(AGPCNP) NU 621 Advanced Pathophysiology Finals Exams Review 2025 (Qns & Ans), Exams of Nursing

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AGPCNP NU 621

Advanced Pathophysiology

Final Exams Review (Qns & Ans)

Question: Which of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible for the development of diabetic ketoacidosis in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? A. Increased insulin secretion
B. Increased gluconeogenesis
C. Decreased lipolysis
D. Decreased glucagon levels ANS : B. Increased gluconeogenesis \

Rationale: Diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis. Increased gluconeogenesis, in the absence of insulin, leads to hyperglycemia.

2. Fill-in-the-Blank Question: The pathophysiology of congestive heart failure includes the activation of the _______ system, which leads to sodium and water retention. ANS : Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
   Rationale: The activation of the Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone System (RAAS) leads to sodium and water retention, contributing to the symptoms of congestive heart failure.
3. True/False Question: Chronic inflammation can lead to the development of cancer due to DNA damage from inflammatory mediators. ANS : True
   Rationale: Chronic inflammation involves the release of free radicals and cytokines which can cause DNA damage and contribute to carcinogenesis.
4. Multiple Response

Rationale: ARDS is characterized by damage to the alveolar- capillary membrane, leading to leakage of fluid into the alveoli and resulting in impaired gas exchange.

6. Fill-in-the-Blank Question: The deposition of _______ proteins in the extracellular space is a hallmark of amyloidosis. ANS : Amyloid
   Rationale: Amyloidosis is characterized by the extracellular deposition of amyloid proteins, which disrupt tissue structure and function.
7. True/False Question: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is typically caused by mutations in the genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. ANS : True
   Rationale: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins of the sarcomere, leading to hypertrophy of the heart muscle.
8. Multiple Response

Question: Which of the following are common triggers for asthma exacerbations? Select all that apply.
A. Pollen
B. Exercise
C. Cold air
D. High altitude ANS : A, B, C
Rationale: Pollen, exercise, and cold air are known triggers for asthma exacerbations. High altitude is not commonly associated with asthma triggers.

9. Multiple Choice Question: The primary mechanism underlying the development of ascites in liver cirrhosis is:
   A. Increased hepatic synthesis of albumin
   B. Portal hypertension
   C. Increased renal perfusion
   D. Hyperbilirubinemia ANS : B. Portal hypertension \

12. Multiple Response Question: Identify the key pathophysiological changes in multiple sclerosis. Select all that apply.
    A. Demyelination
    B. Axonal damage
    C. Synovial hypertrophy
    D. Gliosis ANS : A, B, D
    Rationale: Multiple sclerosis involves demyelination, axonal damage, and gliosis. Synovial hypertrophy is not a feature of multiple sclerosis; it is associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
13. Multiple Choice Question: The primary etiological factor for the development of peptic ulcer disease is:
    A. Helicobacter pylori infection
    B. High-fiber diet
    C. Chronic use of acetaminophen
    D. Low alcohol consumption ANS : A. Helicobacter pylori infection \

Rationale: Helicobacter pylori infection is a major cause of peptic ulcer disease due to its ability to damage the gastric mucosa.

14. Fill-in-the-Blank Question: In sickle cell anemia, the sickling of red blood cells is primarily caused by a mutation in the _______ gene. ANS : Hemoglobin
    Rationale: The sickling of red blood cells in sickle cell anemia is due to a mutation in the hemoglobin gene, leading to the formation of abnormal hemoglobin S.
15. True/False Question: Acute pancreatitis is commonly associated with gallstones and chronic alcohol use. ANS : True
    Rationale: Gallstones and chronic alcohol use are the two most common causes of acute pancreatitis, leading to inflammation of the pancreas.
16. Multiple Response

Rationale: Osteoporosis is characterized by increased bone resorption relative to bone formation, leading to decreased bone density.

18. Fill-in-the-Blank Question: The main pathological feature of Parkinson's disease is the degeneration of _______ neurons in the substantia nigra. ANS : Dopaminergic
    Rationale: Parkinson's disease is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to motor symptoms.
19. True/False Question: In type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance primarily occurs in muscle and adipose tissues. ANS : True
    Rationale: Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus primarily affects muscle and adipose tissues, leading to impaired glucose uptake and utilization.
20. Multiple Response

Question: Select the common pathophysiological changes in chronic kidney disease (CKD).
A. Glomerular hypertrophy
B. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis
C. Podocyte injury
D. Hepatomegaly ANS : A, B, C
Rationale: Chronic kidney disease is associated with glomerular hypertrophy, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and podocyte injury. Hepatomegaly is not a common feature of CKD; it is related to liver conditions. Question: A patient presents with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is experiencing worsening dyspnea. Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms is most likely contributing to their worsening symptoms? a. Increased airway resistance due to inflammation and mucus production b. Decreased lung compliance due to alveolar collapse c. Reduced gas exchange due to pulmonary hypertension d. Impaired mucociliary clearance due to smoking

Which of the following is the most likely pathophysiological mechanism contributing to their worsening heart failure? a. Decreased cardiac contractility due to myocardial ischemia b. Increased afterload due to hypertension c. Increased preload due to fluid retention d. Decreased stroke volume due to valvular heart disease ANS : c. Increased preload due to fluid retention Rationale: Fluid retention in heart failure increases preload, making it harder for the heart to pump effectively, leading to worsening symptoms. Question: A patient with a history of rheumatoid arthritis is experiencing joint pain and stiffness. Which of the following is the most likely pathophysiological mechanism contributing to their symptoms? a. Autoimmune destruction of joint cartilage b. Increased inflammation and synovial fluid production c. Deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints d. Degeneration of joint cartilage due to aging

ANS : b. Increased inflammation and synovial fluid production Rationale: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and increased synovial fluid production, leading to joint pain and stiffness. Question: A patient with a history of chronic kidney disease is experiencing worsening symptoms, including fatigue, anemia, and edema. Which of the following is the most likely pathophysiological mechanism contributing to their worsening kidney disease? a. Decreased glomerular filtration rate due to glomerular damage b. Increased blood pressure due to fluid retention c. Impaired erythropoietin production due to kidney dysfunction d. Increased production of inflammatory mediators due to chronic inflammation ANS : a. Decreased glomerular filtration rate due to glomerular damage Rationale: Chronic kidney disease is characterized by a gradual decline in glomerular filtration rate, leading to a buildup of waste products and worsening symptoms.

Question: The pathophysiological mechanism of \_\_\_\_ involves the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency. ANS : Type 1 diabetes mellitus Rationale: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in insulin deficiency. Question: \_\_\_\_ is a type of heart failure characterized by a weakened heart muscle and reduced ejection fraction. ANS : Systolic heart failure Rationale: Systolic heart failure is characterized by a weakened heart muscle, leading to a reduced ejection fraction. Question: \_\_\_\_ is a type of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by inflammation of the entire gastrointestinal tract. ANS : Crohn's disease

Rationale: Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus. True/False Question: True or False: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction. ANS : True Rationale: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction. Question: True or False: Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries. ANS : True Rationale: Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries, leading to narrowing and hardening of the arteries.

Rationale: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, leading to demyelination of nerve fibers. Multiple Response Question: Which of the following are risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease? a. Smoking b. High blood pressure c. High cholesterol d. Physical inactivity e. Family history of cardiovascular disease ANS : a, b, c, d, e Rationale: All of the listed options are risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease. Question: Which of the following are complications of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus? a. Diabetic nephropathy

b. Diabetic retinopathy c. Diabetic neuropathy d. Amputations e. Cardiovascular disease ANS : a, b, c, d, e Rationale: Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can lead to various complications, including diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, amputations, and cardiovascular disease. Question: Which of the following are signs and symptoms of heart failure? a. Fatigue b. Dyspnea c. Peripheral edema d. Orthopnea e. Nocturia ANS : a, b, c, d, e