Understanding Standardized Scores, Nonparametric Statistics, and Career Development, Exams of Public Health

Download Understanding Standardized Scores, Nonparametric Statistics, and Career Development and more Exams Public Health in PDF only on Docsity! Alaska Counselor License Exam new exam new 2024 questions with correct answers Convergent Validation - >>>Refers to times when there is a high correlation between the concept the test is meant to study and OTHER constructs. Bergan's Behavioral Model of Consultation - Four Stages: - >>>- Problem identification - Problem analysis - Plan implementation - Problem evaluation Consultation is used when counselors would like to function more effectively in individual, group, or community settings. Bergen's model uses a BEHAVIORAL APPROACH that emphasizes the verbal interactions during consultation. Bergan's model also focuses on problem behaviors, their antecedents, and their consequences. Descriptive statistics - >>>Aims to describe collected data and includes: - means - percentages - standard deviations - frequency counts. Analysis of variance - >>>A type of inferential data used to measure the PROBABILITY of an EVENT occurring in the POPULATION. Five Stages of the Racial/Cultural Identity Developmental Model? - >>>- Conformity - Dissonance - Desistance & Immersion - Introspection - Integrative awareness. Integrative awareness occurs when the individual can appreciate aspects of both the dominant and minority cultures. Four levels of measurement: - >>>Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio. Nonparametric statistical measures - >>>Often used with DESCRIPTIVE DATA and should be used with NOMINAL DATA (numbers that represent a category or quality). Ex: chi-square The typical range for the STANDARD DEVIATION when calculating a Z-SCORE - >>>The range for standard deviation of a z-score is -3.0 to 3.0. For a z-score, the mean is 0 and the standard deviation is 1.0. When the raw score is below the mean, the z-score is negative, and when the raw score is above the mean, the z-score is positive. Why might the t-test be used? - >>>To determine whether the mean scores of two groups are significantly different from each other This test compares the t value from the first calculation to the t value in the second calculation to find whether the mean scores of the two groups are significantly different from each other. Coefficient of nondetermination - >>>The coefficient of NONdetermination is the unique variance. Some researchers use pretests to measure baseline characteristics, traits, or behaviors of test participants. The Solomon four-group design allows researchers to examine the effect of the pretest on the test treatment. The four groups include measurements of whether the pretest and treatment combined made a difference, whether the pretest alone made a difference, whether the treatment alone made a difference, or whether neither the pretest nor the treatment made a difference. R. K. Coyne developed Four Levels of Group Intervention - >>>Individual Interpersonal Organization Community Populations ANOVA - one-way analysis of variance - >>>- Can be used to determine differences between THREE different FORMS of ONE VARIABLE. Cronbach Alpha Coefficient - >>>Applied when items are nondichotomous, meaning they offer more than two answer options. Kuder-Richardson - >>>formulas can be used when the test contains dichotomous items, such as true- false questions. Sensorium - >>>Client's ability to be aware of the LOCATION, the TIME, and THEIR IDENTITY. The MENTAL STATUS EXAM typically includes appearance & behavior, thought processes, mood & affect, intellectual functioning, and sensorium. Non-random or Non-probability samples - >>>While most studies use random sampling to conduct tests, some use VOLUNTEERS or SAMPLES OF CONVENIENCE. While these samples are less likely than random samples to yield a normal distribution of scores, these non-random or nonprobability samples can still result in useful data. True variance - >>>True variance is measured by finding the square of the correlation. True variance and error variance are both important concepts to measure, as researchers want to know whether the test actually measures what it is meant to measure. Construct Validity - >>>Construct validity, which refers to the degree that a test measures what it is meant to measure. EX: The SCARED assessment has construct validity because it is regarded as accurately measuring anxiety in children. Additional types of validity include: - FACE validity, in which the test looks to be valid - CONTENT validity, in which the test material comes from a certain domain - PREDICTIVE validity, in which the test makes predictions that are confirmed later. Reality Therapy - >>>William Glasser developed Reality Therapy, which asserts that INDIVIDUALS ARE IN CHARGE OF THEIR OWN LIVES and therefore DETERMINE THEIR OWN FATE. According to reality therapy, people have FIVE genetically based needs: - Survival - Love & Belonging - Power/Achievement - Freedom/Independence - Fun Taking responsibility is a key concept of Reality Therapy. Formative Evaluation - >>>Formative Evaluation is the process of gathering information about how well a NEW (FORMING) INTERVENTION works, and collects information over a LONGER period of time. Summative Evaluation - >>>Summative Evaluation is typically a summary of HOW WELL AN INTERVENTION HAS WORKED and is conducted over a SHORTER period of time. Post hoc tests - >>>Researchers might apply a test AFTER the analysis of variance is calculated (post hoc) if it is unclear as to which mean scores are significantly different from each other. Post hoc tests that may be able to clarify this problem include: - Scheffe's method, - Tukey's HSD, - Newman-Keuls - Duncan's new multiple range test. A counselor operates from the viewpoint that clients' difficulties often result from problems with INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS that originate in the FIRST THREE YEARS of life. What theory best matches this counselor's approach? - >>>OBJECT RELATIONS Theory is based on PSYCHOANALYTIC concepts, including the belief that early childhood is incredibly relevant to how clients operate within relationships in the present day. Object Relations Theories teach that, in the first three years of life, infants have the opportunity to develop significant relationships with primary caretakers that will shape their interactions with people throughout their lives. The World-of-Work map - People, Data, Things, Ideas - >>>A tool developed by ACT that organizes occupations based on primary tasks related to People, Data, Things, and Ideas. Which type of group counseling approach typically requires the GROUP LEADER to be the most active? - >>>REBT - Rationale Emotive Behavior Groups require a highly active and directive group leader, which may be too forceful for some clients. In these groups, the leader CONFRONTS ILLOGICAL THINKING and aims to make constructive changes, leading to a greater acceptance of self. The group leader often assigns homework and encourages ROLE-PLAYING and exercises in self-discipline. When can BIVARIATE TABULAR analysis be used? - >>>When the value of an IV can PREDICT the value of a DV. When this occurs, researchers typically plot scores along an XY plot graph to illustrate the relationship between variables. Chi-square tests - >>>Are used when variables have CATEGORICAL rather than numerical value. Donald Super's developmental approach to career counseling STAGES vs. TASKS: - >>>STAGES: GROWTH - development of capacity & interests EXPLORATION - tentative choices made ESTABLISHMENT - trial and stabilization MAINTENANCE - adjustment process DECLINE - retirement TASKS: CRYSTALLIZATION- forming a vocational goal SPECIFICATION - moving to a more specific career choice IMPLEMENTATION - entering employment STABILIZATION - performing a job CONSOLIDATION - achieving status & advancing Mark Savickas - >>>Known for his POSTMODERN approach to CAREER counseling that is based on CONSTRUCTION THEORY, which posits that individuals construct their own reality. Savickas' approach considers the changing nature of the workplace and the move toward FLEXIBLE WORK SCHEDULES and more FREELANCE EMPLOYMENT. What is one advantage of using INTERVAL DATA? - >>>There is a CONSTANT unit of measurement. Interval scales provide a CONSTANT and CONSISTENT unit of measurement. With INTERVAL DATA, the numbers on a scale have the same amount of the variable throughout the scale; for instance, degrees on the Fahrenheit temperature scale. The National Counselor Exam is an example of what type of assessment? - >>>CRITERION-Referenced - tests that compare a test taker to some objective set of criteria, such as a CUT-OFF SCORE IPSATIVELY interpreted tests compare the test results with the test taker's results on other parts of the same assessment. NORM-referenced assessments compare test takers to others who have taken the same test, so how much a test taker knows is not as important as how the test taker compares with others. "Positive Uncertainty" is a model of career decision-making associated most closely with whom? - >>>H B Gelatt focused on the balance between REASON and INTUITION when making career decisions and is termed "Positive Uncertainty." This is related to Gelatt's earlier five-step process for making decisions about careers, which included the need to consider objective information while also attending to one's value system. Which test can be used to see how reliable a test would have been had it NOT been divided? - >>>Sometimes it is useful to measure the internal consistency of a study by splitting the test into two halves. This reduces the test's measured reliability, so researchers may use the SPEARMAN-BROWN FORMULA to calculate the reliability of the test IF IT HAD NOT been split in two. Who was a developmental psychologist known for the belief that children learn best through INTERACTIONS with others? - >>>Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist and developmental theorist known for his theory of cognitive development. His theory is based on the belief that children learn best through interactions with others, and it breaks down human development into sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. In Narrative Career Counseling, the narrator of the client's story is referred to as... - >>>the Agent Multimodal Therapy is an example of... - >>>Technical Eclecticism Allows the use of the LURIA & Caltell/Horn/Carroll approach to interpret subtests... - >>>Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children FERPA affects... - >>>Any school that receives federal funding Stratified - >>>A sample THAT IS proportionate to the make-up of a community Scaling questions are most commonly used in... - >>>Solution-focused Brief Counseling VALUE INVENTORIES assist in identifying and prioritizing their... - >>>Work values (NOT an independent variable is normally distributed.) Arnold Lazarus is responsible for the development of: - >>>Multimodal Therapy Most well-known intelligent test: - >>>Stanford-Binet Most widely used intelligent test: - >>>Wechsler scale _______________help clients with disabilities live more independently and find employment. - >>>Rehabilitation Counselor Career Transitions Inventory - >>>Designed to assess clients' perceptions of psychological resources available as they go through career change "A Skeleton Key" - >>>Solution-focused Brief Counseling technique that can be used to help all clients, no matter what presenting problem. Career Assessments that use Holland's SIX Personality Types: - >>>- Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) - Self-directed Search (SDS) - Strong Interest Inventory (SII) Classical Conditioning was developed by... - >>>Ivan Pavlov _____________ is based on biology and ____________ includes societal expectations of behavior. - >>>Sex roles = biology Gender roles = societal expectation IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) - >>>Provides a free appropriate public education for students with disabilities (under 3 years-old). Group members' personal goals are generally______________. - >>>overt Judging someone's worth by how closely they resemble European Americans is termed: - >>>colorism Accreditation is not: - >>>Involuntary In group work, confidentiality is... - >>>the ethical requirement of group leaders but not group members. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 was NOT responsible for... - >>>enforcing workplace safety nor health standards. Ethical principles that counselors are REQUIRED to follow are called_______________. - >>>Mandatory ethics ___________________ founded one of the first psychological laboratories to conduct experimental research. - >>>William Wundt Erikson's Psychosocial Developmental Theory is an example of: - >>>Discontinuous, Active Theory Freud Types of Consciousness: - >>>- Preconscious - Conscious - Unconscious (NOT subconscious!) Critical reviews of Assessment Tests publication: - >>>Mental Measurements Yearbook Individual Psychology core concept: - >>>Social Interest Kurt Lewen Theory Z = - >>>Laissez-fair leadership style Speed tests yield high reliability coefficients is called: - >>>Reliability ____________________is a sampling technique that involves identifying convenient, existing subgroups, and then RANDOMLY selecting subgroups. - >>>Cluster sampling Interpreting NEW information in a way that alters a person's EXITING cognitive framework: - >>>Accommodation Showing group members the proper way to execute a specific skill or behavior to help them learn is called: - >>>Modeling Facial expressions, posture, characteristics of movement, gestures, and eye contact: - >>>Kinesics FERPA and Directory Information - >>>Disclosable, includes name, address, phone birth date and place, honors, awards and attendance dates (NOT student grades and test scores) Humanistic-existential counselors do all of the following: - >>>- AVOID INTERPERTING or analyzing clients' motives or behaviors Examples of NON-parametric statistical measures: - >>>- Mann-Whitney U test - Wilcoxen signed-rank test - Kruskal-Wallis test. Milan Systemic Family Therapy - >>>Refers to an approach that views the family as a system that aims to MAINTAIN BALANCE. Systemic family therapists often use a variety of techniques, including CIRCULAR QUESTIONING, which is the process of asking different family members the same questions about relationships. The family counselor can then use the ways that members differ in how they interpret events and interactions to suggest new ways of thinking about things, thereby hopefully CHANGING FAMILY RULES and RELATIONSHIPS. What type of assessment is most often included as part of a job application? - >>>Aptitude Aptitude tests measure the capacity of the test taker to learn and are often used as part of job applications. These tests measure abstract, verbal, and numerical reasoning. Examples are the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) and the Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Test. Achievement tests - >>>Measure educational knowledge, intelligence tests measure cognitive potential, and personality tests measure individuals' unconscious desires and anxieties as well as personality traits. Which type of group counselor often uses the EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUE and guides group members to FANTASIZE about how they might create change in their lives. - >>>GESTALT - Techniques used in Gestalt counseling include the EMPTY CHAIR and GUIDED FANTASY techniques, both of which help integrate affect into the present moment and help group members work through UNFINISHED BUSINESS. The Gestalt counseling approach focuses on the HERE AND NOW rather than past experiences, and uses experiential techniques that encourage group members to TAKE RESPONSIBILITY for their moment-to-moment experiences. A research study recruits only individuals with extremely low social skills on a certain measure. After employing an intervention, the researchers find that many of the study subjects scored at or close to the mean. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these results? - >>>Statistical Regression - Internal validity refers to the degree to which external influences have been controlled. There are many threats to internal validity, including statistical regression. This can occur when subjects are recruited for scoring very high or very low on certain measures. - Due to statistical regression, researchers would expect these subjects' scores to be closer to the mean even without intervention, so this should be carefully controlled to ensure results are not attributed completely to the intervention. REINFORCEMENT THEORY and Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) are important concepts in whose theory of CAREER counseling? - >>>John Krumboltz - developed the LEARNING THEORY of Career Counseling (LTCC), based on Bandura's Social Learning Theory. Important concepts in Krumboltz's theory include REINFORCEMENT THEORY, Cognitive Information Processing (CIP), and Classical Behaviorism as ways of modifying and molding career development and decision making. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) - >>>One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) can be used to determine differences between THREE DIFFERENT FORMS OF ONE VARIABLE. EX: such as levels of income. Factorial Analysis - >>>The effects of TWO OR MORE independent variables on ONE dependent variable. Factorial ANOVA is used to find whether SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES between TWO VARIABLES exists. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) is the statistic used when there is MORE THAN ONE DEPENDENT VARIABLE involved in the analysis. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) is used to determine covariance when an INDEPENDENT VARIABLE and its IMPACT on DEPENDENT VARIABLE is controlled. Dimensional Assessments (DSM-5 changes) - >>>Several changes were made to the newest version of the DSM. One of these changes is the reliance on DIMENSIONAL ASSESSMENT rather than descriptions of disorders that are based on categories. Clients' experiences are now assessed for SEVERITY, FREQUENCY, and DURATION rather than whether or not a particular symptom is present. The DSM-5 eliminated the multi-axial system and does not include extensive descriptions of different therapy modalities. ICD-10 classification codes are included in the DSM-5, but clinicians using the DSM-5 do not rely on them. Semantic Differential Scale - >>>Researchers collect information about individuals' OPINIONS and BELIEFS. Scales ask respondents to report their perception of certain issues and experiences, as in this example. Researchers have the ability to choose adjectives that allow them to analyze respondents' unconscious desires and anxieties. Gestalt Therapy (Fritz Perls) - >>>Gestalt therapy is based on EXISTENTIAL THEORY, and the goal of individuals in therapy is to integrate all of their needs to become a WHOLE person. Clients are encouraged to ATTEND to their emotions and to RELIVE experiences. What type of group is most likely to include members who use each other and the leader to resolve PAST conflicts and develop self-awareness? - >>>PSYCHOANALYTIC GROUPS are often long-term and can be intense, but are aimed at making deep and lasting changes in group members. These groups focus on early childhood experiences and unresolved unconscious conflicts by using the relationships between group members and the leader to develop insight and self-awareness. The leader's role in psychoanalytic groups is to facilitate insight and interpret dynamics that occur within the group. Which of the following describes the interconnectedness of family members' influences on one another? - >>>CIRCULAR CAUSALITY is the belief that forces are moving in many different directions simultaneously, resulting in a complex variety of outcomes. Counselors who focus on circular causality during family sessions focus on the PROCESS, not the content. LINEAR CAUSALITY refers to the belief that one event or interaction directly causes another, so content and language help explain what is occurring within the family. The DRAMA TRAINGLE, developed by Stephen Karpman, is helpful when understanding destructive interactions that occur between individuals in conflict. What three roles are included in the Drama Triangle? - >>>Victim, Persecutor, and Rescuer - Karpman's ideas about why drama-intense relationships continue can be helpful for counselors working with clients. The Drama Triangle forms when three individuals take on the roles of victim, persecutor, and rescuer. - Karpman's theory suggests that conflict arises when one person takes on the role of victim or persecutor, and others step in to fill other roles due to each person's unmet psychological needs. Why might MEANING ATTRIBUTION be an important function of group leaders? - >>>It helps group members have a COMMON UNDERSTANDING of what is being expressed, and can INCREASE FAMILIARITY with EMOTIONS and FEELINGS. - Irvin Yalom originally suggested that certain leadership functions—emotional stimulation, caring, meaning attribution, and executive leadership—are present in group counseling no matter the style or theoretical orientation of the leader. MEANING ATTRIBUTION refers to the cognitive understanding that is made of the events in the group, which can enhance collective experiences and increase familiarity with emotions and feelings. Prototaxic Level of Cognition is: - >>>The key aspects of the prototaxic level of cognition are: - Preverbal - Undifferentiated stance with the world - Empathic "emotional" communication. Which of the measures of central tendency (the mean, the median, or the mode) REMAINS IN THE CENTER of the three measures whether the distribution is symmetric, negatively skewed, or positively skewed? - >>>The Median Regardless of whether the distribution is normal or skewed, THE MEDIAN REMAINS THE CENTER of the three measures because it remains the middle value of an ordered distribution even if there are unusual high or low values in a set of numbers. Premack Principle - >>>A lower probability behavior (LPB) is reinforced by a higher probability behavior (HPB). The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by: - >>>Neal Miller When a person unconsciously acts the opposite of the way they actually feel: - >>>Reaction Formation The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments? - >>>John B. Whatson The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the ____________. - >>>Variable Ratio Existentialism - >>>A humanistic form of helping in which the counselor helps the client discover meaning in his or her life by: - Doing a deed - accomplishment - Experiencing value - being loved - Suffering - cannot take away one's dignity Victor Frankl - >>>Father of Logo therapy. Existential counseling rejects analysis and behaviorism for being deterministic and reductionistic. Frankl stressed that individuals have choices in their lives and one cannot blame others or child hood circumstances for a lack of fulfillment. Stress Inoculation Technique - >>>Donald Meichenbaum - Self-Instructional Therapy - client is taught to monitor the impact of inner dialogue on behavior. Then to rehearse new self-talk. Next, new inner dialogue is attempted during actual stress-producing situations. Eliminating "it talk" replacing with "I talk" is a goal of: - >>>Gestalt Therapy Sigmund Freud - >>>Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis - Free association - Dreams - Unconscious material - Transference - Abreaction/Catharsis Standard deviation (SD) is a measure of variability and describes the variability within a distribution of scores. It is the mean of all the deviations from the mean, and is a popular measure of the dispersion of scores. What is the final stage of the racial/cultural identity developmental model? - >>>Integrative awareness A counselor is meeting with a family for the first time to perform an assessment. During the session, the counselor collects information about the family's problem and each family member's opinion on the issue. The counselor also notices which family members speak more than others and what facial expressions they use when others are speaking. Finally, the counselor observes where family members choose to sit, which is also known as what? - >>>Proxemics DSC - >>>Developmental School Counseling - proactive, wellness oriented, preventative, life skills. NCC - >>>National Certified Counselor CCMHC - >>>Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselor Autoplastic View - >>>Asserts that change comes from within self. Changing thinking (inside). Alloplastic View - >>>Client can best cope by changing or altering EXTERNAL factors in the environment. Ipsatively interpreted - >>>The core purpose of ipsative, or self-referenced, assessment in educational contexts is to measure or track the progress of the individual by comparing his or her performance, or scores, against his or her own previous performances or scores Practicing positive or reinforcing self-statements has been called 'stress inoculation.' Who is the behaviorally-oriented theorist who proposed this concept? - >>>Meichenbaum Factorial Analysis of Variance - >>>Used when an experiment involves more than one independent variable; can separate the effects of different levels of different variables According to Adler, birth order tends to result in unique psychological traits and social development. in counseling, birth order can explain clients' traits and behaviors. individuals who are carefree, outgoing, and not rule-oriented and those individuals who are early maturers, high achievers and never "dethroned" are probably: - >>>Second-borns and Only-children A change in the forces in one part of a closed system affects the entire system. This can be accurately applied to: - >>>Johari Window William Perry devised a scheme to represent the cognitive developmental stages through which individual intellectual and ethical development occurred. In his scheme, DUALISM was followed by: - >>>Relativism A mental health counselor had data on three personality tests for over 300 former clients. The tests measured over 30 variables and the counselor was interested to see if these tests might be measuring some common factors. To do this, she conducted a: - >>>Factor Analysis Goals of counseling may include changing a lifestyle, confronting superiority, and cultivating social interests. These are typical goals in: - >>>Alderian Therapy Parsons developed a career counseling approach which consisted of study8ing the individual, surveying occupations, and matching the person with an occupation. This approach became known as: - >>>Trait and Factor ordinal data - >>>A type of data that refers solely to a ranking of some kind. Ordinal data is a kind of categorical data with a set order or scale to it. For example, ordinal data is said to have been collected when a responder inputs his/her financial happiness level on a scale of 1-10. In ordinal data, there is no standard scale on which the difference in each score is measured. Nominal Data - >>>Data which consists of names, labels, or categories. Country, gender, race, hair color etc. of a group of people Ratio Data - >>>Data with an absolute 0. Ratios are meaningful. (Length, Width, Height, Weight, Distance) Interval Data - >>>Differences between values can be found, but is NO absolute ZERO (Temperature F, Time) A counselor at a mental health agency noticed that the clients who complained of anxiety also tended to introversion. As part of the agency's intake process, test scores were collected from all clients on these two, as well as other, variables. The counselor decided to examine the relationship between these two variables and her statistic of choice is a: - >>>Bivariate Correlation A group of 100 individuals completed two tests. Their scores on both tests are plotted on a chart. If the slope of the regression line angels from top left to bottom right, the counselor reviewing this data would conclude there is a __________ correlation between the two variables measured. - >>>Negative Convergent and discriminant are concepts associated with which validity? - >>>Construct STEP (Systematic Training for Effective Parenting) - >>>Adler Mark Savickas's career counseling approach: - >>>- Postmodern - Constructionist - Helps client identify strengths, resources, and coping abilities is important Law of Effect - >>>Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely - based on consequences of actions - evokes a voluntary response The demographic projected in the US population by the year 2050? - >>>All of the minority groups combined with outnumber the Non-Hispanic White population What is the chronological order of the five stages of development identified by Sigmund Freud: - >>>Oral - birth to 18 months Anal - 2 - 3 years Phallic - 3 - 5 years Latency - 6 - 12 years Genital - 12 - 19 years Donald Super's theory of career development - >>>- Crystallization - age 14 - 18 - Specification - age 18 - 21 - Implementation - age 21 - 24 - Stabilization - age 24 - 35 - Consolidation - age 35 onward Standard Deviation - >>>- Is a description of the variability with in a distribution of scores. - It is also the mean of all the deviations from the mean SD. - SD is an excellent measure of the dispersion of scores - SD describes the dispersion of scores better than the variance does What is the distribution of test scores within the normal, bell shaped curve? - >>>- In a normal bell- shaped curve, individual scores are distributed in six equal parts - three above the mean and three below the mean - 68% make up one SD from the mean (34% above and 34% below the mean) - 13.5% more of the scores fall two SD above or below the mean, equaling 27% (total of 95%) - 2% or more of the scores fall three SD above the mean or 2% below the mean (total of 99%) - Remember: 68%, 95% and. 99% known as the Empirical Rule Quantitative Research - >>>Is more focused on finding relationships and often on showing cause and effect relationships if they can be statistically established. Assimilation - >>>- interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas accommodation - >>>- adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information Existential Therapy - >>>- Therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their own lives/fate and to live with greater meaning and value. - Guilt is a central concept, occurring when we fail to meet our potential. - Anxiety is a central concept with the threat of non-being. - We struggle with being alone/not connected to others and we search for the meaning of our existance. Adlerian Therapy - >>>- Theory that is also called "Individual Psychology." - Versatile and useful for treating specific disorders - Criticism - lack of firm research base, inherent narrowness of his approach, vagueness of many terms, concepts and 'how to" counseling instructions Group focused on a specific and central theme: - >>>Structured Group Who developed the Archway Model of self-concept determinants? - >>>Donald Super - Graphical representation of the many factors that determine an individual's self-concept - Pillar One: internal variables such as aptitudes, interests, needs and accomplishments - Pillar Two: external variables such as family, community and work market What is the correct chronicle order of the four career development stages identified by Linda Gottfredson: - >>>- Orientation to size and power (3-5yo) - Orientation to sex roles (6-8yo) - Orientation to social valuation (9-13yo) - Orientation to the internal unique self (14yo +) Who first established the trait-factor guidance approach? - >>>Frank Parsons Development was genetically pre-ordained and realized via maturation - >>>Arnold Gesell Etic Wrold View - >>>Puts more emphasis on our similarities than our differences. Emic World View - >>>Puts more emphasis on differences that we must understand in order to help different cultural groups from THEIR perspective. Specific view. In Ellis' REBT what do the A, B, C, D & E stand for: - >>>A - ACTION B - BELIEF C - CONSEQUENT AFFECT D - DISPUTING E - Effect