AHA PALS EXAM/ KNOWLEDGE TEST EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS – LATEST UPDATE, Exams of Nursing

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AHA PALS EXAM/ KNOWLEDGE TEST EXAM QUESTIONS WITH

CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS – LATEST UPDATE 2024 / 2025 – RATED

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How long does the first sensitive period occur for/when is the brain most plastic? ✓ First 1000 days What is epigenetics? ✓ Environmental influences on expression of children's genes What is an epigenome? ✓ Chemical mark that determines how much or little of the genes are expressed What is neuroplasticity? ✓ The brain's ability to reorganise itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. What is an example of neuroplasticity with a stroke? ✓ Isn't permanent, can be relearned When is neuroplasticity more sensitive? ✓ In the younger years What is positive neuroplasticity? ✓ Increase neuron connections ie learn something new What is negative neuroplasticity? ✓ Losing neuron connections, or becoming addicted etc

What is developmental plasticity? ✓ Adapting to different social and physiological environments What are critical periods? ✓ Brief periods in which an organ or system matures What are sensitive periods? ✓ Time windows when effect of experiences on brain development is profound, strongly shapes neural circuits What part of the brain is important in decision making, planning, behaviour, social interactions and self awareness? ✓ Prefrontal cortex What is prefrontal cortex pruning? ✓ Removing unused neural pathways and strengthening used ones during puberty What are gross motor skills? ✓ Building blocks of movement; locomotion, object manipulation, running etc What happens during preschool years? ✓ Rapid physical growth, growing sensory motor skills When does vision rapidly develop, and what is a baby's primary vision interest? ✓ 6 months, human faces What helps a baby who is sensitive to visual input? ✓ Stimulation (can't process)

What happens at the 1 - 2 month mark in terms of vision? ✓ Eyes work together, focus both, eye contact, follow object What happens at the 3 - 4 month mark in terms of vision? ✓ Can differentiate between similar shades of colours but prefer bright What do baby's prefer to hear? ✓ Human voice (particularly mother, native tongue) When can babies distinguish similar sounds by (pah, bah)? ✓ 1 month When do babies begin to hear language? ✓ 5 months What are some 4 - month milestones of a baby's hearing progression? ✓ Startle at loud noise, settle at mother's voice, make ooh aah, squeal, coo, laugh noises What are some 7 - month milestones of a baby's hearing progression? ✓ Turn towards sound/name, smile at voice, enjoy noise, babble (mama, gaga) What are some 9 - month milestones of a baby's hearing progression? ✓ Look around when called from behind, understand common words (no, bye), imitate speech sounds What are some 12 - month milestones of a baby's hearing progression? ✓ Turn head in any direction towards sound, repeat sounds, single words, simple instructions (point)?

What are the 4 stages of early language production in babies and the times when these occur? ✓ Cooing (2 months), syllables (3- 4 months), reduplicative babbling (6 months), conversational babbling (10 months) Do babies comprehend or produce words first? ✓ Comprehend When do babies first perceive danger? ✓ 6 - 14 months When is object permanence learnt? ✓ 4 - 8 months When can babies maintain head control but only look down? ✓ 2 months When can babies lift head in prone approx. 45 degrees? ✓ 3 months When do babies develop full head control in prone and arm movements? ✓ 4 months How does baby rolling develop? ✓ Whole movement, then segmental What are a baby's transitions towards mobility? ✓ Extend head in prone, legs take load What is the order of sitting for a baby? ✓ Supported sitting, propped sitting, independent sitting What is the difference between crawling and creeping? ✓ Crawling is commando crawling, creeping is typical 'crawling'

What are ACEs? ✓ Adverse childhood experience, traumatic events that alter brain structure/function What are some ACE examples? ✓ Physical, emotional, sexual, divorce, abuse, violence, substance abuse, mental illness etc What are ACEs such as emotional neglect and physical abuse associated with? ✓ Smaller amygdala (fear response, emotions) What are ACEs such as PTSD, depression and emotional neglect associated with? ✓ Smaller hippocampus (memories, emotional response) What are ACEs such as maltreatment-related PTSD associated with? ✓ Smaller prefrontal cortex (planning, personality, decisions, social) and cerebellum (voluntary movements, speech, balance) What is trauma-informed care? ✓ Organisational approach to acknowledge trauma etc What are the 6 principles of trauma informed care? ✓ Safety, trustworthiness/transparency, peer support, collaboration/mutuality, empowerment/voice/choice, cultural/historical/gender issues What are the 6 ICF components? ✓ Body function/structure, health condition, participation, activity, environmental factors, personal factors What Dahlgren-Whitehead model factors are focussed on in this course? ✓ Social and community networks, individual lifestyle factors

What are the 6 F-words of child development? ✓ Functioning, family, fitness, fun, friends, future What is the ATNR reflex? ✓ Asymmetrical tonic neck/fencing reflex; flexion of arm and extension of arm on face side What is the rooting reflex? ✓ Find food, moves head towards what is tickling face What is the grasping reflex? ✓ Thumb in palm, grasp, also with feet What is the galant reflex? ✓ Trunk incurvation reflex, hold in prone, stroke spine, hips shift towards side of stroke What is the moro reflex? ✓ Drop from semi-reclined supine, arms extend, then come back in, then cry What is the standing and stepping reflex? ✓ Hold touching ground with feet, will bare weight On the GROSS MOTOR child development timeline, what is the order of newborn - 3 months? ✓ Lifts head in prone, pushes up on arms, hands to mouth, moves arms/legs when excited, standing and stepping integrated, rooting integrated On the GROSS MOTOR child development timeline, what is the order of 3 - 6 months? ✓ Rolls prone to supine/opposite, sits propped, stands supported, reaches for toys/feet, moro integrated, galant integrated, ATN integrated

On the GROSS MOTOR child development timeline, what is the order of 6 - 12 months? ✓ Sits independently, moves from prone/supine to sitting, commando crawls, creeps, cruises furniture, stands then steps independently, claps On the GROSS MOTOR child development timeline, what is the order of 1 - 5 years? ✓ Walks independently/rarely falls/squats, ascends/descends stairs, runs, kick/catches/throws ball, jumps, rides tricyle On the FINE MOTOR child development timeline, what is the order of newborn - 3 months? ✓ Recognises hand, fists open and close On the FINE MOTOR child development timeline, what is the order of 3 - 6 months? ✓ Ulnar palmar grasp, hands to midline, pass object between hand On the FINE MOTOR child development timeline, what is the order of 6 - 12 months? ✓ Radial palmar grasp (w/thumb), scissor grasp (lateral pincer), voluntary release, inferior pincer (pads), superior pincer (pinch), differentiated bimanual movement, grasping reflex (palmar and plantar) integrated On the FINE MOTOR child development timeline, what is the order of 1 - 5 years? ✓ Turn pages/unbutton, scribbles/stacks toys, holds up fingers of age, dresses with help, drinks glass, dial telephone What is attachment theory? ✓ First 12 months = dependent on caregiver for all needs = most important year

What is a secure attachment style? ✓ Caregiver responsive and positive, child distressed when leaves and happy when back and seek comfort What is an insecure-avoidant attachment style? ✓ Caregiver unresponsive/uncaring/dismissive, child not distressed alone, doesn't acknowledge return, doesn't seek contact What is an insecure-ambivalent attachment style? ✓ Caregiver inconsistently responds, child distressed when leaves and not comforted by return What is an insecure-disorganised attachment style? ✓ Caregiver abusive/neglectful/frightening, child not attached but is dazed, confused, apprehensive in presence What are two key features of relationships that facilitate secure attachment? ✓ Intersubjectivity/attunement, rupture/repair What are the 3 attachment cycle steps, 'Circle of Security program'? ✓ Going out, coming in, hands (take charge in kind way) What are the 6 elements of play? Anticipation, surprise, pleasure, understanding, strength, poise What is attunement play? Social exchange establishing connection between newborn and mother

What is physical (body) play? Active, rough-and-tumble, fine motor, exercise, coordination What is symbolic (imaginative) play? Late preschool, language, express ideas, feelings etc What is games with rules play? Final form, ie in sports and organised group activities What are the 5 classifications of play? Solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, cooperative What is solitary play? 2 years, don't include others What is onlooker play? Social interaction, conversation about play without joining in What is parallel play? Children play separately but close to them, mimicking actions

What is associative play? Enjoy company of others, but little organisation What is cooperative play? Interested in people and activity playing with, includes all forms of play except attunement What are the classifications of children's participation in play? Unoccupied 0 - 3 months, solitary 0 - 2 years, onlooker 2 years, parallel 2+ years, associate 3 - 4 years, cooperative 4+ years What are some autism facts? 1 in 100 Australian children, 4:1 male to female; features are social interaction, communication, flexible behaviour Cerebral palsy? 1 in 700, affects movement and posture (umbrella), brain injury not progressive but physical presentation can change Down syndrome? Genetic; intellectual, developmental delay, sequence of development important Developmental hip dysplasia? Abnormal hip development, stiff, different lengths

Perthes disease? Blood supply to head of femur interrupted Childhood obesity? 1 in 5 (2- 4 years), 1 in 4 (5- 17 years) Cystic fibrosis? A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems. Hemiplegic cerebral palsy? One side brain, affecting other side of body Spastic diplegia CP? Premature babies, injury in part of brain next to fluid filled spaces, leg difficulty, stiffness Spastic quadriplegia CP? Both sides of brain injured, both arms and legs affected Dyskinetic CP? Decrease in oxygen/blood pressure, stiffness in arms/legs

Ataxic CP? Injury with cerebellum, balance issues What brain and NS changes happen during adolescent development? Continued myelination/neural pruning, brain maturation What cognitive function changes happen during adolescent development? Memory more complex, increased risk taking What physical changes happen during adolescent development? Puberty, skeleton growth, epiphyseal vulnerable, males broader shoulders/narrow hips, females narrow shoulders/broader hips, female body fat increase to 27%, male decrease to 12% When do female gross/fine motor skills stop improving? 15 Whe do males gross/fine motor skills stop improving? Early 20s (particularly strength and balance) What happens with the proportion of grey (unmyelinated) to white (myelinated) tissue in the brain by the end of adolescence? Decreases

Which direction does brain maturation (size and connections) occur from? Back to front What is neural connectivity? Physical links between areas of brain that share common developmental trajectories What is the prefrontal cortex? Anterior frontal lobe, high neural connectivity, strong connections with limbic/striatal systems What does the limbic system do? Midbrain, emotional/memories formation What does the striatal system do? In cerebral cortex, planning, modulating movement pathways, rewards and novel/intense stimuli What is temporal discounting/invincibility fallacy? Discounts future effects of decision, focus on immediate rewards What is puberty initiated by? Hypothalamus to pituitary gland to increase hormonal secretiion

Primary sex characteristics Reproductive organs Secondary sex characteristics ie breasts, facial hair Puberty landmark for female Menarche, first menstrual flow (11-13) Puberty landmark for male First ejaculation (12-14) Where does most prolific neurological restructuring occur in adolescents? Prefrontal cortex (goal setting, impulse control), and limbic system (emotions/memory) Stage 5 Erikson's model? Identity vs confucion (12-19) Identity diffusion? Yet to experience crisis without clear set of values

Identity foreclosure? Yet to experience crisis, already committed to identity and values Identity moratorium? In crisis, wanting to establish identity/values Identity achievement? Resolved crisis, clear identity/values Depression in adolescence? 1 - 6% worldwide. Mild - cognitive behaviour therapy, moderate/severe - fluoxetine/specialist + CBT Depression management? Exercise, cognitive behavioural therapy, interpersonal therapy, fluoxetine How much exercise for ages 2 - 5 per day? 180 mins per day, at least 60 energetic How much exercise for ages 5 - 17 per day? Several hours of light activities, at least 60 mins moderate/vigorous per day

How much screen time for 2 - 5/sedentary? No more than 60 mins at a time sedentary/60 mins screen time per day How much screen time/sedentary 5 - 17? No more than 120 mins a day, brea, up long sitting times How much strength for 2 - 5 year olds? None How much strength for 5 - 17 year olds? 3 times a week Risk factors of disability-adjusted life years for adolescents? Processed food, BMI, iron deficiency Insomnia? 9 - 15% Why does circadian cycle change? Brain structure/organisation, environmental demands REM?

Rapid eye movement, mental function ie memory/concentration NREM? Non-rapid eye movement, 4 different stages (deep sleep, physiological growth/recovery) Lack of sleep impacts? Attention, memory, mood, judgement, physical condition Sleep hygiene? Bed same time, remove screens, avoid large meals, quiet/dark, avoid caffeine, physical activity, cycle, bright light, limit napping Psychological stress? Young people, females 2x likely in adolescence, more ATSI What is anxiety? Excessive/dysfunctional anxiety in absence of danger Anxiety interventions? CBT, community based activities, internet-based prevention/treatment programs Vascular changes associated with diet?

Decreased blood flow High fat diet? Increased blood pressure, blood clotting, oxidative damage to vessels Young adulthood brain/NS functions? Fully mature (prefrontal cortex - decision making), self regulation, neurogenesis at slower rate Young adulthood sensory changes? Acuity at peak Young adulthood cognitive function? Thinking becomes personal and practical, inhibit immediate responses and favour long term benefit intead Young adulthood physical changes? Skeleton growth til 25, muscular peak (20-30), blood pressure rises from 21, optimal reproduction 20 - 30 Mental health young adulthood? 45.5% Australians, declines with age

Symptoms of stress? Adrenaline, blood pressure, heart rate, blood redistributed, thicker blood, muscle tension, clamminess Motivational interviewing? A collaborative, person-centered form of guiding to elicit and strengthen motivation for change (client ideas + own ideas) 4 processes of motivational interviewing? Engaging, focusing, evoking, planning Models of health behavioural change? Social cognitive theory, self-regulation theory, health belief model, theory of planned behaviour (theory of reasoned behaviour), relapse prevention, transtheoretical model (stages of change model) Social cognitive theory? Predicts and explains behaviour changes - social context (foundation of other models) Self-regulation theory? From SCT, individual's self-generated thoughts/feelings/actions designed to affect learning via feedback (biological, stress, emotional, cognitive, social) Health belief model? Perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers

Theory of planned behaviour (reasoned action)? Behaviour beliefs + normative belief + perceived control belief = behaviour Relapse prevention model? ie motivational interviewing, helps change behaviours Transtheoretical model/Stages of change model? Pre contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, new norm 10 processes of change? Consciousness-raising, dramatic relief, self reevaluation, environmental reevaluation, self liberation, social liberation, counter conditioning, contingency management, stimulus control, healthy relationships (also decisional balance, self efficacy, temptation) Cognitive behavioural techniques? Addresses unhelpful thoughts/behaviours, adopt healthy lifestyle, applied to mental health conditions/addictions/eating disorders etc Acceptance and commitment therapy? Accept what is out of your control and commit to QoL, draw on mindfulness Aboriginal "Dance of Life" model?

Physical, psychological, social, spiritual and cultural dimensions Biological age? Organ and body systems (exercise etc) Psychologcial age? Ability to adapt/cope with life events (mentally etc) Social age? Habits/beliefs/attitudes (life event sequence different for everyone) Middle adulthood MSK changes? Bone loss, osteoporosis, arthritis, less lean body mass, decreased force production and flexibility Middle adulthood health risks? Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer Osteoporosis? Body fails to form enough new bone/too much old absorbed - disease caused by drop in estrogen/testosterone

Arthritis? Inflammation of joint, cartilage deterioration, isn't as lubricated Hyptertension? High BP Social supports?/ connectedness Emotional, financial/housekeeping, informational (important in disease prevention) Poor social connectedness equals? Risk of not engaging with preventative health servicees Empathy? Ability to share someones feelings/experiences by imagining their situation Cultural safety? Knowledge, skills, attitudes, competencies when providing care to ATSI peoples What helps older people when feeling lonely or distressed? Connection and empathy

Biological ageing a result of? Physical and mental capacity, risk of diseases Ageism? How we think (stereotypes), feel (prejudice) and act (discrimination) towards others/ourselves based on age Institutional ageism? Laws, rules, social norms, policies that systematically disadvantage Interpersonal ageism? Arises in interactions between individuals Self-directed ageism? Internalised What is the nature of ageism? Can start in childhood and be reinforced over time, also often interacts with other discrimination (ableism, sexism, racism) Increased risk of ageism? Young, male, anxious about death, less educated

Reduced risk of ageism? Intergenerational contact Increased risk of being target for ageism? Older, care-dependent, life expectancy, professions, female Impacts of ageism? Shortens lifespan, social isolation, poor physical/mental health, cognitive decline, reduced QoL, increased risk of violence/abuse Strategies to reduce ageism? Policy and law, educational interventions, intergenerational contact interventions Spirituality vs religion? Individual sense of peace/purpose/meaning of life and connection VS organised beliefs and practices shared by community of people OARS technique? Open ended questions, affirmations, reflections, summarising DARN question asking model? Desire, ability, reasons, need