AEA Exam Study Guide questions verified with 100% correct answers, Exams of Study of Commodities

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AEA Exam Study Guide

Questions and Answers

1. is defines as the maximum force that can be exerted by a muscle or muscle group against a resistance ANS muscular strength
2. what type of stretching activates the muscle spindles? ANS Ballistic Stretching
3. What are muscle spindles? ANS specialized receptors in the muscle that monitor muscle length change and the speed of muscle length change
4. name the six skill- related components of fitness ANS 1. agility 2.balance 3.coordination 4.power 5.reaction time 6.speed
5. What is the difference between max HR and HR reserve

ANS max HR is the hight HR a person can achieve, it is measured with a max HR test or estimated with 220-age HR reserve is your maximal HR minus your resting HR

6. How does compression lower you HR in the water? ANS it acts like a compressor on the body systems, causing a smaller venous load to the heart than in land exercise.. the heart has to work less to return blood from the limbs back to your heart
7. what are the factors that influence HR in the water ANS 1. temperature 2.reduced gravity 3.compression 4.partial pressure 5.reduced body mass 8. What is the ACSM (2018) recommended frequency for resistance training?- ANS 2-3 days per week for each major muscle group
8. define body composition ANS the body's relative percentage of fat as compared to lean tissue (bone, muscles, organs)

10. list 5 benefits of regular exercise ANS 1. improves physical appearance 2.increases functional capacity
11. improves strength and endurance
12. strengthens the walls of the blood vessels
13. improves efficiency of the nervous, lymph, and endocrine systems 11. when calculating exercise intensity, a popular method is the ANS Karvonen Formula
14. What is the Karvonen Formula also known as ANS HR reserve method
15. is a subjective method of assessing effort, strain, discomfort, and fatigue experienced during exercise ANS Rate of Perceived Exertion

14. Aside from RPE, what is another subjective method used to measure intensity ANS talk test
15. what are the 3 aerobic conditioning formats ANS 1. continuous training 2.Interval training
16. Circuit training 16. The skeletal system provides our bodies with support, protection, and ANS structure
17. During the cardiac cycle, is the active contraction of the heart muscle and is the relaxation of the heart muscle ANS systole Diastole
18. Which characteristic of muscle allows it to shorten and thicken ANS contractility
19. the muscle group flexes the knee at the leg ANS hamstrings

20. what is a motor neuron ANS relay outgoing information for the CNS to the muscle cells
21. Describe the Valsalva Maneuver ANS holding your breath during the exertion phase of an exercise creates an unequal pressure in the chest causing the BP to drop and decreasing blood flow to the heart then resuming normal breathing causing a surge in blood to the heart causing a sharp increase in BP
22. Name the 5 systems of the body most actively involved in movement and exercise ANS 1. skeletal 2.muscular 3.nervous 4.cardiovascular 5.respiratory 23. In a muscle pair, the muscle that is actively contracting is referred to as the , or prime mover. ANS agonist
23. List 3 types of muscle tissues in the human body ANS 1. visceral

2.cardiac 3.skeletal

25. the process by which bones grow in the body is called ANS ossifi- cation
26. what are tendons? what are they made of? ANS they firmly anchor muscles to the bone and are made of strong fibrous connective tissue
27. what is fascia ANS the covering of the muscles
28. what connects the fascia to the periosteum ANS tendons
29. what is the periosteum ANS the fibrous membrane that covers the bones
30. how many tendons do most muscles have ANS 2 each one attaching to a different bone
31. what is the one attachment site that is stationary/ immobile ANS muscle origin

32. what is the attachment site that is more mobile ANS muscles insertion
33. what is the relaxed or stretched muscle ANS antagonist
34. what is stabilizing ANS a contraction in both muscles at the same time that prevents movement at that joint
35. the muscles in the human musculoskeletal system are primarily organized in that tend to be arranged at the same joint on sides ANS - pairs opposite
36. what are the 9 muscles of the upper torso and extremities? ANS 1. sternoclei- domastoid 2.pectoralis major 3.trapezius 4.latissimus dorsi 5.deltoid 6.biceps brachii 7.triceps brachii 8.wrist flexors 9.wrist extensors
37. where is the sternocleidomastoid located and what joints are moved? ANS -lo- cated in the front of the neck attaching from the sternum and clavicle to the jaw

• moves the cervical spine joints

38. where is the pectoralis major located and what joint does it

move ANS -located in the chest -primarily moves the shoulder joint but also moves the sternoclavicular joint

39. where is the trapezius located and what joints does it move ANS -located in the upper back & neck -scapulae, sternoclavicular, cervical spine
40. where is the latissimus dorsi located and what joints does it move ANS -located in middle and low back -shoulder joint
41. where is the deltoid located and what joints does it move ANS - caps the shoulder -shoulder joint
42. where is the biceps brachii located and what joints does it move ANS - front of upper arm

• elbow (primarily), shoulder, radioulnar

43. where is the triceps brachii located and what joints does it move ANS -back of upper arm

• elbow (primary), shoulder

44. where are the wrist flexors located and what joints does it move ANS -front of forearm -wrist and phalanges
45. where are the wrist extensors located and what joints does it move ANS -back of forearm -wrist and phalange
46. what are the 5 muscles of the torso ANS 1. erector spinae 2.quadratus lumborum
47. rectus abdominis 4.transverse abdominis
48. internal and external obliques
49. where is the erector spinae located and what joints does it move ANS -back along the spine -intervertebral joints of the spine 48. where is the quadratus lumborum located and what joints does it move ANS - -low back -lumbar spine
50. where is the rectus abdominis located and what joints does it move ANS -ab- domen -lumbar spine 50. where is the transverse abdominis located and what joints does it move ANS - -abdomen

• abdominal compression & lumbar stabilization

51. where is the internal and external obliques located and what joints do they move ANS -abdomen -lumbar spine
52. what are the 9 muscles of the lower torso and extremities? ANS 1. iliopsoas 2.gluteus maximus 3.hip abductors 4.hip adductors 5.quadriceps femoris 6.hamstrings 7.gastrocnemius 8.soleus 9.tibialis anterior
53. where is the iliopsoas located and what joints does it move ANS - front of hip -hip

54. where is the gluteus maximus located and what joints does it move ANS -back of hip -hip
55. where is the hip abductors located and what joints does it move ANS -outer thigh -hip
56. where is the hip adductors located and what joints does it move ANS - inner thigh -hip
57. where is the quadriceps femoris located and what joints does it move ANS - front of thigh

• hip (rectus femori) knee

58. where is the hamstrings located and what joints does it move ANS -back of thigh -hip and knee
59. where is the gastrocnemius located and what joints does it move ANS -back of lower leg -ankle and knee
60. where is the soleus located and what joints does it move ANS - back of lower leg -ankle
61. where is the tibialis anterior located and what joints does it move ANS - front of lower leg

• ankle

62. what are the 3 iliopsoas muscles ANS 1. psoas major 2.psoas minor 3.iliacus
63. what are the 2 hip abductor muscles ANS 1. gluteus medius
64. gluteus minimus
65. what are the 4 quadricep formoris muscles ANS 1. rectus femoris 2.vastus medialis 3.vastus intermedius 4.vastus lateralis
66. what are the 3 hamstrings muscles ANS 1. biceps femoris 2.semimembranosus 3.semitendinosus
67. what are the primary functions that the nervous system does to work with the muscles ANS 1. internal and external changes are sensed by a variety of sense organs and tissues

2.nervous system interprets these changes

3. responds to interpretations through muscular contractions or glandular secretions
4. what branch of the nervous system signals the agonist muscles to contract and antagonist muscles to relax or stretch ANS the somatic branches of the efferent nervous system
5. how are oxygen and CO2 exchanged within the respiratory system ANS oxygen crosses into the pulmonary capillaries from the alveoli to be transported by the bloodstream to the heart; CO2 is carried from the heart to the lungs via blood stream and crosses into alveoli to be exhaled
6. what is the cardiovascular systems role during exercise ANS CV system delivers more O2 to the working muscles groups by increasing HR to increase blood flow to the muscles
7. explain blood flow through the body ANS deoxygenated blood to right atrium (inferior/ superior vena cava) --> deoxygenated blood to right ventricle (tricupid valve) --> to the lungs (pulmonary art) --> to capillary beds (arterioles) --> alveoli --> left atrium ( pulm vein) -->left ventical (mitral)-->oxygenated blood to tissues
8. 8 physiological principles required to improve fitness level ANS 1. overload 2.progressive overload 3.adaptation 4.specificity 5.variability

6.reversibility 7.recovery 8.overtraining

72. overload ANS greater than normal stress or demand resulting in an increase in strength / function
73. progressive overload ANS gradual systematic increase in dress or demand to promote fitness gins while avoiding the risk of injury or fatigue
74. adaptation ANS ability of body part, system, organ, to adjust to additional stress or overload overtime by increasing strength or function
75. specificity ANS you train only that part of the system or body that is overloaded in the way it is overloaded
76. variability ANS varying of intensity, duration, or mode to obtain better overall fitness
77. reversibility ANS the body will gradually revert to pretraining status when exercise is discontinued
78. recovery ANS the bodys return to homeostasis
79. overtraining ANS long term reduction in performance and ability to exercise due to imbalance in the amount of exercise and recovery

80. What are the 3 systems the body uses to produce ATP ANS 1. ATP-PC ANS immedi- ate source
81. Glycolytic ANS primary source for intermediate energy for activities lasting 30sec-2 min 3.oxidative system ANS produce energy for long-duration exercise
82. fast twitch ANS type 11 --- fast contracting muscles for high intensity and fatigue easy (anaerobic)
83. slow twitch ANS type 1--- slow to fatigue and first recruited , more endurance (aerobic)
84. isotonic contraction ANS occur when muscles shorten and lengthen and move- ment occurs at the joint (concentric & eccentric)
85. what is the concentric phase ANS occurs when muscle is creating tension while shortening or contracting
86. what is the eccentric phase ANS occurs when the weight is lowered while assisted by gravity or when tension is retained in a muscle while it lengthens 86. what kind of contractions are typically used in aquatic exercise and why- ANS concentric contractions because the drag property of water provides more resis- tance than gravity or buoyancy
87. in the water, both muscles of a pair are worked ANS concentrically
88. how can eccentric contractions be done in the water ANS through the use of buoyant, weighted, and rubberized equipment
89. isometric actions ANS occur when tension is developed in the

muscle without movement at the joint or a change in muscle length ----equal length

90. isokinetic actions ANS combination of isotonic and isometric -- not performed in aquatic exercise
91. why is muscular balance important ANS muscular imbalance in either strength or flexibility, or both can affect the integrity of the involved joint and increase risk of injury
92. how does the aquatic environment promote muscular balance ANS the resis- tance of the water surrounds you when you are exercise and affect every movement in every direction which provides resistance for both muscles in a muscle pair
93. what are the acute physiological responses to aerobic and anaerobic exercise ANS 1. oxygen deficit- time it takes to transfer O2 from air to muscles 2.Steady state exercise- oxygen supply meets oxygen demand
94. O2 debt (EPOC)- time of excess O
95. describe the anatomical position ANS 1. body is erect (supine) 2.arms by the side 3.palms facing forward

4.legs together 5.feet directed forward

95. what is center of gravity ANS center of gravity is typically located in the objects geometric center and is determined by the position of body parts
96. how do you maintain balance with center of gravity ANS remain within the base of support
97. what is center of buoyancy ANS the center of the volume of the body displacing the water or the center of a floating object -- normally located in chest region near lungs 98. what is the difference between center of buoyancy and center of gravity- ANS they are in a vertical line but the distance between them depends on body fat patterns , the amount of air in the lungs, and muscle mass
98. frontal plane joint actions ANS abduction, adduction, lateral flexion
99. sagittal place joint actions ANS flexion, extension, hyperextension
100. transverse plane joint actions ANS medial and lateral rotation, transverse abduc- tion and adduction
101. most joints in the body related to exercise are ANS freely movable synovial joints
102. ball and socket joint movement ANS all joint movement

104. hinge joint movement ANS flexion and extension
105. condyloid joint movement ANS all except rotation
106. saddle joint movement ANS all except rotation
107. plane of gliding joint movement ANS glideing
108. pivot joint movement ANS supination, pronation, rotation
109. what is the relationship between skeletal and muscular systems ANS muscular contractions are responsible or movements at each joint, when they contract they pull on bones to create the movement
110. how do movement on land and water differ ANS movement on land are affected by gravity and movement in water are met with resistance in all directions
111. what is an employee ANS you are hired to provide services to a company on a regular basis in exchange for wages
112. what is an independent contractor ANS if you are self employed you are more likely to teach classes or provide personal training for a facility but you would provide services based on your schedule, expertise, and preferences
113. what are some things that you are responsible for as an independent contractor ANS 1.filing all federal and state taxes based on the compensation you receive for the services provided
114. having proper insurance
115. what are the various options available to set up your own business ANS 1. sole proprietorship

2.partnership 3.limited liability company 4.corporations

115. what is sole proprietorship ANS business structure in which an individual and the company are considered a single entity for tax and liability purposes
116. what is a partnership ANS composed of two or more people who control the business and are personally liable for the partnerships debts
117. what is a limited liability company ANS allowed by the state statute that owners of the LLC are called members and IRS may treat LLC like a partnership or corporation
118. what is corporation ANS registered businesses organized for the purpose of providing professional services as defined by the specific state laws
119. what are the most common types of insurance applicable to fitness professionals ANS 1. general liability insurance 2.professional liability insurance
120. umbrella liability 4.property insurance 5.sexual abuse liability insurance 6.service or business interruption insurance

7.workers compensation insurance

120. what is general liability insurance ANS protects you and the company in the event that a participant is injured or if you or one of your employees injurers someone or damages property at a participants location
121. what is professional liability insurance ANS provides protection when you are held legally liable for how you rendered or failed to render your professional services
122. what is umbrella liability ANS supplies additional coverage if your professional liability isn't enough to cover all expenses for damages resulting from litigation
123. what is property insurance ANS protects business property and inventory against physical loss or damage by theft, accident, or other means, even if the property is removed from your place of business when it is lost or damaged
124. what is sexual abuse liability insurance ANS provides coverage in the event you are accused or sued fro sexual harassment by a class participant or client
125. what is service interruption or business interruption insurance ANS covers indirect losses that occur when a direct loss forces a temporary interruption of business
126. what is workers compensation insurance ANS provides wage replacement and medical coverage for employee's who sustain job-related injuries
127. what is risk management ANS the process of measuring or

assessing potential risk and developing strategies to manage that risk and includes regulating& enforc- ing conduct and safety guidelines to ensure the safety of the participants

128. what are specific examples of risks associated with the aquatic environ- ment ANS 1. slippery deck surface 2.broken ladder, loose rails on steps into pool 3.chipped gutters 4.loose or chipped floor tiles on pool bottom 5.improperly grounded electrical outlets 6.pool chemical and sanitation problems 7.improper drain covers
129. what is standard of care ANS the degree of care a reasonable person would take to prevent an injury to another
130. what are the 2 sets of standards provided by the AEA ANS 1. AEA certified aquatic fitness professional code of ethics and conduct 2.standards and guidlines for Aquatic fitness programming
131. what are the 5 factors that influence liability ANS 1. ignorance of the law 2.ignoring the law 3.failure to act 4.failure to warn 5.expense
132. what are the 4 factors that must be present in order to demonstrate professional negligence ANS 1. proximate cause 2.damages 3.duty

4.breach of duty

133. what are the legalities with music ANS music played during fitness classes is considered a public performance and thus requires permission by the copyright owner
134. As a , your employer (company) is responsible for deducting federal and state required taxes from your payroll and reporting all taxes to the appropriate agencies ANS employee
135. provides protection when you are held legally liable for how you ren- dered or failed to render professional services ANS professional liability insurance 136. T/F Lability is the process of measuring or assessing potential risk and develop- ing strategies to manage that risk ANS F- risk management 137. T/F As an aquatic fitness instructor, you have the liability to ensure safety to all participants ANS T

138. refers to the level of responsibility that one has to protect another from harm under circumstances ANS Duty of Care
139. A is commonly used in the fitness industry to protect the facility or fitness professional from damages and potential law suits ANS liability release/ waiver of liability
140. what is negligence ANS failure to use reasonable care that a reasonably prudent person would use in a similar situation, resulting in injury or damages
141. what are the 6 essential nutrients required for normal growth and func- tion ANS 1. carbs 2.proteins
142. fats 4.wat er 5.minerals 6.vitamins
143. what is the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients ANS - macronutrients are needed in large amounts everyday (proteins, fats, carbs, water) micronutrients are needed in smaller amounts everyday (vitamins & minerals)
144. difference between simple and complex carbs ANS - simple are easily digested and absorbed and provide rapid source of energy (sugars)

• complex involve more complicated digestion and provide steady

stream of glucose in the blood (vegetables/whole grain)

144. what are the differences between soluble and insoluble fibers ANS soluble dissolves in water to form a gel, insoluble doesn't break down -- insoluble soften stool
145. difference between essential and nonessential amino acids ANS nonessential amino acids are synthesized in the body, essential amino acids must be consumed in the diet because the body cannot make them
146. difference between complete and incomplete proteins ANS -complete protein contains all 9 essential amino acids in the ration required by the body and usually come from animal food products -incomplete proteins lacks one or more essential amino acids
147. difference between saturated and unsaturated fat ANS -saturated fats are de- rived mostly from animal sources and contain excess cholesterol

• unsaturated fats do not increase the risk of heart disease

148. trans fat ANS hydrogenated unsaturated fats with physical properties similar to saturated fats that are typically in man- made food products
149. what kind of vitamins are generally absorbed into the blood stream ANS water soluble