Addiction and Substance Abuse Treatment Approaches, Exams of Music

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Certified Board for Music Therapists Self-

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Music therapy - -- "The clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individual goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program" (AMTA, 2015). Education for All Handicapped Children Act - -- Public Law 94-142; passed in 1975 to call for mainstreaming of students with disabilities into public schools in the United States ("free and appropriate" education) Individualized Education Program (IEP) - -- Developed in 1978 through IDEA to improve the education of students with disabilities who are qualified for special education in the United States; written plan that includes an assessment of the student's strengths and limitations, concrete goals and objectives for education, a list of the people administering the program, related services, and methods for evaluation American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) - -- The national organization that represents the field of music therapy in the United States today; promotes awareness of the profession, advances clinical and scientific knowledge in the field, and sets and maintains the standards of music therapy practice Iso principle - -- The concept that music should be chosen to initially match the mood state of a client and adjusted gradually to the desired mood state; described in Kircher's (1602-1680) theory of temperaments and affections, in the dissertation of Samuel Mathews in 1806, and by Esther Gatewood in 1920; termed in the 1940s by Ira Altshuler

National Association for Music Therapy - -- Established in 1950; first national organization to represent the field of music therapy; signaled the birth of the music therapy profession American Association for Music Therapy - -- Established in 1971; originally called the Urban Federation for Music Therapists (UFMT); the second national organization that represented the field of music therapy; merged with the NAMT in 1998 to form the AMTA Board Certification exam - -- Established in 1985 by the NAMT and the AAMT to increase the credibility of the field of music therapy; an exam taken by a music therapy student to measure his or her knowledge of music therapy principles and foundations, clinical theories and techniques, general knowledge about music, and professional roles and responsibilities Sensorimotor - -- The first stage of Piaget's theory of development that takes place between the ages of zero and two; the child learns through his or her senses and motor movements New musical activities: listening to lullabies, listening to speech and environmental sounds, being rocked, vocal play, babbling, and moving rhythmically to music Infant-directed speech - -- An innate speech tendency used with infants that is characterized as high in pitch, exaggerated in affect and speech contour, and drawn out Preoperational - -- The second stage in Piaget's theory of development that takes place between the ages of two and seven; the child's language and conceptual skills and interpersonal awareness increase New musical activities: playing musical instruments, coordinating gross and fine motor movements to music, singing songs, improvising melodies, and participating in musical games Parallel play - -- The mode of playing during which two or more children engage in the same activity without interacting with each other

Beat competency - -- The ability to follow and maintain a simple, steady beat Concrete operations - -- The third stage of Piaget's theory of development that takes place between the ages of 7 and 11; the child can think systematically and solve problems within his or her reality New musical activities: learning and playing an instrument, reading musical notation, performing in an ensemble Formal operations - -- The fourth stage of Piaget's theory of development that takes place between the ages of 11 and adulthood; the child can think abstractly; new musical activities: composition Elements of music - -- Pitch, intensity, duration, and timbre Functions of music - -- Proposed by Alan Merriam in 1964; physical engagement, communication, emotional expression, aesthetic enjoyment, entertainment, integration of society, conformity to social norms, validation of social institutions and religious rituals, symbolic representation, and continuity and stability of culture Tactile - -- Referring to the sense of touch The Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) - -- A music therapy approach created by Hellen Bonny that involves listening to classical music from a relaxed state and experiencing internal imagery while a music therapist provides verbal guiding interventions in order to expand self- awareness, enhance creativity, develop spirituality, and achieve a healthier state of being Attention - -- The act of attending to a stimulus of interest; this can be shifted, divided, or sustained Perception - -- The brain's way of processing information received through the senses; involves recognition, organization, synthesis, filtering, and meaning

Good Gestalts - -- According to Gestalt psychology, the principle that figures and patterns tend to be perceived in the most stable form as sensory input will allow; a whole Memory - -- The storage and retrieval of information in the brain Retrieval - -- The re-accessing of long-term memories stored in the brain Encoding - -- The storage of memories Mnemonic device - -- A memory tool Long-term memory - -- Information that is rehearsed and stored in the brain and is accessible for a long period of time, sometimes throughout life Safety valve function - -- The use of music to express disapproval of a social reality or deep-felt emotions Extramusical associations - -- A thought, emotion, or sensation experienced in response to a sound that represents something nonmusical; e.g. linking a bell tone to the end of class Cultural convention - -- A set of common standards or social norms in a group of people; e.g. in Western music, the dominant triad leads to the tonic triad Referentialist philosophy - -- The principle that music finds its meaning in the symbolic representation of nonmusical ideas or events

Iconicity - -- The use of musical structures to represent a feeling, object, or event; i.e. word painting, tone painting, text depiction Isomorphism - -- In Gestalt psychology, the principle that there is a parallel between Gestalt perception of a pattern and the actual experience of the pattern structure in the brain; in music, the principle that the structural characteristics of music can mimic human emotions or behaviors Association through contiguity - -- The connection between two events that occur in proximity; e.g. hearing a piece of music that stimulates memories of an event during which the piece was heard Expressionism - -- The philosophical concept that the elements of music itself enable music to elicit emotional responses and take on meaning Optimal complexity theory - -- Proposed by Berlyn in 1971; the belief that a balance of familiarity and complexity can elicit a pleasurable emotional response from music Theory of expectations - -- Proposed by Leonard Meyer; the belief that musical surprises elicit pleasurable emotional responses Cue Redundancy model - -- A theory proposed by Balkwill and Thompson in 1999 that some musical cues are universal while other musical cues are culture specific Intellectual disability - -- Originally referred to as mental retardation; a developmental disability marked by decreased intellectual capacity and impaired adaptive behavior that manifests before age eighteen; causes are biomedical, environmental, and educational and can occur prenatally, perinatally, or postnatally; IQ is 70 or less Down's Syndrome - -- A developmental disability caused by the genetic mutation trisomy 21, causing intellectual disability and physical abnormalities

Fetal alcohol syndrome - -- A disorder that is caused by alcohol consumption of the mother during gestation, resulting in intellectual disabilities, attention problems, growth deficiencies, and/or facial deformities Fragile X syndrome - -- A disorder that is caused by genetic mutation on the X chromosome, causing intellectual disability Etiology - -- The cause or origin of a condition Meningitis - -- A disease that is caused by an infection of the spinal fluid, leading to possible hearing problems or potential death Encephalitis - -- The swelling or infection of the brain Genetic abnormalities - -- Broken, damaged, or missing genetic material, causing disability Metabolic errors - -- Conditions that prevent the body from successfully breaking down substances Hydrocephaly - -- A condition caused by excess cerebrospinal fluid in and around the brain Spina bifida - -- A congenital condition caused by an open defect in the spinal column resulting from a failure of the vertebrae to close; may result in paralysis, loss of sensation, or intellectual disability Executive function - -- The ability to make decisions moment by moment and carry out actions with intention Hypotonia - -- Lack of muscle tone

Atlantoaxial instability - -- A misalignment of the upper spinal column that is often found in people with Down syndrome Self-injurious behavior - -- Harmful behavior inflicted on one's self due to frustration Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) - -- Public Law 101-476; established in 1990 to strengthen the Education for All Handicapped Children Act; a federal special education law that specifies who is eligible for services and what the nature of those services are; requires zero reject, nondiscriminatory evaluation, free and appropriate education, least restrictive environment, procedural due process, and parent and student participation Multidisciplinary assessment - -- The assessment of the needs, strengths, and limitations of a student with a disability conducted by professionals from a variety of disciplines Least restrictive environment (LRE) - -- In IDEA, a call to mainstream students with disabilities as much as possible in the classroom with developmentally normal peers with the provision of supports and services Medical model - -- A model of treatment that focuses primarily on the physical care of a patient Autism spectrum disorder - -- A pervasive developmental disability that was first described by Leo Kanner in 1943; characterized by difficulties in communication, socialization, behavior, and cognition; caused by uneven or delayed development; challenges vary from person to person Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) - -- A group of disorders that are characterized by deficits in communication and socialization; includes Asperger's syndrome, Rett's syndrome, and autism Asperger's syndrome - -- A condition on the autism spectrum that is characterized by stereotypical repetitive behaviors and deficits in socialization; language and communication skills develop normally

Rett's syndrome - -- Disorder that manifests in females resulting from the slowing of head growth after two and a half years of age; characterized by deficits in language and communication, socialization, and physical coordination Echolalic - -- Speech in which previously spoken words and phrases are repeated without meaning Alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) system - -- A device or method that is used to facilitate communication for a person with communication deficits; examples include sign language, picture/symbol boards/books/wallets, letter/word boards, voice output devices, and visual tracking devices Picture exchange communication system (PECS) - -- An AAC system that involves a person using a picture or symbol to represent a want or need; typically used as an aid by children with autism Stereotypical behaviors - -- Stimulative, repetitive behaviors such as flapping, rocking, and vocalizing on vowel sounds Positive behavioral supports - -- A system that involves identifying the causes of problematic behavior and determining strategies to replace the behavior Auditory awareness - -- The ability to distinguish between sound and silence Auditory discrimination - -- The ability to determine the differences and/or similarities between two or more sounds Localization - -- The ability to determine the location of a sound Expressive language - -- The use of verbal or nonverbal communication (e.g. speech, sign, facial expressions, gestures)

Receptive language - -- The ability to listen and understand verbal or nonverbal language Sound identification - -- The ability to determine the source of a sound Congenital - -- A condition that presents itself at birth Chronic - -- A genetically caused condition that presents itself later in life Acquired/adventitious - -- A condition that is caused by trauma, disease, or disorders of growth and development after birth Cerebral palsy - -- A congenital and/or chronic condition resulting from damage to the motor cortex; results in problems with movement, posture, and muscle control; types include spasticity, athetosis, rigidity, mixed type, atonia, ataxia, and tremor; may affect one or more limbs of the body Muscular dystrophy - -- A congenital and/or chronic progressive condition in which the muscles gradually degenerate and are replaced by fat and fibrous tissues Clubfoot - -- A congenital condition in which the feet are inverted with the heel drawn up and the forefoot bent inward Congenital dislocation of the hip - -- A congenital condition in which the hip bones develop abnormally during gestation Arthrogryposis - -- A congenital condition in which the joints are rigid and fixed and the muscles are weak

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis - -- A condition that occurs two times during childhood during which one or more of the joints are inflamed Dwarfism - -- A congenital condition resulting from the abnormal development of the skeleton; the head and trunk are often normal in size and the limbs are shorter Osteogenesis imperfecta - -- A congenital or chronic condition resulting in brittleness of the bones; locomotion is limited or impossible Thermal injuries - -- Burns to the skin resulting from fire, chemicals, electricity, radiation, or prolonged contact with extreme degrees of hot or cold liquids Spinal cord injuries - -- Injury that causes damage to the spinal cord, resulting in paralysis (paraplegia or quadriplegia); causes may include motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports accidents, or bullet wounds Acquired amputations - -- Loss of a limb due to motor vehicle accidents, farm accidents, power tool accidents, gunshot injuries, cancer, infections, bone tumors, vascular conditions, etc. Poliomyelitis - -- An acquired disease caused by a virus that damages the motor neurons in the spinal cord, often resulting in paralysis Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RES) - -- A neurologic music therapy technique used in gait training; a steady rhythmic stimulus serves as a cue for initiating and sustaining steady locomotion; can improve balance, trajectory fluidity, tempo, coordination, etc. Patterned Sensory Enhancement (PSE) - -- A neurologic music therapy technique that makes use of sound patterns to elicit functional movements (e.g. ascending melodic line to facilitate lifting of arms); used to improve balance and posture, increase physical strength and endurance, and increase functional motor skills of the upper limbs

Therapeutic Instrumental Music Performance (TIMP) - -- A neurologic music therapy technique that makes use of instrument playing to prompt functional motor movements; can improve spatial perception, endurance, timing of movements, strength, flexibility, range of motion, functional hand movements, finger dexterity, limb coordination, etc. Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) - -- A neurologic music therapy technique developed for expressive aphasia rehabilitation that teaches simple speech by matching the inflection and rhythmic attributes of short phrases to musical prosody; utilizes the patient's unimpaired ability to sing Rhythmic Speech Cuing (RSC) - -- A neurologic music therapy technique developed for apraxia, dysarthria, and fluency disorder rehabilitation that improves the initiation and rate of speech by providing a steady rhythmic beat and patterned cues with a client's hand, a drum, or a metronome Vocal Intonation Therapy (VIT) - -- A neurologic music therapy technique that addresses the inflection, dynamics, pitch, loudness, timbre, breathing, and prosidy of speech through vocal exercises similar to those used by choir conductors Therapeutic Singing (TS) - -- A neurologic music therapy technique that addresses the initiation, development, articulation, and breathing involved in speech using unspecified singing experiences Oral Motor and Respiratory Exercises (OMREX) - -- A neurologic music therapy technique developed to use with people with developmental disabilities, dysarthria, and muscular dystrophy that addresses the rehabilitation of the speech and respiratory apparatuses through sound vocalization and wind instrument playing Musical Speech Stimulation (MUSTIM) - -- A neurologic music therapy technique used in apraxia and aphasia rehabilitation that addresses the acquisition of nonpropositional language through the use of familiar tunes; the client fills in the missing word when prompted with space Developmental Speech and Language Training Through Music (DSLM) - -- A neurologic music therapy technique that addresses the development of general speech and language skills through age- appropriate musical experiences, including singing, chanting, playing musical instruments, and combining music, speech, and movement; often used in group settings

Symbolic Communication Training Through Music (SYCOM) - -- A neurologic music therapy technique that uses improvisational and performance experiences to teach communication behavior, language pragmatics, appropriate speech gestures, and emotional nonverbal communication Musical Sensory Orientation Training (MSOT) - -- A neurologic music therapy technique that addresses sensory stimulation; arousal and recovery of wake states; meaningful responsiveness; orientation to time, place, and person; vigilance; and concentration; exercises may include composing a simple song containing identifying information, playing an instrument at a certain time in a song, watching the therapist play an instrument, etc.; use of preferred and/or familiar music is most effective Musical Neglect Training (MNT) - -- A neurologic music therapy technique that addresses visual neglect through active or receptive musical exercises; instruments are structured in time, tempo, and rhythm and configured in the space appropriately; e.g. playing an instrument bilaterally or listening to sounds from different directions Auditory Perception Training (APT) - -- A neurologic music therapy technique that involves exercises that address the identification and discrimination of the components of sounds, including pitch, duration, tempo, rhythmic patterns, time, timbre, and speech sounds; exercises may include playing from symbolic or graphic notation, using tactile sound transmission, or integrating movement to music Musical Attention Control Training (MACT) - -- A neurologic music therapy technique that improves attention through active or receptive musical exercises in which musical elements cue different musical responses; promotes attending to specific structural elements or form of music Musical Mnemonics Training (MMT) - -- A neurologic music therapy technique that trains the encoding and decoding of information by sequencing nonmusical information in a song, rhyme, or chant Associative Mood and Memory Training (AMMT) - -- A neurologic music therapy technique that links the learning of information to a mood state in order to promote retention

Musical Executive Function Training (MEFT) - -- A neurologic music therapy technique that addresses problem solving, comprehension, organization, decision making, and reasoning skills through improvisation and composition exercises within a social setting Geriatrics - -- A scientific subspecialty concerned with the care of elderly people and the treatment of their health problems Gerontology - -- The study of aging, the characteristic behaviors of older adults, and disorders that begin in older adulthood Senescence - -- The natural degeneration of the body over time Ageism - -- The discrimination against people based on age; often involves the youth and the elderly Dementia - -- A condition marked by cognitive impairment and behavioral issues that interfere with activities of daily living and reduce quality of life; symptoms often include inaccessibility of memories, deficits in abstract thinking, problems with judgment, and impaired problem solving skills Alzheimer's disease - -- A type of dementia that is caused by damaged neuronal proteins and the buildup of plaque in the brain; symptoms include a steady decline in cognition and functioning Parkinson's disease - -- A degenerative, progressive, chronic condition characterized by damage to central nervous system; symptoms may include tremors, muscular rigidity, slowness and poverty of movement, and postural instability; caused by decreased levels of dopamine to the basal ganglia Tardive dyskinesia - -- A condition caused by the intake of certain medications over a long period of time; symptoms may include involuntary facial grimaces, rocking, unusual lip and tongue movements, and movement of the arms and legs

Osteoarthritis - -- The inflammation of the joints, cartilage covering, and bone; can affect hands, hips, spine, shoulders, and knees Osteoporosis - -- The reduction in bone mass, resulting in brittleness and increased risk of fracture Atherosclerosis - -- Coronary heart disease; the buildup of fibrofatty plaques in the coronary artery, increasing the risk of stroke or heart attack Arteriosclerosis - -- The hardening and thickening of the arteries, which restricts blood flow to the brain and can result in hypertension and possibly lead to mental impairment Myocardial infarction (MI) - -- Heart attack; the blockage of an artery, decreasing blood supply to the heart and reducing blood pressure Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - -- Stroke, apoplexy; results from the lack of oxygen to the brain, causing brain damage; causes include ischemia (blockage of an artery), intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain), and brain tumors; severity of stroke depends on a) cause, b) quantity of brain tissue damaged, c) effects after the stroke, d) person's health status prior to the stroke, and e) location of damage in the brain; may result in aphasia, paralysis, or incontinence Glaucoma - -- A buildup of fluid in the eye, resulting in pressure and possible blindness Cataracts - -- Clouding of the lens of the eye Presbycusis - -- A deterioration of the auditory system beginning with higher frequency sounds and progressing to lower frequency sounds Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/disorder (COPD) - -- A disorder caused by poor ventilation of the lungs; stress is put on the heart; caused by exposure to air pollutants or tobacco smoke or recurring chronic respiratory infections; symptoms include dyspnea, fatigue, and eventual death

Bronchitis - -- The inflammation of the bronchis, causing restricted air flow to the lungs, an increase in mucus production, and coughing Gastritis - -- The inflammation of the stomach lining Ulcers - -- Disintegration of the stomach lining, causing abdominal pain, weight loss, and dehydration Diverticulitis - -- The inflammation of diverticuli, or bulges in the intestines, causing pain, changes in bowel movements, and nausea Diabetes - -- The insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas, causing an imbalance in blood sugar levels Behavioral-emotional disorder - -- A disorder in which a person experiences behaviors and/or emotions that are deemed "abnormal" within a given culture, society, or situation; parameters that are considered include frequency, duration, and intensity of the "abnormal" experiences DSM-V - -- The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published in 2013 by the American Psychiatric Association (APA); systematically organizes and categorizes mental illnesses Milieu therapy - -- A structured environment providing supportive therapies such as counseling, vocational rehabilitation, and recovery groups Schizophrenia - -- "Splitting of the mind;" a thought disorder in which a person becomes out of touch with reality; signs include psychosis, isolation, irregular sleep patterns, and changes in appetite; present in 1% of the population; onset age is typically in early 20s; treated with medication (neuroleptics and antipsychotics like Haldol) and psychosocial therapies

Psychosis - -- The experience of being out of touch with reality Positive symptoms of schizophrenia - -- Delusions (unshared beliefs that are not reality-based - persecution, grandeur, control, or romance), hallucinations (sensory experiences that are not stimulated by the environment), disorganized thought & speech, and disorganized/catatonic behavior Negative symptoms of schizophrenia - -- Blunt/flat affect, avolition (lack of energy, spontaneity, or initiative), anhedonia (lack of interest in pleasurable activities), and attention deficit (difficulty with focusing) Mood disorders - -- Behavioral-emotional disorders that are characterized by abnormal shifts in mood (episodes); treated with medication and psychotherapy Clinical depression - -- Dysthymia; a mental illness characterized by a loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities and two of the following markers: changes in sleep patterns, guilt, lack of energy, decreased concentration, changes in appetite, psychomotor agitation, suicidal ideation, and helplessness (SIGECAPS-H); symptoms are present two years for adults and one year for children Major depression - -- A sudden, unexpected, intense loss of interest that has a duration of 1-2 weeks with at least four markers of clinical depression Mania - -- An emotional state in which a person experiences at least three of the following symptoms: distractibility, decreased interest in activities, grandiosity, flight of ideas, agitation, sleeplessness, or talking excessively (DIGFAST) Bipolar disorder - -- A mood disorder characterized by a vacillation of depressive and manic episodes; manic episode must last at least 7 days and be characterized by at least three of the markers for mania Hypomanic episode - -- An episode that lasts four 4 days

Schizoaffective disorder - -- A combination of a mood disorder and schizophrenia Paranoid schizophrenia - -- A type of schizophrenia in which a person experiences paranoia Psychotherapy - -- Talk therapy; involves consulting a professional about one's mental illness Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) - -- A type of psychotherapy that facilitates the cognitive restructuring of thoughts that stimulate anxiety and/or fear to change behaviors Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - -- A disorder that is caused by hearing, witnessing, or experiencing an extremely traumatic event such as rape, abuse, maltreatment, neglect, war, natural disaster, death, illness, random act of violence, hostage, kidnapping, or car accident; symptoms include nightmares, night terrors, flashbacks, startled response, withdrawal, substance abuse, suicidal ideation or attempt, paranoia, insomnia, violent episodes of rage, or depression Panic disorder - -- An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences at least four uncued panic attacks within a four-week period; symptoms of panic attacks include sweating, nausea, muscle tension, fainting, nervousness, dizziness, and/or pounding heart Seperation trauma/anxiety - -- An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences anxiety when separated from a significant person; typically occurs during childhood Selective mutism - -- A condition in which a person chooses not to speak Phobia - -- An intense, irrational fear Pseudophobia - -- An intense, rational fear Simple/specific phobia - -- An intense, irrational fear of a certain object or situation

Agoraphobia - -- The fear of having a panic attack in public without receiving aid Social anxiety disorder - -- An anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety in social situations Generalized anxiety disorder - -- An anxiety disorder characterized by nebulous anxiety in all situations Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) - -- A disorder in which a person experiences obsessions (repetitive thoughts) that cause anxiety; he or she engages in compulsions (repetitive behaviors or rituals) to reduce the anxiety Body dysmorphia - -- An OCD related disorder in which a person is dissatisfied with a body part or his/her entire body Hoarding - -- An OCD related disorder in which a person keeps large amounts of objects in a living space in order to feel safe Trichotillomania - -- An OCD related disorder in which a person compulsively pulls his or her hair in order to relieve anxiety Excoriation - -- An OCD related disorder in which a person compulsively picks at his/her skin in order to relieve anxiety Acute PTSD - -- An experience of PTSD that lasts less than six months Adjustment disorder - -- A trauma disorder in which a person has difficulty adjusting to a challenging situation; symptoms may include depression, anxiety, or aggression

Conduct disorder - -- A trauma disorder in which a person expresses aggression against the environment through violence, destruction, deceitfulness, and/or criminal behavior Anxiety disorder - -- A disorder characterized by a frequent, long-lasting, intense experience of anxiety that impairs functioning and causes distress Personality disorder - -- A disorder of personality traits that is present since adolescence; at least two of the following markers must be present: cognitive, emotional, interpersonal, or impulsive disturbance; people with this disorder often lack distance; difficult to treat Paranoid personality disorder - -- An odd/eccentric personality disorder in which a person experiences extreme distrust of others Schizoid personality disorder - -- An odd/eccentric personality disorder characterized by isolation, separation, and social awkwardness; person is more highly functioning Schizotypal personality disorder - -- An odd/eccentric personality disorder characterized by isolation, separation, and social awkwardness; person is more low functioning Hysteric personality disorder - -- A dramatic personality disorder in which a person is needy and seeks constant attention; commonly experienced by women; dress flamboyantly Narcissistic personality disorder - -- A dramatic personality disorder in which a person is characterized as arrogant and self-absorbed Antisocial personality disorder - -- A dramatic personality disorder characterized by a lack of conscience and remorse for criminal behavior; psychopath, sociopath; may be influenced by neurological impairment; lack impulse control

Borderline personality disorder - -- A dramatic personality disorder characterized by a fear of abandonment; the person has attachment issues, is emotionally needy, shows remorse for criminal behavior, and engages in self-injurious behavior like cutting; more likely to seek treatment Obsessive compulsive personality disorder - -- A fearful personality disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions; person experiences rigid thought patterns; limited distance Dependent personality disorder - -- A fearful personality disorder characterized by indecisiveness and reliance on other people; commonly experienced by women Passive personality disorder - -- A fearful personality disorder characterized by social anxiety, blandness, and living in safety Tolerance - -- Becoming accustomed to a substance and needing more of the substance to achieve the same result Alcohol delirium - -- A disorder characterized by tremors, cold sweats, and hallucinations that occurs after heavy drinking or withdrawal from alcohol Substance abuse - -- The chronic use of a substance to alter behavior Substance dependence - -- The building of tolerance for a substance Withdrawal - -- The symptoms that occur following the disuse of a substance that one becomes addicted to Eclectic approach - -- A treatment approach that combines two or more philosophical orientations or models

Affect - -- Relating to mood, feelings, and emotions; the observable aspects of behavior that signals how one is feeling (e.g. facial expression, body posture, tone of voice) Conditioning - -- A change in behavior resulting from the implementation of behavioral methods; operational & classical Observational learning - -- Empathic learning that involves watching the behaviors of others and mirroring them Irrational thought - -- An unrealistic belief or expectation that may trigger stress, anxiety, and/or feelings of inadequacy Reality orientation - -- A person's perception of person, place, date, time, and other aspects of the environment Supportive/activity-oriented/resource-oriented music therapy - -- A level of music therapy treatment that focuses on promoting healthy behavior and fostering participation; treatment goals may include improving social interaction and awareness of others, maintaining reality orientation, managing symptoms, participating in a group experience, controlling impulsive behaviors, and using leisure time in a healthy way; activities may include group singing, playing musical instruments, or engaging in musical games; used with clients with a wide range of functional levels and musical abilities Reeducative/insight-and-process oriented/issue-oriented music therapy - -- A level of music therapy treatment that focuses on processing interpersonal interactions and emotions; treatment goals may include identifying and expressing emotions, problem solving, increasing self-awareness, and facilitating behavioral changes; used with clients who are well oriented to reality and able to communicate with others in a deep way Reconstructive/analytically and catharsis-oriented music therapy - -- A level of music therapy treatment that focuses on uncovering, reliving, or resolving subconscious conflicts that impede personality development; used with clients who are highly oriented to reality and are motivated to achieve personal change; requires advanced training

Psychodynamic therapy - -- A philosophical orientation of therapy that focuses on exploring a person's unconscious behavioral and emotional patterns in relation to his or her history; rooted in the work of Sigmund Freud Hospice - -- End-of-life care provided to people who have a terminal illness and a six-month prognosis; focuses on providing comfort, preventing suffering, relieving pain, optimizing functioning, and improving quality of life Palliative care - -- End-of-life care provided to people who have a terminal illness regardless of the prognosis; focuses on providing comfort, preventing suffering, relieving pain, optimizing functioning, and improving quality of life Team-oriented approach - -- An approach in end-of-life care that incorporates the expertise of a variety of professions, including doctors, nurses, social workers, counselors, therapists, and trained volunteers End-of-life care - -- Treatment provided to people with terminal illnesses Terminal illness - -- An incurable illness that ultimately leads to death Neuromuscular disease - -- A disease that affects muscular movement due to damage in the central or peripheral nervous system Bereavement - -- The process during which a person grieves the death of a loved one Psychosocial - -- Referring to interrelating aspects of emotional and social functioning

Total pain - -- A term coined by Cicely Saunders to include all of the aspects that influence pain, including emotions, cognition, interpersonal interactions, spirituality, and physicality Assessment tools - -- Tools used to measure a person's strengths, abilities, and needs; designed based on what is being measured; includes tests, devices, forms, and instruments Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) - -- An assessment tool that measures a person's experience using a number rating (e.g. On a scale of 1-10, how severe is your pain?) Dyspnea - -- Shortness of breath Medicare-certified - -- A medical product or treatment that has been approved by Medicare and is thus covered to the extent that the plan allows Perseverative behavior - -- Repetitive, stimulative behavior Non pharmacological approach - -- An approach that minimizes or does not involve medications or drugs Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) - -- A terminal, progressive disease of the motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord that eventually leads to muscular paralysis Neurologic music therapy (NMT) - -- An orientation of music therapy that focuses on the rehabilitation of cognitive, communicative, and physical problems resulting from neurological damage; research- based Rational Scientific Mediating Model (R-SMM) - -- A model of music perception and production that states that music influences brain and behavior functioning

Therapeutic Music Interventions (TMI) - -- Techniques implemented in therapy that are tailored to the individual client's abilities and needs and address nonmusical treatment goals Aphasia - -- Impairment of receptive and/or expressive language capabilities Dysarthria - -- Speech disorder resulting from damage to the neuromuscular systems that control speech production mechanisms Apraxia - -- Speech disorder that impairs planning and position of speech muscles involved in articulation of words Traumatic brain injury (TBI) - -- An injury to the brain resulting from an accident; causes include closed head injury, penetrating head injury, and stroke; may result in a coma; results in impairment in physical, cognitive, communicative, and/or social and emotional functioning Rhythmic entrainment - -- The synchronization of a total movement to an auditory stimulus Audio-spinal facilitation - -- The stimulation of the motor system by sound that is organized in rhythmic patterns Huntington's disease - -- A rare genetic neurodegenerative disease; deficient glucose levels in the basal ganglia; loss of control of voluntary movements; most noticeable symptom is choreitic movements (involuntary jerking movements involving the whole body) Multiple sclerosis - -- A chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system caused by demyelination and inflammation in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves, resulting in visual, motor, and sensory impairment

Biopsychosocial model - -- A model of treatment that considers the biological, psychological, and social aspects of the human system; contributes to overall health and wellness and the development of coping skills for recovery from illness Opportunistic diseases - -- Diseases that are acquired when one's immune system is weakened Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) - -- A medical environment in which care and treatment are provided to premature and high-risk infants Gate Control Theory of Pain - -- The theory that the perception of pain occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) and that physical insult to nerve endings throughout the body has the potential to stimulate the opening of neural "gates" Anesthetics - -- A drug that results in loss of sensation Analgesics - -- Pain killers Cognitive pain control strategies - -- Strategies involving the use of thought patterns to manage or reduce the perception of pain Music as a stimulus for active focus or distraction - -- The use of music for pain management to either draw one's attention toward a positive stimulus or away from an aversive stimulus Music as a cue for relaxation response - -- The use of music for pain management to reduce muscle tension and increase steady respiration as well as reduce feelings of fear or anxiety Music as a masking agent - -- The use of music for pain management to cover other noises in the environment