acid from the blood. The remaining fluid and wastes in the tubule become urine. What increases the risk for bladder cancer? - Answer smoking What is the kidney filtration path? - Answer Bowmans capsule>proximal tubule>loop of henle>distal tubule What causes increase in glumerial filtration? - Answer increase capillary hydrostatic pressure What is cystitis? - Answer inflammation of the urinary bladder; UTI, painful burning, itching, What is a hydrocele? - Answer Fluid collection within the tunica vaginalis What are the symptoms of prositis? - Answer pain, fever, trouble urinating, trouble with urine retention What is renal colic? - Answer kidney stone related pain What is the bacteria associated with syphilis? - Answer anaerobic spirochetes

Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2

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2023/

What are complications of syphilis? - Answer vascular problems, cardiovascular, aortic stenosis, inflamed aorta, aorta necrosis, brain aneurysm, blindness, numbness, tingly, loopyness What end periods? - Answer anorexia, menopause, pregnancy, hypothyroidism, adenomas and carcinomas When is RAS activated? - Answer low BP Treatment for herpes - Answer Acyclovir, sitz bath, dry heat symptoms of post streptococcal glomerulonephritis - Answer dark urine What causes acromegaly? - Answer excessive GH during adulthood Primary hypothyroidism levels - Answer low T4, high TSH Secondary hypothyroidism levels - Answer low T3, T4 and TSH What is gigantism? - Answer hypersecretion of GH in children What is diabetes insipidus? - Answer a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss What is SIADH? - Answer syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone; too much sodium secretion What is the tumor of the adrenal gland? - Answer Pheochromocytoma Acromegaly/Gigantism - Answer coarse facial features, deepening of voice, increased ring or shoe size Graves disease - Answer unexplained weight loss, goiter, bulging eyes Myexdema coma is associated with hyperthyroidism - Answer false Patient with dysmenorrhea - Answer assess pain in pelvic area and upper thighs What is the sign of acute prostatitis? - Answer tender prostate

Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2

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2023/

CVA is pain is another description for flank pain? - Answer True A client has flank pain of 6 on a scale from 0-10. This flank pain is likely because of what reason? - Answer possible pyelonephritis, with inflammation and stretching of renal caps Which is indicative of secondary hypothyroidism? - Answer Low TSH and LOW T3/T What is indicative of primary hypothyroidism? - Answer High TSH and Low T3/T What are the two stress hormones that increase glucose production in the liver? - Answer Corticosteroids

• catecholamines A client presents with right lower abdominal pain and occasional diarrhea. This is likely? - Answer Appendicitis A female arrives at the clinic complaining of bleeding between menstrual periods. The nurse identifies this as? - Answer Metrorrhagia A good explanation for myxedema in thyroid deficiency is? - Answer Lack of thyroid hormone contributes to non- pitting edema An example of a genetic defect in young children with cystitis is? - Answer Vesicoureteral reflux Diabetes insipidus is caused from? - Answer too little ADH production Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is often a cause of? - Answer peptic ulcer disease In response to a respiratory infection and a high fever, the kidney tubules maintain a normal ph of body fluids by? - Answer secreting acids and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions Metabolic acidosis develops with bilateral kidney disease for what reason? - Answer tubule exchanges are impaired The client has gallstones obstructing the cystic duct. What would the nurse anticipate in the assessment of the client? - Answer severe upper right quadrant pain

Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2

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2023/

The glomerular filtration will increase by which of the following? - Answer increase hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries Cardinal signs of pheochromocytoma? - Answer hypertension The nurse expects which of the following in an assessment of a client with ketoacidosis? - Answer deep fast respirations and lethargy The nurse is aware that cushings syndrome is caused by which of the following? - Answer hypercortisolism What causes Hirschsprung Disease? - Answer inadequate innervation of the colon What would the nurse expect to assess in a client with Addisons disease? - Answer severe fatigue, muscle joint pain, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, darkening areas of the skin Which of the following results from obstruction of the left ureter by a renal calculus? - Answer severe renal colic What are the clinical manifestations of appendicitis? - Answer right lower abdominal pain, nausea and occasionally diarrhea What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? - Answer overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile (C difficile) bacteria; overexposure to antibiotics What is the nonpharmacologic treatment for pseudocolitis? - Answer fecal transplant, colectomy, antibiotics What is the cause of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)? - Answer bacteria spread from person to person; bacteria penetrates the stomach mucous lining and generates substances to neutralize stomach acids What are the clinical manifestations of gastric carcinoma? - Answer No early signs; later signs are anorexia weight loss and GI bleeding What causes gastroenteritis due to Salmonella? - Answer Raw or under cooked chicken or eggs What are complications of a perforated gallbladder? - Answer Sepsis infection

Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2

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2023/

What causes jaundice? - Answer Increased serum bilirubin over 2.5 mg/dL What disease is associated with jaundice? - Answer Cirrhosis of the liver; hepatitis What is dysphasia? - Answer difficulty swallowing What is occult blood? - Answer Blood that is not visible to the naked eye What should patients with newly diagnosed pancreatitis avoid? - Answer Alcohol What causes greenish- yellow emesis? - Answer Bile What is the most frequent location of peptic ulcers? - Answer proximal duodenum What types of hepatitis increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma? - Answer Hep B and C What are the clinical manifestations of chronic gastritis? - Answer inflammation of the stomach lining and anorexia from not eating What types of things put a patient at risk for developing acute gastritis? - Answer lactose intolerance, regular use of pain relievers, stress, excessive alcohol use What are the clinical manifestations of acute gastritis? - Answer GI distress, bloat, , nausea, vomiting, anorexia from not eating, postprandial discomfort What is the cause of hiatal hernia? - Answer Increased intra-abdominal pressure, such as ascites, pregnancy, obesity, chronic straining or coughing What is the cause of a rigid abdomen in peritonitis? - Answer inflamed peritoneum What is cryptorchidism? - Answer undescended testes What are complications of cryptorchidism? - Answer infertility and cancer What are the clinical manifestations of acute prostatitis? - Answer dysuria, frequency, urgency, painful prostate What is a complication of removing too much fluid during dialysis? - Answer hemodialysis, low BP

Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2

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2023/

What would you monitor while removing fluid during dialysis? - Answer BP What are the clinical manifestations of pyelonephritis? - Answer CVA tenderness, fever, chills, N/V, anorexia which increases fever induced dehydration Individuals with HPV are at risk for developing what disease? - Answer Cervical cancer What is enuresis? - Answer bed wetting What is stress incontinence? - Answer Leakage with increased abdominal pressure, effort, exertion, sneezing, or coughing What is micturition? - Answer urination What is overflow incontinence? - Answer Leakage due to inability of the bladder to empty itself correctly (thus causing bladder to fill up to max capacity) caused by a urethral blockage What is a genetic defect in young children with cystitis? - Answer vesicoureteral reflux; back flow of urine from the bladder to the ureter and renal pelvis How do kidney tubules maintain a normal pH in response to fever and respiratory infection? - Answer secrete acid and reabsorb bicards Why does metabolic acidosis occur? - Answer excessive production of fixed acids;

• DKA
• lactic acidosis
• low flow states
• loss of buffers, like loss of bicarb from GIT or
• inability of kidney to eliminate acids; ie. renal failure What is the serum marker ordered when screening fro prostate cancer? - Answer PSA- Prostate specific antigen What are complications of hydronephrosis? - Answer ischemia and necrosis; swelling and build-up of fluid in the kidney; back flow, swelling pressure What is the cause of increased glomerular filtration rate? - Answer increase in the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure

Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2

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2023/

What is the most common cause of pyelonephritis? - Answer E. coli; ascending UTI What are the risk factors for developing chronic renal failure? - Answer too much Nsaids, chronic kidney disease; diabetes type 1; hypertension