Advanced Pathophysiology Final Study Guide, Exams of Nursing

Download Advanced Pathophysiology Final Study Guide and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NSG5003 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Study Guide (Latest Updated 2024/2025  Differentiation - Correct Answer(maturation) process in which cells become specialized in structure and function The eight specialized cellular functions are - Correct Answermovement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, communication Eukaryotic cells - Correct Answer Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes. The eukaryotic cell consists of three general components - Correct Answerplasma membrane, cytoplasm, and intracellular organelles Nucleus - Correct AnswerA part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction Vaults - Correct Answercytoplasmic organelles that are carrying messengers of ribonucleic acid (mRNA) from the nucleus to the ribosomal sites of protein synthesis plasma membrane (cell membrane) - Correct AnswerIt's function is to protect the cell and control what goes in and out. It is not a solid structure. It is made of millions of smaller molecules so it is flexible and porous (allows things to pass through it). cellular receptors - Correct Answerprotein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that can recognize and bind with specific smaller molecules called ligands Ligands - Correct AnswerA molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule. Cells are held together by three different means: - Correct Answer(1) the extracellular membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions. Cells communicate in three main ways - Correct Answer(1) they form protein channels (gap junctions); (2) they display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact; and (3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell. reception - Correct AnswerThe target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell. Transduction - Correct Answerconversion of one form of energy into another response - Correct AnswerAn action or change in behavior that occurs as a result of a stimulus. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - Correct Answercompound used by cells to store and release energy oxidative phosphorylation - Correct AnswerPart of the electron transport chain. A process occurring in the mitochondria that results in the formation of ATP from the flow of electrons across the inner membrane to bind with oxygen. Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) - Correct Answercharge difference across the plasma membrane action potential - Correct Answerthe change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell. atrophy - Correct Answerto waste away hypertrophy - Correct Answerincrease in cell size Hyperplasia - Correct Answerincrease in the number of the cells in a tissue or organ Dysplasia - Correct Answer(aka atypical hyperplasia) abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs Metaplasia - Correct AnswerMature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type Cell injury mechanisms - Correct Answer-free radical formation -hypoxia & ATP depletion -intra-cellular calcium accumulation hypoxia/anoxia - Correct Answerdecreased oxygen/lack of oxygen free radicals can cause - Correct Answer1) lipid peroxidation or the destruction of unsaturated fatty acids 2) alterations of proteins 3) alterations in DNA Which are the roles of relay chains in signal transduction? - Correct AnswerTransfer the signal, Amplify the signal, and Distribute the signal functions of proteins - Correct Answerstructural support, catalyst, transport, defense, movement, regulation Intracellular fluid (ICF) - Correct Answerfluid inside cells Extracellular fluid (ECF) - Correct Answerfluid outside the cells; includes intravascular and interstitial fluids Water balance is regulated by - Correct Answerthirst and ADH Isotonic - Correct Answerwhen the concentration of two solutions is the same Hypertonic - Correct Answerwhen comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes Hypotonic - Correct Answerwhen comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes Potassium - Correct Answeris the predominant ICF ion; it functions to regulate ICF osmolality, maintain the resting membrane potential, and deposit glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle cells Calcium - Correct Answera necessary ion in the structure of bones and teeth, in blood clotting, in hormone secretion and the function of cell receptors, and in membrane stability Phosphate - Correct Answeracts as a buffer in acid-base regulation and provides energy for muscle contraction T/F: Parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin rigidly control sodium and phosphate concentrations. - Correct AnswerFalse: Parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin rigidly control calcium and phosphate concentrations. Magnesium - Correct Answera major intracellular cation and is principally regulated by PTH. hydrogen ion concentration - Correct AnswerThe amount of hydrogen ions present in a solution acid-base balance - Correct Answerequilibrium between acid and base concentrations in the body fluids Buffers - Correct Answermixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range T/F: Changes in the concentration of hydrogen in the blood will cause acid-base imbalances - Correct AnswerTrue Acidosis - Correct AnswerpH < 7.5, there is too much acid in the body fluids, Acidosis occurs when acid builds up or when bicarbonate (a base) is lost. Acidosis is classified as either respiratory or metabolic acidosis Alkalosis - Correct AnswerpH > 7.45, when your body has too many bases, decreased carbon dioxide (an acid) level or increased bicarbonate (a base) level makes the body too alkaline Acidosis occurs when - Correct Answerthe plasma concentration of H ions exceeds the normal range Hydropic swelling - Correct Answercellular swelling due to accumulation of water Adaptive cellular responses - Correct AnswerTissue goes through changes because of noxious stimuli (environmental changes/injury) - it becomes tissue that can withstand the stimuli Age related changes - Correct Answerphysiological events due to increasing age, which affect drug responses somatic death - Correct Answerdeath of the entire person/organism T/F: Aging is theoretically distinct from disease and is thought to be the result of accumulated DNA damage, increased proliferative capacity of stem cells, and accumulated metabolic damage. - Correct AnswerFalse: Aging is theoretically distinct from disease and is thought to be the result of accumulated DNA damage, decreased proliferative capacity of stem cells, and accumulated metabolic damage.