AEMT NREMT Study Guide 2024, Exams of Nursing

Download AEMT NREMT Study Guide 2024 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! AEMT NREMT Study Guide 2024 Compression/ Ventilation ratio for one rescuer? Two? ✔ 1 rescuer = 30:2 2 rescuers = 30:2 Pediatric 2 rescuer is 15:2 but otherwise stays the same What is the proper compression rate in CPR? ✔ 100-120 per minute Compression rate for: Adults Children? Infants: ✔ Adults: 2 inches Children: 1/3 depth of chest or 2 in Infants: 1.5 inches What are 2 rhythms are considered "shockable" rhythms? ✔ Ventricular Fibrilation Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia Use the following terms to describe the flow of blood throughout the body: Atrium, Ventricle, arteries, veins, aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, capillaries, vena cava, arterioles. ✔ 1. Deoxygenated blood travels through the superior and inferior vena cava to the right atrium 2. The blood is pumped by the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery to the lungs. This is where the blood is oxygenated before being sent back through pulmonary veins to the left atrium. 3. Blood flows into the left ventricle, which is responsible for pumping blood into the aorta and out through arteries to the body. 4. Arteries branch off into arterioles, then to capillaries, which is where nutrient exchange occurs with cells. 5. Last, blood flows back into the veins, into the superior and inferior vena cava before returning to the heart. What are two important roles of red blood cells? ✔ Transport oxygen to the cells Transport carbon dioxide to the lungs 7 signs of cardiac comporomise ✔ 1. abnormal blood pressure 2. pain, pressure, or discomfort in the chest or abdomen 3. shortness of breath 4. palpitations 5. anxiety or irritability 6. abnormal pulse 7. Sudden onset of nausea or vomiting You auscultate your patient's lungs and find crackles with difficulty breathing. Which side of the heart is affected and why? ✔ Shortness of breath with crackles in the lungs is indicative of left-sided heart failure. Failure of the left ventricle to pump blood effectively causes blood to be backed up to into the lungs (congested) Right-sided heart failure causes blood to backup into body, causing pitting edema throughout the body. What's the cause and name of this condition? ✔ Cor Pulmonale. The usual cause is pulmonary disease, such as pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary stenosis (obstruction in the P.A) Preload ✔ Preload, also known as the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), is the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole. Think of it as the heart loading up for the next big squeeze of the ventricles during systole. Some people remember this by using an analogy of a balloon - blow air into the balloon and it stretches; the more air you blow in, the greater the stretch Afterload ✔ Afterload, also known as the systemic vascular resistance (SVR), is the amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic valve and push the blood volume out into the systemic circulation. If you think about the balloon analogy, afterload is represented by the knot at the end of the balloon. To get the air out, the balloon must work against that knot. List two organs in the right upper quadrant ✔ List two organs in the right lower quadrant ✔ List two organs in the left upper quadrant ✔ List two organs in the left lower quadrant ✔ On a normal EKG strip, what does the QRS complex represent and what is it's normal duration? ✔ Ventricular depolarization; less than .12 seconds You place the 4-lead cardiac monitor on a patient with general weakness during transport for monitoring purposes. When considering Einthoven's triangle, which lead placement is where the positive/negative poles intersect? ✔ Left Arm The positive end of lead I and the negative end of lead III intersect at the left arm. This point on the ECG is opposite lead II on the triangle and creates the wave for lead II seen on the monitor Explain Einthoven's triangle. ✔ Two PVC's attached to each other are referred to as a ✔ The answer is a couplet. Not to be confused with a bigeminy PVC. Bigeminy PVCs are PVCs that regularly appear in every second beat. The normal duration of a P-wave is represented by which of the following? ✔ .08 to .12 seconds You have been dispatched to a restaurant for a possible choking. Your patient is an 18- month-old male who was eating chicken nuggets when he began to cough and appeared to experience respiratory distress. Your patient has a weak cry and cough and you can hear inspiratory stridor from your patient when you walk in the door. What should your immediate action be? ✔ Abdominal thrusts are indicated for this patient since he is older than 1. Patient's less than 1 years of age should receive chest thrusts and back blows. Even though your patient is coughing, it has become weak (ineffective) and you can hear inspiratory stridor. If you do not act quickly, this partial airway obstruction could become a full airway obstruction. You are treating a 56-year-old male who has been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD). The patient's skin is cool and clammy, respirations are slow and shallow, and appears to have a slightly altered mental status. The patient has labored breathing at a rate of 8 breaths per minute and has a heart rate of 125 beats per minute. The patient has an Albuterol inhaler prescribed to treat his COPD. You call medical control and are ordered to assist the patient in self-administering the inhaler. You check that the inhaler is the right medication, dosage, and is prescribed in his name. The patient tries to self administer the medication, but is having difficulty due to his altered mental status. You should ✔ The order that you received from medical control was to assist the patient in self- administering the inhaler. Due to his altered mental status he is unable to self- administer the medication. You should provide 100% supplemental oxygen, managing his airway as needed, and have ALS transport immediately. You respond to a 58-year-old male with shortness of breath. The patient's wife tells you he has COPD and this has been going on for 3 days. What acid-base imbalance is this patient most likely experiencing? ✔ Respiratory acidosis. Due to the patient's COPD, he has inadequate gas exchange in the lungs. This causes his pCO2 to increase above 45 mmHg and pH to drop below 7.35. cardiac tamponade ✔ An inotropic effect refers to one that effects the heart's? ✔ rhythm ino refers to muscles You are on scene at the local health club with a 42-year-old accountant who was working out after work. Bystanders report that the patient had been running on the treadmill for an hour when he "passed out" and hit his head as he fell off the treadmill. The patient has a weak, rapid pulse and has hot, dry skin. A manual blood pressure reads 70/P. What component of stroke volume is most likely the cause of the patient's condition? ✔ Decreased preload. Preload is the amount of returning blood that puts pressue against the walls of the ventricles just before they contract. Factors that affect preload are circulating blood volume, volume of blood returning to the heart, and strength of atrial contraction. The patient is dehydrated and hypotensive. This should clue you into a problem with preload Which cranial nerve is responsible for pupil size, shape, and reactivity? ✔ Oculomotor (III) Prinzmetal angina ( variant angina ) ✔ Type of unstable angina in which a coronary artery spasm is the cause for diminished blood flow. Like unstable angina, onset cannot be predicted Most classic features of MI ✔ Dull chest pain radiating typically to the left shoulder, neck, jaw, or back Difference between myocardial infarction and myocardial ischemia ✔ Infarction is death of the tissue, at the end of ischemia. Result of absence of blood supply to the heart Ischemia is decrease in blood supply to the heart leading to chest pain or angina Signs of Right-Sided Heart Failure ✔ Results in congestion of blood in vena cava Jugular venous distention Peripheral edema Enlarged liver Probably hypotension Signs of Left-Sided Heart Failure ✔ Congestion of blood in lungs Respiratory distress Pulmonary edema Lung sounds crackles or cardiac asthma Le Fort II fracture ✔ Term used to describe fractures to the face including the maxillary and nasal bones. Usually by blunt force Dose for epinephrine ✔ .3-.5mg for adults .01mg/kg for pediatric Classic symptom of subarachnoid hemorrhage ✔ Thunderclap headache Your patient responds to your commands, is oriented and converses, and localizes pain. What is his GCS and give each score ✔ Total GCS is 13. 3 for verbal command, 5 for oriented and converses, 5 for oriented and converses. subdural hematoma ✔ Collection of blood over the surface of the brain between the dura mater and arachnoid meninges What stage of contraction is blood delivered to the arteries? ✔ Diastole. The rest of the body is perfused during systole pulsus paradoxus ✔ abnormal decrease in systolic pressure during inspiration. Due to decreased cardiac output. Usually more than 10mmhg Parkland burn formula ✔ BSA x 4ml x kg body weight. 50% in first 8 hours, 50% the next 16 Lactated ringer's for fluid replacement BSA is body surface area % Cushing's Triad ✔ Shows signs of increased intracranial pressure Hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular respiratory rate (usually decreasing) Biot's Respirations