Environmental Science: Exploring Ecosystems, Pollution, and Sustainability, Exams of History

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AICE Environmental Management all

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Surface Water - CORRECT ANSWER All the bodies of fresh water that are found above the ground. River Basin - CORRECT ANSWER A flowing network of rivers and streams draining a river basin. Watershed - CORRECT ANSWER The area of land that is drained by a water system. Groundwater - CORRECT ANSWER The water that is beneath the Earth's surface. Aquifer - CORRECT ANSWER Is a body or rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater. Porosity - CORRECT ANSWER The percentage of the total volume of a rock or sediment that consists of open spaces. Permeability - CORRECT ANSWER The ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through it open spaces or pores Recharge Zone - CORRECT ANSWER An area in which water travels downward to become part of an aquifer. Potable - CORRECT ANSWER Suitable for drinking.

Pathogen - CORRECT ANSWER A virus, microorganism, or other substance that causes disease. Irrigation - CORRECT ANSWER A method of providing plants with water. Dam - CORRECT ANSWER A structure that is built across a river to control a river's flow. Reservoir - CORRECT ANSWER An artificial body of water that usually forms behind a dam. This can be used for flood control, drinking water, irrigation, recreation, and industry. Desalination - CORRECT ANSWER The process of removing salt from ocean water. (a) With reference to Fig. 4.1, describe and explain the effect of the pumping well on the groundwater and water table. - CORRECT ANSWER - There are no confined or unconfined aquifers, which is why water is being pumped from the water table.

• The well goes down deeper than the water table and is extracting too much water.
• Arrows show all of the ground water going to the wellhead instead of the stream.
• Water pumped from the groundwater system causes the water table line to lower and alters the direction of groundwater movement. -Some water that flowed to the stream no longer does so and some water may be drawn in from the stream into the groundwater system, thereby reducing the amount of streamflow.
• Water-level declines may affect the environment for plants and animals.
• Plants that grew because of the close proximity of the water table to the land surface may not survive as the depth to water increases.
• The environment for fish and other aquatic species also may be altered as the stream level drops. (b) With references to examples with which you are familiar, discuss how efforts to achieve a sustainable supply of water can have both positive and negative effects on human activity and the

environment. - CORRECT ANSWER - Central Florida is already reaching the sustainable limits of its predominant source of water, the Floridan Aquifer.

• The three water management districts in this five county area - the St. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD), South Florida Water Management District and Southwest Florida Water Management District - created the Central Florida Water Initiative (CFWI) to identify alternative sources of water to meet demand.
• The CFWI released water supply plans that include projects that could remove up to 160 million gallons a day of surface water from the St. Johns River at a cost of up to $1.79 billion. Positive: -Water demands are met for Agricultural, Industrial, and Domestic uses. Negative:
• The River's surface water level will go down along with the water table line, which will affect the groundwater movement.
• Removing millions of gallons a day from the flow of the St. Johns will worsen existing pollution problems, increase salinity levels, and adversely impact the fisheries, wildlife, and submerged vegetation in and along the river. (a) Briefly describe and explain both the advantages and the disadvantages of pipeline projects, such as the one shown in Fig. 4.1. - CORRECT ANSWER Advantages
• Arid lands that are rapidly being developed will not be able to sustain their people or their land use practices without an alternative water resource that can be provided through pipelines.
• In Libya, a country dominated by the Sahara Desert, water is scarce.
• With the growing population of Libya's coastal cities, the demand for fresh water is increasing.
• These massive pipelines pump water from a large source and transfer it across a great distance to areas in need.
• The purpose of water pipelines is to transport surface water or groundwater from one area to another without causing erosion and reducing the chance of evaporation (Usually in LEDCs).
• Water pipelines provide a solution to areas lacking a continual and sustainable water source.

Disadvantages

• The construction of a major water pipeline is extremely expensive.
• Pipelines need to be monitored continually and water quality must be constantly checked.
• Thousands of miles of massive pipes can disrupt ecosystems, ruin scenery, and act as an obstruction.
• The pumping of water out of an aquifer, a reservoir, or a watershed basin can cause severe damage, such as water level drawdowns, which can affect coastlines, aquatic life, plant life, and economic activity.
• The water replenishment rate is not fast enough to rejuvenate water sources that are being reduced through large-scale transfer. (b) Using examples with which you are familiar, assess the extent to which MEDCs find it easier to achieve a sustainable supply of water than LEDCs. - CORRECT ANSWER There are problems in supplying water in LEDCs. These are:
• lack of availability of clean water
• diseases spread via the water supply
• water pollution As LEDC cities grow, so does the demand for water. The problem doesn't end when water supplies have been improved and pipes put in place. The water has got to come from somewhere, and the source of supply may be scarce. There is also a lack of vegetation in LEDCs compared to MEDCs; vegetation holds sediments together and acts as a reservoir for water. (a) Fig. 3.1 shows groundwater withdrawals in cubic metres per person per year. With references to Fig. 3.1, briefly describe and explain the regional variation in the quantities of water withdrawn from groundwater. - CORRECT ANSWER - There are large withdrawals in North America and the Middle East; in arid, drought affected regions, where the supply from the surface water is limited and where demand outstrips the supply of water from surface water.

• The regions north of the tropic of cancer (above 30) has a greater groundwater withdrawal than annual recharge because that is where the greatest amount of population is on the earth.
• Water withdrawn from groundwater is greater than the annual recharge in these areas and also in some of the mid-range areas.
• In Southeast Asia as a result of high population density or in North America where water demand from both agricultural and industrial sectors is high and there are increasing demands upon groundwater.
• Pollution of surface water sources also increases the demand upon groundwater.
• Low withdrawals are found in South America, Canada and North Europe, in areas of plentiful supply of surface water or areas of low population density. (b) There are growing concerns regarding the consequences of the depletion and degradation of groundwater supplies due to increasing human demand on groundwater. Explain the risks to groundwater supply and the issues arising from their depletion and degradation. Using examples with which you are familiar, assess to what extent measures taken to manage these problems are effective. - CORRECT ANSWER - explosive population growth is leading to a huge increase in groundwater demand.
• depletion of groundwater is becoming a massive problem as there are a lack of regulations to protect confined aquifers.
• in MEDCs, water is severely underpriced and abused heavily by domestic and agricultural uses.
• many corporations use artesian wells to drill into confined aquifers, this is entirely unregulated and can lead to major environmental damage over time.
• after a confined aquifers is depleted, it can take hundreds, or even thousands, of years for the water cycle to recharge it through infiltration and percolation.
• less water in our aquifers can lead to a massive slowing of the global water cycle and result in a loss of necessary plant life and biodiversity.
• degradation takes place through gradual pollution from human activity, industry and automobiles.
• pollution in the atmosphere can be return as acid rain, some corporations dump waste directly into water sources, and fertilizer in lawns can also seep into rain gutters.
• this polluted water gradually seeps into the ground and enters our wager supply.

• pumping this water out can lead to health issues in humans, and detrimental impacts to our crops.
• ultimately, the groundwater supply is being depleted much faster than nature can recharge it and this is adversely affecting human life, the local and global environments, and our agriculture and industry.
• the ways to fix this are to seek alternative sources of water, cut back on human demand, or begin a aquifer replied program.
• the Florida aquifer is one of the most productive in the world, however, it still faces the issue of rapid depletion.
• many protocols are put into place to stop this, they include limitation on withdrawal, standards of recycled water that can be put back into circulation, and Eutrophication - CORRECT ANSWER enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients. nitrates and phosphates leading to algae blooms. Tectonic Process - CORRECT ANSWER the way in which plates interact with eachother resulting in the formation of mountains volcanoes and drifts Nam the tectonic process - CORRECT ANSWER subduction zone when the lighter plate is forced under the heavier plate trench - CORRECT ANSWER formed when two plates collide causing the heavier plate to dive under the lighter plate describe trench features - CORRECT ANSWER causes the formation of rolling mountains magam to rise and the deformation of the lighter plate features of eruption - CORRECT ANSWER tremors and seismic activiy, then the emission of smoke ash and gases then piroclastic flow of magma then the explosive eruption

harmonic tremors - CORRECT ANSWER result of magam pushing against overlying rock below the surface. vibration - CORRECT ANSWER caused by increase in gas bubbles pushing against surface when magma rises - CORRECT ANSWER sulfur level is gas is high before eruption - CORRECT ANSWER the sulfur level drops dramatically tilt meters - CORRECT ANSWER trak slope and rate of swelling in earth Organism - CORRECT ANSWER Living Creatures. Species - CORRECT ANSWER Specific type of organism. Population - CORRECT ANSWER The number of species, in the same area. Community - CORRECT ANSWER A group of different species in the same area. Abiotic - CORRECT ANSWER The non-alive things. Ecosystem - CORRECT ANSWER All the abiotic, and the organisms, interacting creating a big group. Habitat - CORRECT ANSWER Where they live Biotic - CORRECT ANSWER Living organism.

NIche - CORRECT ANSWER A job that a species does. Samboja Lostari Rainforest - CORRECT ANSWER A ecosystem in Indonesia mits created originaly for Orangatangs. Producer - CORRECT ANSWER The bottom of the food chain, for example plants. Primary Consumer - CORRECT ANSWER The first consumer. Secondary Consumer - CORRECT ANSWER A consumer that eats other animals. Tertiary Consumer - CORRECT ANSWER The top of the food chain, also the top preditor. Autotroph - CORRECT ANSWER An organism that makes its own food Primary Consumer - CORRECT ANSWER An herbivore; an organism that eats plants or other autotrophs. Food Chain - CORRECT ANSWER A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten Gross Primary Productivity - CORRECT ANSWER Rate at which an ecosystem's producers capture and store an amount of chemical energy as biomass in a given length of time. Standing Crop - CORRECT ANSWER The amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time.

Species Richness - CORRECT ANSWER The number of different species in a community Primary Succession - CORRECT ANSWER An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed Resilience - CORRECT ANSWER Ability of a living system to bounce back and repair damage after a disturbance that is not too drastic. photosynthesis - CORRECT ANSWER Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars Secondary Consumer - CORRECT ANSWER An organism that eats primary consumers Food Web - CORRECT ANSWER A complex arrangement of interrelated food chains illustrating the flow of energy between interdependent organisms. Atmosphere size - CORRECT ANSWER compared to the size of the Earth (104 km), the atmosphere is a thin shell (120 km) Atmosphere Composition - CORRECT ANSWER consists of layers of air that surround the Earth. Including oxygen, other gasses, dust particles, and water vapor. Functions - CORRECT ANSWER Major conduit for transport between oceans & land, controls climate, held on earths surface by gravity, composition evolves, human activities change it, has a structured layer. Atmosphere layers - CORRECT ANSWER Exosphere Thermosphere

(Ionosphere) Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere Troposphere - CORRECT ANSWER 8 to 14.5 kilometers high (5 to 9 miles) Air thins in this layer and is denser than in other layers. the temperature drops from about 17 to -52 degrees Celsius closest to the surface of Earth. Nearly all life and all weather occur in this layer. (75% of the atmosphere's mass) The higher up from Earth's surface you go, the colder it gets. Stratosphere - CORRECT ANSWER extends to 50 kilometers (31 miles) high dry and less dense temperature in this region increases gradually to -3 degrees Celsius, due to the absorption of ultraviolet radiation ozone layer absorbs and scatters the solar ultraviolet radiation ninety-nine percent of "air" is located in first two layers every 1000-m 11% less air pressure Mesosphere - CORRECT ANSWER The mesosphere is the coldest layer of the atmosphere. When meteoroids from space enter our atmosphere, this is the layer in which they usually burn up. That might be surprising because it's a pretty thin layer. Thermosphere - CORRECT ANSWER Temperatures in the thermosphere are very high, more that 2000 degrees Fahrenheit. This is where space begins. The International Space Station orbits Earth in this layer.

Results in the aurora borealis (N. hem) or aurora australis (S. lights) Exosphere - CORRECT ANSWER The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere but there is no exact dividing line between this layer and space. Composition - CORRECT ANSWER Nitrogen (N2, 78%) Oxygen (O2, 21%) Argon (Ar, 1%) myriad of other very influential components are also present which include the Water (H2O, 0 - 7%), "greenhouse" gases or Ozone (O3, 0 - 0.01%), Carbon Dioxide (CO2, 0.01-0.1%), CH4<<<1% and N2O <<<1% Physicists - CORRECT ANSWER physical properties and processes that take place between the radiant energy and atmospheric gases Chemists - CORRECT ANSWER behavior of the chemical materials in the atmosphere the ways lightning causes the formation of substances chemistry of the ozone layer and of chemicals introduced from industrial processes Properties of Atmosphere - CORRECT ANSWER Air has mass (and density) Molecular movement associated with heat causes the same mass of warm air to occupy more space than cool air. So, warm air is less dense. Humid air is less dense than dry air at the same temperature because molecules of water vapor (H2O) weigh less than N2 and O2 molecules displaced. Weather - CORRECT ANSWER Caused by transfer of energy Radiation is method by which Earth receives solar energy

Air moves in response to heating from the sun and movement of water Short term(present) Climate - CORRECT ANSWER This is called atmospheric circulation This interaction of the atmosphere and the oceans creates "CLIMATE" Long Term average of weather (slow changes) Air Movement - CORRECT ANSWER Water vapor rises, expands, & cools It condenses into clouds or precipitation (cooler air can't hold as much water) Atmosphere can lose water by precipitation As air loses water vapor, it becomes dense and air will then fall, compress, and heat. Atmospheric Circulation - CORRECT ANSWER Powered by sunlight - uneven solar heating About 51% of incoming energy is absorbed by Earth's land and water Energy absorption varies depending on the angle of approach, the sea state and the presence of ice or other covering (e.g., foam) Air Temperature - CORRECT ANSWER As solar energy reaches the Earth, equatorial regions heat up more than the poles. Warm air and water at the equator travel poleward while cold air and water at the poles travel equatorward in an attempt to equalize this temperature contrast. It is the atmosphere's continual struggle for temperature balance that brings us our changing weather. Heat budget - CORRECT ANSWER Energy imbalance - more energy comes in at the equator than at the poles 51% of the short-wave radiation (light) striking land is converted to longer-wave radiation (heat) and transferred into the atmosphere by conduction, radiation and evaporation.

Eventually, atmosphere, land and ocean radiate heat back to space as long-wave radiation (heat) Input and outflow of heat comprise the earth's heat budget Latitude - CORRECT ANSWER the distance from the Earth's equator contributes to unequal heating of the Earth's surface. The farther from the equator a location is the less sunlight it receives and thus less heat Conduction - CORRECT ANSWER As one molecule is heated it begins to move and shake rapidly. As it does so, it passes some of its heat energy to other molecules around it. Convection - CORRECT ANSWER Convection takes place when heated molecules move from one place to another, taking the heat with them. Common in both the atmosphere, as well as in the oceans. Heated air in our atmosphere expands, becoming less dense and rises upward. Cooler air rushes in to replace the air that lifted up. As warm air rises, and cool are falls, a giant circular pattern is created. Eventually the warmer air cools, and begins to fall again. Air Pressure - CORRECT ANSWER air pressure is caused by the weight of the air pressing down on the Earth, the ocean and on the air below the pressure depends on the amount of air above the measuring point and falls as you go higher air pressure changes with weather Lithosphere - CORRECT ANSWER the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle Fault - CORRECT ANSWER (geology) a crack in the earth's crust resulting from the displacement of one side with respect to the other

Ocean trench - CORRECT ANSWER deep valley in the ocean floor that forms along a subduction zone Convergent boundary - CORRECT ANSWER A tectonic plate boundary where two plates collide, come together, or crash into each other. Divergent boundary - CORRECT ANSWER the boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other Transform boundary - CORRECT ANSWER a boundary in which two plates slide past each other without creating or destroying lithosphere Epicenter - CORRECT ANSWER the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake Focus - CORRECT ANSWER The point beneath Earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and causes an earthquake green revolution - CORRECT ANSWER the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better management during the 1960s and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural productivity overgrazing - CORRECT ANSWER Destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover crop rotation - CORRECT ANSWER The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. Reasons to Communicate - CORRECT ANSWER to give or receive information to influence behavior

to affect attitudes 4 components of ethical communication - CORRECT ANSWER 1. open

2. fair
3. accurate
4. useful communication - CORRECT ANSWER the process, whereby participants create and share information to reach a mutual understanding. Freedom of Information Act - CORRECT ANSWER Applies only to public agencies National security health records Sunshine laws - CORRECT ANSWER a law requiring certain proceedings of government agencies to be open or available to the public 8 Barriers to communication - CORRECT ANSWER 1. language
5. hierarchy
6. physical distance
7. faulty communication skills
8. difference in frame of reference
9. information overload
10. distractions
11. prejudice

mitigating factors - CORRECT ANSWER - voluntary disclosure

• cooperating with government investigation -implementing prevention measures and compliance programs minimum requirements for an effective compliance program - CORRECT ANSWER 1. line managers monitor compliance w/ environmental laws

2. environmental policies are integrated into daily work
3. self auditing procedures are adopted
4. employees are trained to comply w/ environmental laws
5. incentives for complying are offered to them
6. employees who violate environmental policies are disciplined
7. improving compliance is a continually stressed goal
8. alternative approaches, such as minimizing waste, preventing pollution, and involving employees in agency environmental decision making, are adopted 10 ways to lose trust and credibility - CORRECT ANSWER 1. don't involve people in decisions that directly affect their lives
9. hold onto information until people are screaming for it
10. ignore people's feelings
11. don't follow up
12. if you make a mistake, deny it
13. if you don't know the answer, fake it
14. don't speak plain English
15. present yourself like a bureaucrat
16. delay talking to other entities involved
17. if one of your scientists has trouble relating to people, hates it, and has asked not to, send him/her out anyway

NEPA - CORRECT ANSWER National Environmental Policy Act Intent: PH&E by forcing government entities to understand and report the environmental impact of their actions · Establishes action-forcing provisions to implement environmental policies and goals · Requires Environmental Impact Statement EIS · Creates Council on Environmental Quality CWA - CORRECT ANSWER Clean Water Act Intent: PHH & E by regulating the surface water quality in the USA · Establishes water quality standards · Mandates the regulation of permits and licenses for pollution limitations · Creates water management construction grants program SDWA - CORRECT ANSWER Safe Drinking Water Act Intent: to p HH & E by ensuring drinking water is safe and preventing the contamination of groundwater · Mandates the regulation of underground disposal of wastes · Requires health-based water quality standards · Delegates to the states the authority to enforce the drinking water program CAA - CORRECT ANSWER Clean Air Act Intent: to p HH & E by regulating ambient air quality · Establishes National Ambient Air Quality Standards NAAQS · Defines NAAQS that polluters may not exceed as levels appropriate for human health · Sets limitations on emissions and enacts permitting on sources of toxic pollution

ESA - CORRECT ANSWER Endangered Species Act Intent: to p HH & E by protecting threatened and endangered species · Establishes program for the conservation of species · Establishes program for the conservation of habitat · Categorizes animals on a listing status of most to least concern RCRA - CORRECT ANSWER Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Intent: to p HH & E by setting a cradle-to-grave regulatory framework that covers hazardous waste from generation to disposal · Mandates the tracking of hazardous wastes through generation, transportation, treatment, and disposal · Defines hazardous waste · Sets rules for issuing permits to facilities that manage hazardous waste HSWA - CORRECT ANSWER Hazardous Solid Waste Amendment (HSWA) Intent: to p HH & E by expanding regulations and encouraging minimization of active hazardous waste · Regulates Underground Storage Tank UST facilities and incinerators · Land ban, sets limits on disposal of hazardous wastes on land · Establishes liability and provisions to cover cleanups of closing waste sites OPA - CORRECT ANSWER Oil Pollution Act (OPA) Intent: to p HH & E by strengthening the EPA's ability to prevent and respond to catastrophic oil spills · Establishes spill response plans and resources · Authorizes EPA to direct oil spill cleanup · Imposes strict liability for damages

· Requires oil-carrying vessels to prevent spills by using double hulls CERCLA - CORRECT ANSWER Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Intent: to p HH & E by providing a Superfund to clean up inactive hazardous waste sites and emergency releases of pollutants · Identify polluted sites · Rank the sites on the National Priority Listing NPL · Clean up the sites · Recover the costs of cleanup from the Potentially Responsible Parties PRPs · De-list sites SARA - CORRECT ANSWER Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act Intent: to p HH & E by requiring transparency about hazardous waste and making CERCLA more effective · Mandates that data about harmful chemicals in waste sites is published and stored in the Hazard Ranking System HRS · Requires that annual emissions of chemicals are reported in a Toxic Release Inventory TRI TSCA - CORRECT ANSWER Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Intent: to p HH & E by characterizing the risks that a chemical poses before it is introduced into commerce · Establishes that risk-based pollution standards be set · Requires EPA to collect data and test chemicals for harmful effects · Authorizes EPA to regulate the manufacture, use, distribution, and disposal of chemicals FIFRA - CORRECT ANSWER Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Intent: to p HH & E by regulating the manufacture, distribution, and use of pesticides

-Requires that pesticides must be tested and show no unreasonable health effects

• pesticides must be registered by the EPA
• Requires labeling on chemicals demonstrating legal use PPA - CORRECT ANSWER Pollution Prevention Act Intent: to p HH & E by preventing pollution at its source · Pollution should be mitigated at the source · Or, pollution should be recycled safely · Or, pollution should be treated safely · If none of these, then pollution can be disposed or released How is the PPA unique? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. It is the only proactive environmental law

2. it is the only law that covers the three environmental media; air, waste, and water Define ecosystem - CORRECT ANSWER a unit of nature in which living and nonliving substances interact with an exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts. Roles of a Public Manager - CORRECT ANSWER Resource, program, political The roles of an environmental regulatory agency: - CORRECT ANSWER Permitting Monitoring for compliance conducting enforcement technical assistance O'Learys 5 issues on environmental policy: - CORRECT ANSWER unfunded and underfunded mandates Accountability

Ecosystem management environmental justice sustainable development what 3 elements are required to address these issues: - CORRECT ANSWER dynamism adaptation communication SIP's (state implementation plan): - CORRECT ANSWER Every state has different environmental concerns and must focus on what will help its community best. TMDL's (total maximum daily load): - CORRECT ANSWER A pollution budget that includes a calculation of the maximum amount of a pollutant that can occur in a body of water and allocates the necessary reductions to one or more pollutant sources. 3 phases of environmental assessment: - CORRECT ANSWER Assessment for possible contamination Monitoring for extent of contamination Remediation of contamination Seven Legal Trends - CORRECT ANSWER 1.Flow control 2.Erosion of sovereign immunity by government 3.hazardous waste liability 4.criminal liability of lower and middle government workers 5.increased reporting 6.liability of regulatory takings 7.the municipality as a mini water pollution control agency

Superior to subordinate task assignment: - CORRECT ANSWER 1. explain why the task is necessary

2. state actual results expected at job completion
3. describe how this assignment resembles or differs from previous tasks
4. provide the information essential to completing this task: who, what, when, where, why, and how
5. check your subordinates understanding of the crucial aspects of this task
6. encourage your subordinates to rely on their resourcefulness but to ask questions if necessary FOIA (freedom of information act) Exemptions: - CORRECT ANSWER national security proprietary information On-going criminal investigations only applies to public entities Co-Production environmental ethic - CORRECT ANSWER Involves knowledge of accountability, environmental justice, ecosystem management, un/underfunded mandates, and sustainable development. and co-produces an ethical response for specific problems that effect these environmental issues. Environmental risk - CORRECT ANSWER risk to human health risk to ecological resources Environmental Effects Statement (EES) - CORRECT ANSWER A document that researches and presents the findings of and Environmental Impact Assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) - CORRECT ANSWER Identify and evaluate the environmental effects of a proposed development prior to major decisions being made.

Environmental Management System (EMS) - CORRECT ANSWER Audit, Plan, Implement and Monitor environmental policy to assess ongoing effectiveness of environmental practises. ISO 14001 - CORRECT ANSWER A series of environmental management standards developed and published by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) for organizations. stakeholder - CORRECT ANSWER People, companies and government bodies with an interest in a project or development. Ecologically sustainable development (ESD) - CORRECT ANSWER development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It balances the economic, social and environmental considerations of phenomena - the triple bottom line. Environmental Risk Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER Identify and evaluate the environmental risks of implementing policies. Hazard - CORRECT ANSWER The potential for harm to be caused by a substance, apparatus or situation. Hazard Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER An assessment of the most likely targets of harm caused by the chemical, whether it be a human community, a specific sector of people, or a particular environment or species. It would rely on information such as its transport mechanism, persistence, mobility, sinks, and factors affecting exposure and dosage. This is used to predict its likely exposure routes, distribution and pathways, and likely targets. Hazard identification - CORRECT ANSWER The identification of the nature of the hazard of the chemical, e.g. its properties including its toxicity, its toxicological effects on people and the environment, safe thresholds.

Life cycle analysis/assessment (LCA) - CORRECT ANSWER Implement a 'whole of lifetime' analysis of a product to increase efficiency of resource use and disposal Precautionary Principle - CORRECT ANSWER Where there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation. Risk - CORRECT ANSWER The likelihood or probability that harm will be caused by a hazard in a given situation. Risk Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER A systematic process of evaluating the potential risks that may be involved in a projected activity or undertaking. Ecosystem - CORRECT ANSWER A unit of nature in which living and non-living substances interact, with an exchange of materials between living and non-living parts. Communication - CORRECT ANSWER Process whereby participants create and share information to reach a mutual understanding. 3 objectives of communication - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Give/get information

2. Influence behavior (actions)
3. Affect attitudes (beliefs) 8 barriers to communication - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Different frame of reference
4. Physical distance
5. Hierarchy
6. Information overload
7. Distractions

6. Language
7. Prejudice
8. Faulty communication skills 4 characteristics of ethical communication - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Useful
9. Accurate
10. Open
11. Fair Role of a Public Ombudsman (4) - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Facilitator of co-production.
12. Someone from an agency who deals with people who have problems with that agency
13. anchor
14. referral service What are O'Leary's five basic issues of environmental management? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Accountability
15. Ecosystem Management
16. Sustainable Development
17. Environmental Justice
18. Unfunded/underfunded mandates What three elements does O'Leary require to address the five basic issues of environmental management? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Understand
19. Co-produce
20. Deliver