Advanced Pathophysiology Final Study Guide, Exams of Nursing

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NSG5003 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Study

Guide (Latest Updated 2024/

Differentiation - Correct Answer (maturation) process in which cells become

specialized in structure and function

The eight specialized cellular functions are - Correct Answer movement,

conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, communication

Eukaryotic cells - Correct Answer Contain a nucleus and other organelles that

are bound by membranes.

The eukaryotic cell consists of three general components - Correct

Answer plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and intracellular organelles

Nucleus - Correct Answer A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and

responsible for growth and reproduction

Vaults - Correct Answer cytoplasmic organelles that are carrying messengers of

ribonucleic acid (mRNA) from the nucleus to the ribosomal sites of protein synthesis

plasma membrane (cell membrane) - Correct Answer It's function is to protect the

cell and control what goes in and out. It is not a solid structure. It is made of millions of smaller molecules so it is flexible and porous (allows things to pass through it).

cellular receptors - Correct Answer protein molecules on the plasma membrane,

in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that can recognize and bind with specific smaller molecules called ligands

Ligands - Correct Answer A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of

another molecule.

Cells are held together by three different means: - Correct Answer (1) the

extracellular membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions.

Cells communicate in three main ways - Correct Answer (1) they form protein

channels (gap junctions); (2) they display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact; and (3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.

reception - Correct Answer The target cell's detection of a signal molecule

coming from outside the cell.

Transduction - Correct Answer conversion of one form of energy into another

response - Correct Answer An action or change in behavior that occurs as a

result of a stimulus.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - Correct Answer compound used by cells to

store and release energy

oxidative phosphorylation - Correct Answer Part of the electron transport chain. A

process occurring in the mitochondria that results in the formation of ATP from the flow of electrons across the inner membrane to bind with oxygen.

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) - Correct Answer charge difference across

the plasma membrane

action potential - Correct Answer the change in electrical potential associated

with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.

atrophy - Correct Answer to waste away

hypertrophy - Correct Answer increase in cell size

Hyperplasia - Correct Answer increase in the number of the cells in a tissue or

organ

Dysplasia - Correct Answer (aka atypical hyperplasia) abnormal development or

growth of cells, tissues, or organs

Metaplasia - Correct Answer Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature

cell type

Cell injury mechanisms - Correct Answer -free radical formation

-hypoxia & ATP depletion -intra-cellular calcium accumulation

hypoxia/anoxia - Correct Answer decreased oxygen/lack of oxygen

free radicals can cause - Correct Answer 1) lipid peroxidation or the destruction

of unsaturated fatty acids

2. alterations of proteins
3. alterations in DNA

Activation of inflammation and immunity - Correct Answer occurs after cellular

injury or infection involving powerful biochemicals & proteins capable of damaging normal (uninjured & uninfected) cells

Genetic disorders injure cells by - Correct Answer altering the nucleus and the

plasma membrane's structure, shape, receptors, or transport mechanisms. Deprivation of essential nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins) can

cause - Correct Answer cellular injury by altering cellular structure and function,

particularly of the transport mechanisms, chromosomes, nucleus, and DNA.

Injurious physical agents include - Correct Answer temperature extremes &

climate changes, changes in atmospheric pressure, ionizing radiation, illumination, mechanical stress (repetitive body movements) & noise

Systemic manifestations of cellular injury include - Correct Answer fever,

leukocytosis, increased heart rate, pain, and serum elevations of enzymes in the plasma

T/F: A eukaryotic cell contains structures called organelles - Correct Answer True

Necrosis - Correct Answer tissue death

-lysis - Correct Answer destruction

Apoptosis - Correct Answer process of programmed cell death

function of histones - Correct Answer help maintain the shape of the

chromosome and aid in the tight packing of DNA, and do not affect cellular division, movement, or activities. An organelle that is responsible for the metabolism of cellular energy is referred to as

a/an - Correct Answer mitochondrion

Mitochondria - Correct Answer Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site

of ATP (energy) production

Golgi complex - Correct Answer Organelle that packages and distributes proteins

Nucleolus - Correct Answer Makes ribosomes

Which statement best describes a desmosome? - Correct Answer Desmosomes

hold cells together by continuous bands.

tight junctions - Correct Answer prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a

layer of epithelial cells & serve as barriers to diffusion

gap junctions - Correct Answer (communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic

channels between adjacent cells

zona occludens - Correct Answer AKA Tight Junction. Prevents diffusion across

paracellular space. Made of CLAUDINS and OCCLUDINS.

second messenger - Correct Answer a molecule that is generated when a

specific substance attaches to a receptor on the outside of a cell membrane, which produces a change in cellular function ex. cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium (Ca++)

First messengers - Correct Answer Intercellular chemical messengers

(hormones, neurotransmitters, and paracrine/autocrine agents)

T/F: Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. - Correct Answer True

Diffusion - Correct Answer Movement of molecules from an area of higher

concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis - Correct Answer Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable

membrane

Filtration - Correct Answer A process that separates materials based on the size

of their particles.

hydrostatic pressure - Correct Answer The pressure of water against the walls of

its container.

Catabolism - Correct Answer Metabolic pathways that break down molecules,

releasing energy.

Anabolism - Correct Answer Metabolic pathways that construct molecules,

requiring energy.

Substrate - Correct Answer reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Amphipathic molecules are - Correct Answer molecules that contain both

hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

Which are the roles of relay chains in signal transduction? - Correct

Answer Transfer the signal, Amplify the signal, and Distribute the signal

functions of proteins - Correct Answer structural support, catalyst, transport,

defense, movement, regulation

Intracellular fluid (ICF) - Correct Answer fluid inside cells

Extracellular fluid (ECF) - Correct Answer fluid outside the cells; includes

intravascular and interstitial fluids

Water balance is regulated by - Correct Answer thirst and ADH

Isotonic - Correct Answer when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Hypertonic - Correct Answer when comparing two solutions, the solution with the

greater concentration of solutes

Hypotonic - Correct Answer when comparing two solutions, the solution with the

lesser concentration of solutes

Potassium - Correct Answer is the predominant ICF ion; it functions to regulate

ICF osmolality, maintain the resting membrane potential, and deposit glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle cells

Calcium - Correct Answer a necessary ion in the structure of bones and teeth, in

blood clotting, in hormone secretion and the function of cell receptors, and in membrane stability

Phosphate - Correct Answer acts as a buffer in acid-base regulation and provides

energy for muscle contraction T/F: Parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin rigidly control sodium and

phosphate concentrations. - Correct Answer False: Parathyroid hormone (PTH),

vitamin D, and calcitonin rigidly control calcium and phosphate concentrations.

Magnesium - Correct Answer a major intracellular cation and is principally

regulated by PTH.

hydrogen ion concentration - Correct Answer The amount of hydrogen ions

present in a solution

acid-base balance - Correct Answer equilibrium between acid and base

concentrations in the body fluids

Buffers - Correct Answer mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the

pH within a particular range T/F: Changes in the concentration of hydrogen in the blood will cause acid-base

imbalances - Correct Answer True

Acidosis - Correct Answer pH < 7.5, there is too much acid in the body fluids,

Acidosis occurs when acid builds up or when bicarbonate (a base) is lost. Acidosis is classified as either respiratory or metabolic acidosis

Alkalosis - Correct Answer pH > 7.45, when your body has too many bases,

decreased carbon dioxide (an acid) level or increased bicarbonate (a base) level makes the body too alkaline

Acidosis occurs when - Correct Answer the plasma concentration of H ions

exceeds the normal range

Hydropic swelling - Correct Answer cellular swelling due to accumulation of water

Adaptive cellular responses - Correct Answer Tissue goes through changes

because of noxious stimuli (environmental changes/injury) - it becomes tissue that can withstand the stimuli

Age related changes - Correct Answer physiological events due to increasing

age, which affect drug responses

somatic death - Correct Answer death of the entire person/organism

T/F: Aging is theoretically distinct from disease and is thought to be the result of accumulated DNA damage, increased proliferative capacity of stem cells, and

accumulated metabolic damage. - Correct Answer False: Aging is theoretically

distinct from disease and is thought to be the result of accumulated DNA damage, decreased proliferative capacity of stem cells, and accumulated metabolic damage.