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Pediatric Nursing Final Exam Study Set
List some roles of the pediatric nurse - CORRECT ANSWERInvolved in every aspect of growth and development, primary concern is child and family welfare while establishing well defined boundaries, advocate - helping them make informed choices, teach teach teach (promote disease prevention and health promotion), atraumatic care - do no harm. What does it mean "do no harm"? - CORRECT ANSWERPrevent or minimize separation from family, promote sense of self control, prevent or minimize bodily injury and pain. This is the provision of therapeutic care that eliminates or minimizes the psychologic and physical distress experienced by children and their families - CORRECT ANSWERAtraumatic Care Four things the nurse should consider to maintain ethical decision making with care. - CORRECT ANSWERAutonomy (self governance -give kids choices), Nonmaleficence (minimize harm), Beneficence (Promote well being), Justice (fairness) What are the four quality "grades" that can be given about research studies in nursing?
- CORRECT ANSWERHigh, Moderate, low and very low quality The quality of this type of research is exceptionally strong evidence from unbiased observational studies - CORRECT ANSWERHigh Quality The quality of this type of research is unusually strong evidence from unbiased observational studies and the evidence from RCTs(randomized clinical trials) with important limitations such as inconsistent results, methodologic flaws, indirect evidence, or imprecise results) - CORRECT ANSWERModerate Quality The quality of this type of research is evidence for at least one critical outcome from observational studies, from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with serious flaws or from indirect evidence - CORRECT ANSWERLow Quality The quality of this type of research is evidence for at least one of the critical outcomes from unsystematic clinical observations or very indirect evidence - CORRECT ANSWERVery Low Quality What is a "Strong" recommendation for research? - CORRECT ANSWERDesirable effects clearly outweigh undesirable effects or vice versa
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What is "weak" recommendation for research? - CORRECT ANSWERDesirable effects closely balanced with undesirable effects. Two things that are critical in health promotion? - CORRECT ANSWEREducation and Anticipatory guidance Define Critical Reasoning - CORRECT ANSWERA cognitive process that uses formal and informal thinking to gather and analyze patient data, evaluate the significance of the information and consider alternative actions. This is a quantitative change - CORRECT ANSWERGrowth This is a qualitative change - CORRECT ANSWERDevelopment These are definite and predictable patterns, that are continuous, orderly, and progressive. They also are universal and basic to all humans, but each human accomplishes these in a manner and time unique to that individual. - CORRECT ANSWERGrowth and Development This is one of the most crucial times in the development process of a human being - CORRECT ANSWERConception -birth (also contains the Germinal, Embryonic and Fetal stages) What are the developmental age periods? - CORRECT ANSWERPrenatal(Conception- birth), Infancy(birth-12months), Early Childhood(1-6 years), Middle Childhood(6-11 or 12 years), and Later childhood(11 or 12 - 19 years) Two stages of later childhood - CORRECT ANSWERPrepubertal (10-13 years), Adolescence (13-18 years) Two stages of the infancy period - CORRECT ANSWERNeonatal (birth-27 or 28 days), and infancy (1-12 months or so) Why are there two stages of the infancy period? - CORRECT ANSWERBecause the first month of life is crucial with major physical adjustments to extrauterine existence and the psychological adjustment of the parent. During this developmental stage the child establishes a basic trust in the world and a foundation for future personal relationships. - CORRECT ANSWERInfancy (1- months) Two stages of early childhood - CORRECT ANSWERToddler (1-3 years), Preschool(3- 6years)
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These are times during growth and development in which positive or negative influences may have a greater impact. - CORRECT ANSWERSensitive periods (such as the 1st trimester of conception has huge impact on fetal growth) Development has a fixed ____________, but does not progress at the same _______ or ________. - CORRECT ANSWEROrder, Rate or Pace. (each child grows at his or her own pace but the sequence/order is the same) When does the primary socialization sensitive period occur? - CORRECT ANSWERDuring the first year when the infant makes the initial social attachments and establishes basic trust in the world. Who is more advanced in physiologic growth at all ages? boys or girls? - CORRECT ANSWERGirls. This is usually the standard stable measurement of growth - CORRECT ANSWERLinear growth - Height. (it is often more stable than weight, which is often more variable based on outside factors) When does a childs weight usually double? - CORRECT ANSWERBy 4-7 months When does a childs weight usually triple? - CORRECT ANSWERBy 12 months When does a childs weight usually quadruple? - CORRECT ANSWERBy 2 or 2 1/ years old. How can you estimate how tall a child might be as an adult? - CORRECT ANSWERDouble their height at age 2. When does neural (brain,spinal cord, head dimensions) growth seem to complete? (age) - CORRECT ANSWERAt about 5-6 years old. When does Lymphoid (Thymus, lymph nodes, intestinal lymph masses) tissue growth seems to complete?(age) - CORRECT ANSWERIt peaks at 10 years old, then drops off again. (fast growth curve then fast decline) What is the average weekly weight gain for a child 1-6 months old? - CORRECT ANSWER5-7 oz (140-200g) What is the average yearly weight gain of preschoolers and school aged children? - CORRECT ANSWER2-3 kg (4.5-6.5 lbs) When is BMR highest? As an adult or as a newborn? - CORRECT ANSWERA newborn has the highest BMR.
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This is one of the most important adaptation responses of an infant to the external environment outside of the womb. - CORRECT ANSWERThermoregulation What is an effective way to ensure that the newborn does not suffer from hypothermia which can lead to metabolic acidosis and elevated bilirubin levels and hypoglycemia? - CORRECT ANSWERKangaroo care/skin to skin contact. Who has a slightly higher temperature throughout life, males or females? - CORRECT ANSWERFemales When do babies usually begin to sleep through the night? - CORRECT ANSWERDuring the later part of the first year. When do naps usually become eliminated as the child gets older? - CORRECT ANSWERAfter 3 years old This is the number 1 influence on growth of a child - CORRECT ANSWERNutrition, sleep is #2. This is the way a person deals with life - CORRECT ANSWERTemperament Three basic categories of temperament - CORRECT ANSWEREasy children, difficult children, the slow to warm up children What are some activities that promote anticipatory guidance that nurses can teach to parents when working with their infants to promote mastery motivation? - CORRECT ANSWEREncourage unobtrusive assistance during play, share pleasure with infant in accomplishments (Clap, praise), don't give immediate assistance during tasks, don't interrupt infant during tasks, let infant initiate activities, limit controlling feedback during play, provide audio and visually responsive toys, provide early kinesthetic stimulation (picking up, rocking) Eriksons stages of psychosocial development - CORRECT ANSWERTrust vs Mistrust (birth-1yr), Autonomy vs Shame and doubt (1-3yrs), Initiative vs Guilt(3-6yrs), Industry vs Inferiority(6-12yrs), and Identity vs Role Confusion(12-18yrs) This stage of Eriksons Psychosocial development indicates that the child must have loving care by a mothering person. If the child lacks this care, or if basic needs are not adequately or inadequately met mistrust is acquired and carries on throughout the childs life. - CORRECT ANSWERTrust vs Mistrust (birth-1yr) What is the end result of a positive Trust vs Mistrust(birth-1yr) stage of development in a child? - CORRECT ANSWERFaith and Optimism
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This is the process by which developing individuals become acquainted with the world and the objects it contains. - CORRECT ANSWERCognition This person developed the best known theory regarding cognition and childrens thinking
- CORRECT ANSWERPiaget According to this psychologist, intelligence enables individuals to make adaptations to the environment that increase the probability of survival, and through their behavior, individuals establish and maintain equilibrium with the environment. - CORRECT ANSWERPiaget When can a child reason abstractly with any degree of competence? - CORRECT ANSWERAdolescence What are the four stages of cognitive development? (piaget) - CORRECT ANSWERSensorimotor(birth-2yrs), Preoperational(2-7yrs), Concrete operations(7- 11yrs), Formal Operations(11-15yrs) During this stage of cognitive development the child begins to distinguish cause/effect, trial/error, they progress from reflex activity through simple repetitive behaviors and imitation. They are highly curious, experiment, and begin to differentiate themselves from their environment, they become aware later in this stage that objects have permanence (the object exists even though it is not longer visible) and begin to use language and thought. - CORRECT ANSWERSensorimotor stage- Piaget (birth-2yrs) This cognitive development stage is mostly predominated by egocentrism - (inability to put oneself in the place of another, unable to see things from anothers perspective), They can not reason beyond what is observed and can not "generalize". They do increase in language development including using symbols to represent objects in their environment. Intuition reasoning (the stars have to go to bed because they do), and transductive reasoning (if two events occur together they cause each other or knowledge of one characteristic is transferred to another (all women with big bellies have babies) - CORRECT ANSWERPreoperational (2-7yrs) This cognitive development stage, thoughts become increasingly logical and coherent. Children can classify, sort, order and organize facts and information to problem solve. They develop conservation and permanence, learn to multi-task, they solve problems but not in abstract. thoughts are less self centered, they consider others points of view and are more socialized in thinking. Reasoning is inductive. - CORRECT ANSWERConcrete Operations (7-11yrs)
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Examples of Inductive Reasoning (Found in Concrete operations stage of cognitive development - Piaget) (7-11yrs) - CORRECT ANSWERSome examples of inductive reasoning include: •Jill and Bob are friends. Jill likes to dance, cook and write. Bob likes to dance and cook. Therefore it can be assumed he also likes to write. •Jennifer leaves for school at 7:00 a.m. and is on time. Jennifer assumes, then, that she will always be on time if she leaves at 7:00 a.m. •Robert is a teacher. All teachers are nice. Therefore, it can be assumed that Robert is nice. •All cats that you have observed purr. Therefore, every cat must purr. •All students that have been taught by Mrs. Smith are right handed. So, Mrs. Smith assumes that all students are right handed. •All observed basketball players are tall, so all basketball players must be tall. •All observed women in one area wear high heels, so all women must wear high heels. •Suzy is a doctor. Doctors are smart. Suzy is assumed to be smart. •John is a financial analyst. Individuals with professions in finance are very serious people. John is a very serious person. •Jerry is a bartender. Bartenders are friendly. Jerry is assumed to be friendly. •All observed brown dogs are small dogs. Therefore, all small dogs are brown. •All observed children like to play with Legos. All children, therefore, enjoy playing with Legos. •The water at the beach has always been about 75 degrees in July. It is July. The water will be about 75 degrees. •All observed police officers are under 50 years old. John is a police officer. John is under 50 years old. •Mary and Sue are friends. Mary enjoys fishing, running and rock climbing. Sue likes fishing and rock climbing. Sue must also like running. •Barry is a baseball player. All baseball players can make it to first base in at least 4 seconds. Barry can make it to first base in at least 4 seconds. •Ray is a football player. All football players weigh more than 170 pounds. Ray weighs more than 170 pounds. •All observed lacrosse players are tall and thin. George plays lacrosse. It is assumed that George is tall and thin. •All little dogs are "yappy." Bill has a small dog. His dog barks frequently at a high pitched level. •All observed cats in the area are brown. Tiny is a cat. Tiny is brown. •All observed houses on the South Street are falling apart. Sherry lives on South Street. Her house is falling apart. •Jenny is a dancer. Dancers are thin and tall. Jenny is thin and tall. •Bob is a sumo wrestler. Sumo wrestlers weigh a lot. Bob weighs a lot. This stage of cognitive development is when the child becomes adaptable/flexible. they can think in abstract terms and use abstract symbols (algebra), can draw logical solutions from a set of observations. They can make and test hypothesis and can
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What do children assess as far as self esteem goes? - CORRECT ANSWERCompetence, sense of control, moral worth, or worthiness of love and acceptance What factors affect the formation of a childs self esteem? - CORRECT ANSWERtemperament/personality, abilities and opportunities available to accomplish age appropriate tasks, how significant others interact with the child, social roles assume and expectations of these roles. This is the "work" of children - CORRECT ANSWERPlay List the functions of play - CORRECT ANSWERSensorimotor development, intellectual development, socialization, creativity, self awareness, therapeutic value, and moral value Through this type of play/development children explore the nature of physical world. Infants gain impressions of themselves and their world through tactile, auditory, visual and kinesthetic stimulation. This is the predominant form of play in infancy - CORRECT ANSWERSensorimotor Development - What are the parameters when using the Denver II to assess a childs development levels are used to determine if there are delays or if the child is "on track" developmentally? - CORRECT ANSWERIf the child is not doing a task on the chart by 90%, there is most likely a delay there. If one or more delays or 2 cautions occur(not doing a task by 75%) there is a suspected delay When using the Denver II assessment for development on a preemie, what age does it begin to show accuracy? - CORRECT ANSWERAfter 6 months of age, should be accurate. (Otherwise give or take two months) Name 7 factors that can have an influence on development - CORRECT ANSWERheredity, neuroendocrine, nutrition (HUGE FACTOR), interpersional relationships, socioeconomic level, disease, environmental hazards What member of the healthcare team is often the first to become aware of the need for a genetic evaluation by identifying an inhereted disorder in a family history, or by noting physical, cognitive, or behavioral abnormalities? - CORRECT ANSWERAn RN, when performing a nursing assessment. What are some genetic factors that influence development - CORRECT ANSWERgenes, congenital anomalies, disorders of intrauterine development, genetic disorders.
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What makes kids more or less susceptible to the effects of stress? - CORRECT ANSWERAge, Temperament, life situation, state of health,coping What is the most rapidly developing part of a childs body physically? - CORRECT ANSWERThe Legs What is the amount of TV exposure recommendation for children? - CORRECT ANSWER2 hours a day, no more than 10 hours / week. Television/video viewing by infants/toddlers shown to increase risk of ADD by _______ % for each _____ hour(s) of viewing/day before 2 years! - CORRECT ANSWER10%, 1 hour What is The best mode of communication with an infant? - CORRECT ANSWERNonverbal What is the best mode of communication with a child in early childhood? - CORRECT ANSWERThey are egocentric and very literal concrete thinkers. (Say things like Poop or Pee, speak their language, DO NOT use off handed comments "put you to sleep" "put a little stick in your arm") What is important to remember about communicating with school aged children? - CORRECT ANSWERThey want answers and explanations. What is important to remember when communicating with an adolescent? - CORRECT ANSWERBuild a foundation (Rapport) and then communicate List some creative techniques for communicating with children - CORRECT ANSWER"I" messages (Avoid YOU), third person (Sometimes when a person is sick, he feels angry, do you ever feel that way?), facilitative response(feedback response after they share with you for understanding So what you are saying is you feel_________ because________), Storytelling (have them tell the story), Bibliotherapy, dreams, "What if ?'s", Three wishes, word association game, sentence completion, pros and cons, nonverbals, drawing, magic (Simple tricks), play What positions would be best for performing a physical assessment on an infant? - CORRECT ANSWERBefore able to sit alone, supine or prone, preferably on parents lap, before 4-6 months can place on exam table. After able to sit alone, sitting in parents lap whenever possible, if on table place parent in full view What positions would be best for performing a physical assessment on a toddler? - CORRECT ANSWERSitting or standing on or by parent. Prone or supine in parents lap
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What is the FLACC pain scale? - CORRECT ANSWERFacial expression, Leg movement, Activity, Cry, Consolability. It measures pain by quantifying pain behaviors with scores ranging from 0 to 10. What age is recommended for the FACES pain scale? - CORRECT ANSWERChildren as young as 3 years and up. Ensure you do not use affect words such as happy/sad, it could result in mood scores over pain scores. It provides facial expressions, numbers and words. Can be used despite culture (Widespread culture pain assessment use). This scale is most widely used in children 8 and older for assessment of pain - CORRECT ANSWERThe Numerical Rating scale (1-10, 10 being the worst) Name some nonpharmacological methods to manage pain in children - CORRECT ANSWERDistraction, relaxation, guided imagery, positive self talk, thought stopping, cutaneous stimulations, behavior contracting, swaddling, nonnutritive sucking, kangaroo care What are some alternative medicine therapies used with children? (for pain) - CORRECT ANSWERBiological, manipulative treatments, energy based, mind-body techniques, alternative medical systems. Examples of biological based alternative medicine therapies (for pain) - CORRECT ANSWERFoods, special diets, herbal or plant preparations, vitamins, other supplements Examples of manipulative treatments (for pain) - CORRECT ANSWERChiropractic, osteopathy, massage Examples of energy based treatments for pain - CORRECT ANSWERreiki, bioelectric, magnet treatments, pulsed fields, alternating and direct currents Examples of mind-body techniques for pain - CORRECT ANSWERmental healing, expressive treatments, spiritual healing/cleansing, hypnosis, relaxation Examples of alternative medical systems for pain - CORRECT ANSWERhomeopathy, naturopathy, ayurvedic, traditional chinese medicine(acupunture) (native american spiritual medicine women/men) - my own 2 cents :D Which childhood disease often results in opioid pain therapy early in life? - CORRECT ANSWERSickle Cell disease What is the most common reason for ED visits or physician office visits for the pt with Sickle Cell disease? - CORRECT ANSWERPain
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This is the most prevalent symptom in the child with cancer - CORRECT ANSWERPain Stressors of hospitalization in children - CORRECT ANSWERSeparation, separation anxiety, loss of control, bodily injury, pain What are the reactions to a childs stress levels regarding hospitalization influenced by?
- CORRECT ANSWERTheir developmental age, previous experience with hospitalization or illness, separation, coping skills, seriousness of diagnosis, support system available What are the three stages of separation anxiety in young children? - CORRECT ANSWERStage of protest, stage of despair, and stage of detachment During the stage of separation anxiety, the child cries, kicks, screams, calls out for the missing parent, searches for the parent with eyes, clings to parent if present and impending separation, avoids and rejects stranger contact, verbally attacks others, physcial attack possible of strangers, may attempt to escape to find parent, may attempt to physically force parent to stay, can persist up to phsycial exhaustion. - CORRECT ANSWERStage of Protest During this stage of separation anxiety, the young child may become less active, less crying, withdraws from others, depression, sadness, lack of interest in environment, non communicating, regression, physical condition may even deteriorate from not eating/drinking/moving. - CORRECT ANSWERStage of Despair During this stage of separation anxiety in a young child the child begins to show signs of adjustment but with resignation, may even reject parents when they do finally come, they will interact with strangers or unfamiliar caregivers. This is usually a superficial adjustment to the loss. (usually uncommon to reach this stage) - CORRECT ANSWERStage of detachment Is the detachment stage of separation anxiety considered a sign of contentment in the child suffering from it? - CORRECT ANSWERNo, It is a result of resignation, the child detaches in an effort to escape emotional pain and copes by forming shallow attachments to others, becoming increasingly self centered and attaching primary importance to material objects. Why is it uncommon for hospitalized children to reach the PERMANENT stage of detachment? - CORRECT ANSWERBecause the temporary separations imposed by hospitalization do not cause such prolonged parental absences. Also, children are overall remarkably adaptable and premanent ill effects are rare.
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How do preschoolers feel in control? What happens if they feel loss of this control? - CORRECT ANSWERThey experience loss of control caused by physical restriction, altered routines, and enforced dependancy. They feel all powerful and this can also make them feel out of control as well. The sense of control and power is a critical influence on their perception of and reaction to separation, pain, illness and hospitalization. They have egocentric and magical thinking, so it limits their ability to fully understand events that are not in their own perspectives. They have preoperational thinking understanding explanations only in terms of real events so if purely verbal instructions are given they are often inadequate becuase they can not synthesize beyond what their senses tell them. They may interpret messages according to past experiences. They use transductive reasoning not understanding cause/effect relationships. For example - preschoolers may perceive that nurses inflict pain, preschoolers will think then that EVERY nurse or EVERY person wearing a similar uniform will also inflict pain. What are some things that may cause a school aged child to feel loss of control? - CORRECT ANSWERAltered family roles, physcial disability, fear of death, abandonment, permanent injury, loss of peer acceptance, lack of productivity, inability to cope with stress according to cultural expectations (Boys are tough!) In hospital - enforced bedrest, use of bedpan, inability to choose food from menu, lack of privacy, help with a bed bath or transport by wheelchair or stretcher. They need freedom of choice. (Increase sense of control = feeling us usefulness with helping make decisions) To combat this provide them with choices, keep them from getting bored, promote adjustments to physical restrictions. What are some things that can result in loss of control feelings in an adolescent? - CORRECT ANSWERThey struggle for independence, self assertion, liberation and personal identity. Anything that interferes with that poses a threat and results in loss of control. Illness and hospitalization constitutes a major situational crisis for them.(can lead to anger) Watch to not be condescending, they infer tone easily- carefully assess their intellectual abilities and previous knowledge as a nurse to avoid the adolescent from feeling threatened. What are some possible parental reactions of parents to a childs hospitalization? - CORRECT ANSWERdisbelief, anger, guilt, fear, anxiety, frustration, depression What are some possible sibling reactions to a childs hospitalization - CORRECT ANSWERLoneliness, fear, worry, anger, resentment, jealousy, guilt What are some nursing interventions to focus on while caring for the family of hospitalized children? - CORRECT ANSWERListen to parents verbal and nonverbals, providing clergy support if needed, accepting cultural, socioeconomic and ethnic values, giving information to families and siblings, and preparing for discharge and home care.
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What is nursing care of the child in the hospital mostly aimed at? - CORRECT ANSWERPreventing or minimizing seperation, decreasing loss of control for the child, minimizing fear of bodily injury, using play or expressive activities to lessen stress, and maximizing the potential benefits to hospitalization (fostering parent-child relations, provide educational opportunities, promote self mastery, encourage socialization) Is informed consent needed for life threatening emergencies? - CORRECT ANSWERNo, in emergencies including danger ot life or possibility of permanent injury appropriate care should not be withheld or delayed because of problems obtaining consent to treat. (document any efforts to obtain consent however) Which conditions are considered "Medically emancipated" from having to obtain parental consent for treatment for adolescents? - CORRECT ANSWERTreatment for STI's, mental health services, alcohol and drug dependancy, pregnancy, and contraceptive advice. What are some ways to prepare the infant aged(birth-1yrs) child for procedures based on their developmental stage? - CORRECT ANSWERThey are developing trust and sensorimotor thought, consider these things... Attachment to parent, stranger anxiety, sensorimotor phase of learning (soothe - talk soft, stroke skin, give paci), increasing muscle control with age (may resist), memory for past experiences (may associate objects/things from previous experience - keep scary things out of view), imitation gestures(model desired behavior, open mouth, close eyes, etc) What are some ways to prepare the toddler (1-3yrs) for procedures based on their developmental stage? - CORRECT ANSWERThey are developing autonomy and sensorimotor to preoperational thought, so use the same approaches as for the infant (notecard #153), consider the following - egocentric thought (explain everything, its okay to cry, use one person to speak during procedure), negative behaviors(resistance is possible, expect it, be firm, ignore tantrums, restrain prn), animism (keep scary objects out of view), limited language skills(one direction at a time), limited concept of time, striving for independence (allow choices, allow them to participate in care if possible) What are some ways to prepare the preschool aged child (3-6 yrs) for procedures based on their developmental stage? - CORRECT ANSWERThey are developing initiative and preoperative thoughts, so consider that they are egocentric (explain everything, demonstrate use of equipment, allow them to play with equipment, encourage playing of procedure with a doll, use neutral words), they have increased language skills but do not overestimate what they understand. They have limited concept of time and frustration tolerance, illness might be viewed as punishment (guilt), animism (keep scary objects out of view), fears bodily harm intrusion or castration (emphasize no other body part involved other than where surgery taking place (show on
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dose can seem a little high but the mg/kg it is accurate, but the mg/kg might be higher because they metabolize it faster. When can an infant reflex grasp (fine motor)? - CORRECT ANSWER2-3 months When can can infant open hands (fine motor) - CORRECT ANSWER3 months When is an infants palmar grasp replaced with pincer grasp? (fine motor) - CORRECT ANSWER8-9months When is an infants pincer grasp replaced with neat pincer? (Fine motor) - CORRECT ANSWER11 months When does the infants manipulate skill increase?(fine motor) - CORRECT ANSWER 6 months When can the infant transfer objects hand to hand and hold and object in each hand and bang? (fine motor) - CORRECT ANSWER7 months When can the infant pick up finger foods?(fine motor) - CORRECT ANSWER10 months When does the infant gain head control (gross motor) - CORRECT ANSWER4 months When does the infant start rolling over (gross motor) - CORRECT ANSWERTummy to back -5 months, back to tummy - 6 months When does the infant start to sit (gross motor) - CORRECT ANSWER7 months When does the infant start to maneuver from prone position (gross motor) - CORRECT ANSWER10 months When does the infant do the locomotion(Push back with arms) (gross motor) - CORRECT ANSWER4-6 months When does the child crawl on hands and knees and pull self to standing? - CORRECT ANSWER9 months What are the stages of the sensorimotor(birth-24 months) phase of cognitive development? - CORRECT ANSWER1. reflexes(birth-1month) example-grasping, sucking 2. primary circular reactions (1-4 months) still somewhat reflex based. example
- sucking thumb-by chance the thumb came to mouth and the infant sucked the thumb - because this created a pleasurable response the infant will attempt it again but may not succeed. 3. Secondary circular reactions (4-8months) example- A child is moving about in a playpen and happens to hit the mobile overhead. The mobile spins and catches the
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baby's attention. Once the mobile stops spinning, if the child enjoyed the experience, the child will move his arms and legs again to try and hit to mobile. The child wants to repeat the behavior.4. Coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12 months) example - A child wants the a rattle but a blanket is in the way. The child will move the blanket to get the rattle. At what age do children learn to imitate sounds? - CORRECT ANSWER8 months At what age do children learn to ascribe meaning to words? - CORRECT ANSWER10- 11 months At what age do children walk? - CORRECT ANSWER12-13 months At what age do children run? - CORRECT ANSWER18 months At what age do children move up and down stairs - CORRECT ANSWER2 years What is negativism - CORRECT ANSWERAs toddlers attempt to express their will, they may act this way, in response to answers they do not like. "No", or "me do it", often with rapid mood swings (terrible twos?) in a quest for autonomy What is ritualism? - CORRECT ANSWERThis is the need to maintain sameness and reliability providing comfort (Toddlers) What happens to the toddler without establish ritualism? - CORRECT ANSWERWith out comfortable rituals, they have little oportunity to exert autonomy, consequently dependency and regression can occur. When does the child develop gender identity development? - CORRECT ANSWERToddler age (1-3) Name some characteristics of preoperational thought often exhibited by toddlers (1-3) - CORRECT ANSWEREgocentrism, transductive reasoning, global organization, centration, animism, irreversibility, magical thinking, inability to conserve. What is egocentrism (often exhibited by toddlers 1-3) - CORRECT ANSWERInability to envision situations from perspectives other than own What is transductive reasoning (toddlers 1-3) - CORRECT ANSWERReasoning from the particular to the particular (example - child refuses to eat a food because something previously eaten did not taste good)
