Aging and Medication Management in Older Adults, Exams of Public Health

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OTD 423 Exam 1 EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWER

Which of the following is a clinician rated assessment Balance confidence scale bergfall behavioral scale - answer>>>Berg

With the Berg Balance Assessment a score of 47 means that a person needs assistance. -answer>>>False

The picture represents how the world might look with which visual condition? - answer>>>Diabeticretinopathy

Which of the below definitions describes the Cross-Linking theory? - answer>>>States accumulation ofcross-linked proteins damages cells and tissues, slowing down bodily processes and thus result in aging

All of the following are risk factors for falls among older adults EXCEPT Having postural hypotensionHaving a visual deficit Having a minimum of 2 medicationsHaving a cognitive impairment - answer>>>Having a minimum of 2 medications

After being outside on a sunny day, an older adult walks into a dark restaurant and bumps into a table.This is likely due to a problem with... - answer>>>Accommodation

If you work with this generation you should use a more cooperative "team" approach withteaching/learning and should try to make the person feel like a "star". - answer>>>Baby boomers

Which of the following is true about gait and aging? - answer>>>Gait involves less automatic steps

AOTA proposed many priority areas for OT practice in aging - answer>>>aging in place and livablecommunities, caregiving and occupational health of caregivers, and promoting healthy occupations in institutions what is the current percentage of older Americans over 65? - answer>>>54.1% what percentage of older adults in the US have obtained a Bachelor's degree or higher? - answer>>>33% Between 1970 and 2020, the percentage of older persons who had completed high school rose from28% to 89%

Why is this important to consider? - answer>>>For health literacy what is the major source of income for most of the elderly - answer>>>social security __/10 individuals aged 65 and older receive social security benefits - answer>>>9/ Among elderly Social Security beneficiaries, 50% of married couples and 70% of unmarried personsreceive 50% or more of their income from what. - answer>>>Social security

Among elderly Social Security beneficiaries, 21% of married couples and about 45% of unmarriedpersons rely on Social Security for __ or more of their income. - answer>>>90%

What is the primary Source of Health Insurance for Older Adults? - answer>>>Medicare What percentage of older adults over 65 are still working? - answer>>>18% what percentage of older adults live alone? - answer>>>27% about 28% of all older persons live alone - answer>>>true

A person who demonstrates dry eyes, dry mouth, blurred vision, fatigue disorientation, constipation, &urinary retention may be experiencing which type of Medication side-effect? - answer>>>Anticholinergic

You are working with an older adult male in a home setting with a hip fracture and accompanying AgeRelated Macular Degeneration (ARMD). How might ARMD impact function? - answer>>>He will have difficulty with buttoning his shirt.. According the AGS/BGS guidelines (2010) and class notes which of the following has the least efficacy tohelp a person with balance and fall issues?

Exercise, particularly balance, strength, and gait training Home environmental adaptationsHips protectors for all people with Alzheimer's diseases - answer>>>Hips protectors for all people with Alzheimer's diseases cataracts - answer>>>clouding of the lens Which of the following is true about medications and aging? - answer>>>Older adults often have chronicconditions so they make take more medications

What number of older adults currently live in institutional settings (Nursing Homes)? - answer>>>1.2million

Who is more likely to be married older men or older women? - answer>>>men T/F: poverty is higher among the older adult population - answer>>>True who are the poorest older adults - answer>>>Hispanic women living alone

What percentage of Older adults living in the community experience Independent Living difficulties? -answer>>>19%

aging today is influenced by - answer>>>public policy and rapid increase in life expectancy Understanding "old age" as a period of life, whereas "aging" occurs throughout life. theory development is dynamic - answer>>>true aging is complex and multi-_____ - answer>>>dimensional T/F: only one theory will explain aging - answer>>>false no one theory will explain aging the free radical theory - answer>>>oxygen molecules with an unstable electron move around the cell,damaging cell structures as they go

It is known that diet, lifestyle, drugs (e.g. tobacco and alcohol) and radiation etc., are all accelerators ofthe free radical production within the body

Programmed Longevity Theory - answer>>>aging is the result of the sequential switching on and off ofcertain genes

endocrine theory - answer>>>biological clocks act through hormones to control the pace of aging immunological theory - answer>>>a theory of aging that holds that the immune system is preset todecline by an internal biological clockstates that the immune system is programmed to decline over time, leading to an increased vulnerability to infectious disease and thus ageing and death

the membrane theory - answer>>>According to this theory it is the age-related changes of the cell'sability to transfer chemicals, heat, and electrical processes that impair it As we grow older the cell membrane becomes less lipid (less watery and more solid). This impedes itsefficiency to conduct normal function and there is a toxic accumulation

the mitochondrial decline theory - answer>>>Genetically damaged mitochondria reproducing errors forderangements of energy production, thus aging

wear and tear theory - answer>>>Believes vital parts in our cells and tissues wear out resulting in aging Rate of living theory - answer>>>Supports the theory that the greater an organism's rate of oxygenbasal, metabolism, the shorter its lifespan

cross linking theory - answer>>>States accumulation of cross-linked proteins damages cells and tissues,slowing down bodily processes and thus result in aging

The neuroendocrine theory - answer>>>elaborates on wear and tear by focusing on the neuroendocrinesystem

• this system is a complicated network of biochemicals that govern the release of hormones which arealtered by the walnut sized gland called the hypothalamus located in the brain As we grow older the hypothalamus loses its precision regulatory ability and the receptors which uptakeindividual hormones become less sensitive to them. Accordingly, as we age the secretion of many hormones declines and their effectiveness (compared unit to unit) is also reduced due to the receptorsdown-grading

activity theory - answer>>>This theory suggests that a person's self-concept is related to the roles heldby that person •To maintain a positive sense of self the person must substitute new roles for those that are lost because of age. •Studies show that the type of activity does matter, just as it does with younger people. continuity theory - answer>>>older adults will usually maintain the same activities, behaviors,relationships as they did in their earlier years of life

personality, behaviors, and preferences remain the same throughout life internal continuity - answer>>>person links new experiences with memories of older ones external continuity - answer>>>Interaction with people and family in their environment. success aging involves continuing - answer>>>habits, lifestyle from middle age to later life disengagement theory - answer>>>As people age they experience greater distance from society & theydevelop new types of relationships with society.

productive aging - answer>>>multiple ways in which people contribute to their own health, to theirfamilies, and to their communities and to society as they age

Having the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual resources, combined with an ability to adapt to lifechanges, in order to engage in meaningful and important self-selected occupations of life as one ages

occupational possibilities - answer>>>ways and types of doing that come to be viewed as ideal andpossible with the sociohistorical context and that come to be promoted and made available within environments PEOP model - answer>>>o Well-being is a function of interactions among: occupation/activityPersonal factors, physical environments, sociocultural environment, demands and qualities of a given o Occupational performanceNarrative, person, occupation, environment o Client-centered dimension of OT processo Synthesize and interpret info from pt narrative o Seek to identify and verbalize:Client perceptions, choices, interests, needs, goals

o OT works with client Client-centered goals, resources, identify/problem solve barriers lifespan - answer>>>looks at biological and environmental factors as impacts life span life course - answer>>>looks at the persons' narrative and historative events factors that affect aging - answer>>>chronic disease states, physiological stressnutritional status injuriesgenetics SES what makes geriatics interesting? - answer>>>more chronic diseases <-> more side effects <-> moremedications

pharmacokinetic changes - answer>>>changes in the body affects the pharmacokinetics of drugs(ADME)

How the body affects the medication: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination Pharmacodynamics - answer>>>how the medication affects the body, physiological parameters side effects that are problematic in the geriatric population - answer>>>anticholinergic effects, CNSeffects, GI effects

T/F: pain is undertreated in the older population - answer>>>True what are some conditions associated with pain? - answer>>>cancer (pancreatic and bone are painful),osteoarthritis, recent surgery, injuries (hip fracture), diabetic peripheral neuropathy

T/F: medications distribute differently in geriatric patients - answer>>>True T/F: heart failure and hypertension are common in the geriatric population - answer>>>True how does aging alter body composition - answer>>>decrease in total body water, lean mass, and bonedensity and increase in body fat

what does aging do to the respiratory system - answer>>>decreases strength of muscles that facilitatethe lungs, decrease maximal breathing capacity and decrease gas exchange

what should you monitor for older adults regarding respiratory changes to aging? - answer>>>RR,shortness of breath

normal RR in geriatrics: 12- what should you monitor for in an elder's GIT system? - answer>>>constipation and heartburn in older adults, how are medications eliminated? - answer>>>at a slower rate and tend to accumulate monitor urine output and color how are medications metabolized in geriatrics? - answer>>>they are metabolized different and changesthe way the medication works in the body

monitor for jaundice T/F: medications enter the CNS easier in elderly patients - answer>>>true monitor excessive sedation, confusion, changes in sleep and mood

age-related macular degeneration - answer>>>progressive and irreversible destruction of receptorsfrom any of a number of causes

cataracts - answer>>>clouding of the lens glaucoma - answer>>>increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nervewith loss of vision

diabetic retinopathy - answer>>>damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes how do visual deficits impact pharmacology - answer>>>contributes to elderly pts taking themincorrectly, cannot read the instructions correctly

what causes postural/orthostatic hypertension - answer>>>slow to correct blood pressure whenadjusting positions

a compromised immune system for geriatrics increases - answer>>>susceptibility to infections andcancer

since elders are slow to correct electrolyte imbalances, this can lead to - answer>>>arrhythmia polypharmacy - answer>>>multiple medications, usually 5 or move concurrently consequences of polypharmacy - answer>>>risk of falls, depression, risk of hospitalization alzheimer's medication - answer>>>cholinesterase inhibitors-- may cause sedation,nausea/vomiting/diarrhea, anorexia/weight loss

Examples of Cholinesterase Inhibitors - answer>>>aricept, exelon, razadyne, donezepril, rivastigmine,galantamine

NMDA receptor antagonist - answer>>>generally well-toleratedmemantine or namenda

urinary incontinence drugs - answer>>>increased anticholinergic effects CNS effects: dizziness, confusion, hallucinations examples of urinary incontinence drugs - answer>>>ditropran, detrol, and vesicare avoid use of antihistamines in elderly due to - answer>>>anticholinergic side effects low-dose aspirin helps thing the blood and decrease the risk of - answer>>>stroke or heart attack medications that can me major fall risks for older adults - answer>>>hypnoticsbenzodiazepines non-benzodiazepinesantihistamines muscle relaxants what percent of patients 65 and older report a sleep-related disturbance? - answer>>>80% what are often causes of sleep disturbances? - answer>>>Situations - shift work, life events, stressMedical conditions - chronic pain, GERD Psychiatric illness - depression, anxietyMedications - SSRIs, prednisone

analgesics for mild to moderate pain - answer>>>NSAIDs analgesics - answer>>>pain relievers

analgesics for severe pain - answer>>>narcotics Strong opioid agonists - answer>>>Morphine, methadone, meperidine, and fentanyl Opioid Antagonists - answer>>>Naloxone, naltrexone early withdrawal symptoms - answer>>>anxiety, muscle aches, insomnia, runny nose/tearing/sweating Late withdrawal symptoms - answer>>>GIT abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomitingdilated pupils mood swings, anxiety, variable energy, low enthusiasm, disturbed sleep challenges associated with drug abuse/misuse in the elderly - answer>>>tolerance may be masked byphysiological and pharmacodynamic changes associated with aging