Aging and Medication Management in Older Adults, Exams of Public Health

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OTD 423 Exam 1 EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWER Which of the following is a clinician rated assessment Balance confidence scale berg fall behavioral scale - answer>>>Berg With the Berg Balance Assessment a score of 47 means that a person needs assistance. - answer>>>False The picture represents how the world might look with which visual condition? - answer>>>Diabetic retinopathy Which of the below definitions describes the Cross-Linking theory? - answer>>>States accumulation of cross-linked proteins damages cells and tissues, slowing down bodily processes and thus result in aging All of the following are risk factors for falls among older adults EXCEPT Having postural hypotension Having a visual deficit Having a minimum of 2 medications Having a cognitive impairment - answer>>>Having a minimum of 2 medications After being outside on a sunny day, an older adult walks into a dark restaurant and bumps into a table. This is likely due to a problem with... - answer>>>Accommodation If you work with this generation you should use a more cooperative "team" approach with teaching/learning and should try to make the person feel like a "star". - answer>>>Baby boomers Which of the following is true about gait and aging? - answer>>>Gait involves less automatic steps AOTA proposed many priority areas for OT practice in aging - answer>>>aging in place and livable communities, caregiving and occupational health of caregivers, and promoting healthy occupations in institutions what is the current percentage of older Americans over 65? - answer>>>54.1% what percentage of older adults in the US have obtained a Bachelor's degree or higher? - answer>>>33% Between 1970 and 2020, the percentage of older persons who had completed high school rose from 28% to 89% Why is this important to consider? - answer>>>For health literacy what is the major source of income for most of the elderly - answer>>>social security __/10 individuals aged 65 and older receive social security benefits - answer>>>9/10 Among elderly Social Security beneficiaries, 50% of married couples and 70% of unmarried persons receive 50% or more of their income from what. - answer>>>Social security Among elderly Social Security beneficiaries, 21% of married couples and about 45% of unmarried persons rely on Social Security for __ or more of their income. - answer>>>90% What is the primary Source of Health Insurance for Older Adults? - answer>>>Medicare What percentage of older adults over 65 are still working? - answer>>>18% what percentage of older adults live alone? - answer>>>27% about 28% of all older persons live alone - answer>>>true the membrane theory - answer>>>According to this theory it is the age-related changes of the cell's ability to transfer chemicals, heat, and electrical processes that impair it As we grow older the cell membrane becomes less lipid (less watery and more solid). This impedes its efficiency to conduct normal function and there is a toxic accumulation the mitochondrial decline theory - answer>>>Genetically damaged mitochondria reproducing errors for derangements of energy production, thus aging wear and tear theory - answer>>>Believes vital parts in our cells and tissues wear out resulting in aging Rate of living theory - answer>>>Supports the theory that the greater an organism's rate of oxygen basal, metabolism, the shorter its lifespan cross linking theory - answer>>>States accumulation of cross-linked proteins damages cells and tissues, slowing down bodily processes and thus result in aging The neuroendocrine theory - answer>>>elaborates on wear and tear by focusing on the neuroendocrine system - this system is a complicated network of biochemicals that govern the release of hormones which are altered by the walnut sized gland called the hypothalamus located in the brain As we grow older the hypothalamus loses its precision regulatory ability and the receptors which uptake individual hormones become less sensitive to them. Accordingly, as we age the secretion of many hormones declines and their effectiveness (compared unit to unit) is also reduced due to the receptors down-grading activity theory - answer>>>This theory suggests that a person's self-concept is related to the roles held by that person •To maintain a positive sense of self the person must substitute new roles for those that are lost because of age. •Studies show that the type of activity does matter, just as it does with younger people. continuity theory - answer>>>older adults will usually maintain the same activities, behaviors, relationships as they did in their earlier years of life personality, behaviors, and preferences remain the same throughout life internal continuity - answer>>>person links new experiences with memories of older ones external continuity - answer>>>Interaction with people and family in their environment. success aging involves continuing - answer>>>habits, lifestyle from middle age to later life disengagement theory - answer>>>As people age they experience greater distance from society & they develop new types of relationships with society. productive aging - answer>>>multiple ways in which people contribute to their own health, to their families, and to their communities and to society as they age Having the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual resources, combined with an ability to adapt to life changes, in order to engage in meaningful and important self-selected occupations of life as one ages occupational possibilities - answer>>>ways and types of doing that come to be viewed as ideal and possible with the sociohistorical context and that come to be promoted and made available within environments PEOP model - answer>>>o Well-being is a function of interactions among: Personal factors, physical environments, sociocultural environment, demands and qualities of a given occupation/activity o Occupational performance Narrative, person, occupation, environment o Client-centered dimension of OT process o Synthesize and interpret info from pt narrative o Seek to identify and verbalize: Client perceptions, choices, interests, needs, goals o OT works with client Client-centered goals, resources, identify/problem solve barriers lifespan - answer>>>looks at biological and environmental factors as impacts life span life course - answer>>>looks at the persons' narrative and historative events factors that affect aging - answer>>>chronic disease states, physiological stress nutritional status injuries genetics SES what makes geriatics interesting? - answer>>>more chronic diseases <-> more side effects <-> more medications pharmacokinetic changes - answer>>>changes in the body affects the pharmacokinetics of drugs (ADME) How the body affects the medication: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination Pharmacodynamics - answer>>>how the medication affects the body, physiological parameters side effects that are problematic in the geriatric population - answer>>>anticholinergic effects, CNS effects, GI effects T/F: pain is undertreated in the older population - answer>>>True what are some conditions associated with pain? - answer>>>cancer (pancreatic and bone are painful), osteoarthritis, recent surgery, injuries (hip fracture), diabetic peripheral neuropathy NMDA receptor antagonist - answer>>>generally well-tolerated memantine or namenda urinary incontinence drugs - answer>>>increased anticholinergic effects CNS effects: dizziness, confusion, hallucinations examples of urinary incontinence drugs - answer>>>ditropran, detrol, and vesicare avoid use of antihistamines in elderly due to - answer>>>anticholinergic side effects low-dose aspirin helps thing the blood and decrease the risk of - answer>>>stroke or heart attack medications that can me major fall risks for older adults - answer>>>hypnotics benzodiazepines non-benzodiazepines antihistamines muscle relaxants what percent of patients 65 and older report a sleep-related disturbance? - answer>>>80% what are often causes of sleep disturbances? - answer>>>Situations - shift work, life events, stress Medical conditions - chronic pain, GERD Psychiatric illness - depression, anxiety Medications - SSRIs, prednisone analgesics for mild to moderate pain - answer>>>NSAIDs analgesics - answer>>>pain relievers analgesics for severe pain - answer>>>narcotics Strong opioid agonists - answer>>>Morphine, methadone, meperidine, and fentanyl Opioid Antagonists - answer>>>Naloxone, naltrexone early withdrawal symptoms - answer>>>anxiety, muscle aches, insomnia, runny nose/tearing/sweating Late withdrawal symptoms - answer>>>GIT abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting dilated pupils mood swings, anxiety, variable energy, low enthusiasm, disturbed sleep challenges associated with drug abuse/misuse in the elderly - answer>>>tolerance may be masked by physiological and pharmacodynamic changes associated with aging