ALTA COMPETENCY EXAM 2025 WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS RATED A+, Exams of English Literature

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ALTA COMPETENCY EXAM 2025 WITH

COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT

ANSWERS RATED A+

base word Correct Answer the simplest form of an English word; a word without affixes, such as spell benchmark measures Correct Answer progress measurement administered at the end of each schedule, when students have had enough practice breve Correct Answer a diacritical marking that indicates a short vowel sound Broca's area Correct Answer posterior portion of the frontal lobe that is in charge of phonological processing and semantics of language. This are in the front left of the brain is responsible for EXPRESSIVE language - articulating spoken words and analyzing words Broca's aphasia Correct Answer person cannot get the words out but understands cedilla Correct Answer a diacritical mark (,) placed below the letter c to indicate that it is pronounced as an s chameleon prefix Correct Answer a prefix whose final consonant changes based on the initial letter of the root (in- changes to ir- before regular, irregular); done for euphony circumflex Correct Answer a diacritical mark (^) placed above a vowel in a combination to indicate accented syllable

coarticulation Correct Answer adjacent sounds often are spoken in such a way that one phoneme seems to overlap, is changed by, and/or modifies another. Coarticulation is the way the brain organizes sequences of vowels and consonants, interweaving the individual movements necessary for each into one smooth whole. In fact, the process applies to all body movement, not just speech, and is part of how homo sapiens work. combination Correct Answer two letters in a single syllable when one makes an unexpected sound or stand in an unexpected sequence: ar, er, ir, or, ur, qu, wh co-morbidity Correct Answer More than one deficiency such as dysgraphia/ disorder of reading comprehension; phonological processing speed/ written expression. consonant Correct Answer a class of speech sounds with airflow that is constricted or obstructed decoding Correct Answer reading; blending letters to read derivative Correct Answer a word made from another by adding a suffix or prefix diacritical markings Correct Answer a dictionary mark indicating pronunciation dieresis Correct Answer A technical name of two dots placed over the letter a to indicate it's short o pronunciation or on the a before r. digraph Correct Answer two letters that make one sound

diphthong Correct Answer two vowels standing adjacent in the same syllable whose sounds blend smoothly together in one syllable. Only 4 in the English language: oi, oy, ou, ow direct instruction Correct Answer explicitly teaching a concept discovery teaching Correct Answer therapist allows students to discover information by asking them questions rather than by telling double-deficit hypothesis Correct Answer Deficiency in both phoneme awareness and naming speed Dyscalculia Correct Answer difficulty with math Dysarthia Correct Answer neurological oral-motor dysfunction including weakness of the musculature necessary for making the coordinated movements of speech production dysgraphia Correct Answer involves difficulty with writing in the actual motor patterns used in writing and/or formulation of written composition dysnomia Correct Answer difficulty in word finding Dyspraxia Correct Answer Difficulty with motor planning; impacts upon a person's ability to coordinate appropriate body movements echolalia Correct Answer repetition of words or phrases just spoken elison Correct Answer the omission of a sound or syllable in a word in pronunciation; a language task in which a part is taken away -- also known as deletion

Elkonian boxes Correct Answer an instructional technique to build phonemic awareness in which the teacher draws a series of squares, repeats a word, and then asks the student to place a token in the appropriate number of boxes to indicate how many phonemes in the target word. E.g., for the target word wish, the students would select three tokens and place each of them in three different boxes embedded phonics Correct Answer PA & phonics taught implicitly through reading real words in text encoding Correct Answer spelling; unblending sounds to spell equivocal sounds Correct Answer uncertain; applied to a letter that represents more than one sound or to a sound that is spelled in more than one way ethnographic observation Correct Answer a type of qualitative research in which researchers observe, listen, and ask questions to collect descriptive data in order to understand the content, context, and dynamics of an environment etymology Correct Answer the origin or derivation of a word explicit phonics Correct Answer Directly tells sounds of letters; teaches how to blend sounds together. Fernald Method Correct Answer technique for learning words that involves the visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile (VAKT) modalities. The student looks at a word while saying and tracing it. fluency Correct Answer reading like we speak so we can gain meaning from text; composed of accuracy, rate, and prosody

fMRI Correct Answer functional magnetic resonance imaging; technology that allows researcher to see which parts of the brain are getting the most blood flow -- and hence are the most active gerund Correct Answer an English word ending in - ing & used as a noun (she loves baking and cooking) guided discovery Correct Answer a method of leading students to new learning through questioning grapheme Correct Answer a significant visual shape; a single letter or letter cluster which represents a speech sound graphomotor Correct Answer pertaining to the skillful coordination of the muscle groups involved in handwriting graphophonemic Correct Answer Letter-Sound; Graphophonemic knowledge is phonics. haptic Correct Answer Tactile, kinesthetic, and surface movement sensations obtained through the fingers and hands. implicit phonics Correct Answer Sounds never pronounced in isolation. Learners are expected to induce sounds that correspond to letter from accumulated auditory and visual exposure to words containing those letters. IRD Correct Answer Initial Reading Deck. It contains the keywords. ISD Correct Answer Instant Spelling Deck. It is green. left temporal cortex Correct Answer area of the brain for language comprehension

left frontal cortex Correct Answer area of the brain for speech production occipital cortex Correct Answer area of the brain for visual processing macron Correct Answer a diacritical marking that indicates the long sound of a vowel Matthew Effect Correct Answer a term coined by Stanovich to describe a phenomenon observed in findings of cumulative advantage for children who read well & have good vocabularies and cumulative disadvantage for those who don't, and thus have lower rates of achievement. Term coined after Biblical passage from the book of Matthew medial Correct Answer everything except initial and final; letters B-Y in the alphabet Modality/Learning Channel Correct Answer pathway or channel by which students learn. V-A-K modification Correct Answer a term used to refer to changes in how an alternate assessment is administered morpheme Correct Answer the smallest meaningful linguistic unit; a morpheme may be a whole word, base word, prefix, suffix, or root word. Bound morpheme: a morpheme that must be attached to other morphemes (-ed in spotted, - s in boys, pre- in preview). Free morpheme: a morpheme that can stand alone as a whole word (box, plant, tame); also called unbound morpheme.

morphology Correct Answer study of the structure and form of words in language including inflection, derivation, and formation of compounds layers of language Correct Answer 3 - 5% other 10 - 12% Greek 60% Latin 20 - 25% Anglo-Saxon/Old English Multisensory Teaching Correct Answer Utilization of more than one pathway to learning: visual, auditory, kinesthetic. onset Correct Answer initial consonant sound(s) of a syllable (BL ack) Orton-Gillingham Approach Correct Answer Multisensory method of teaching language-related academic skills that focuses on the structure and use of sounds, syllables, words, sentences, and written discourse. Instruction is explicit, systematic, cumulative, direct, and sequential. orthography Correct Answer correct written spelling phoneme Correct Answer sound that is indicated by parentheses = (t) or /t/; there are 44 speech sounds in English Phonemic Awareness Correct Answer an awareness that speech is composed of a series of individual phonemes phonetics Correct Answer the study of the characteristics of speech sounds phonological awareness Correct Answer an awareness of the sound structure of spoken language apart from its meaning and a

conscious ability to detect, combine, and manipulate different sizes of sound units rhyme Correct Answer matching the endings of words (cat, bat, hat) alliteration Correct Answer producing groups of words that begin with the same initial sound (ten tiny tadpoles) sentence segmentation Correct Answer Segmenting sentences into spoken words. Ex: The Dog ran away. 1 2 3 4 syllable segmentation Correct Answer Segmenting words into syllables. Ex: bas ket ball onsets and rimes blending and segmenting Correct Answer blending and segmenting the initial consonant or cluster (onset) and the vowel and consonant sounds spoken after it (rime); /m/ /ice/ /sh/ /ake/ compound words Correct Answer blending and segmenting spoken words into 2 words Phonemes Blending & Segmenting Correct Answer Blending phonemes into words, segmenting words into individual phonemes and manipulating phonemes in spoken words: VC, CV, CVC, CCVC, CVCC, CCVCC Ex: At, Po, Cat, Step, Fast phonological awareness continuum Correct Answer rhyme --> alliteration --> sentence segmentation --> syllable segmentation --

compound words blending and segmenting --> onset/rime blending and segmenting --> phoneme blending and segmenting Phonology Correct Answer sound structure of speech, particularly, the perception, representation, and production of speech sounds prefix Correct Answer a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a base word to change its meaning, such as misspell pre-review Correct Answer a reminder of necessary procedures and review of concepts being practiced primary language skills Correct Answer Speaking and hearing. Generally born with these. prosody Correct Answer rhythm (tempo), intonation (pitch and loudness) and phrasing in reading rapid automatic/automatized naming Correct Answer RAN rime Correct Answer part of a syllable that contains a vowel and all consonant sounds that come after it (bl-ACK) root Correct Answer the essential element of a word without affixes or endings. A root may or may not be a full English base word: pro-gress, pre-cede, or dis-rupt schwa Correct Answer A symbol represented by an inverted e. It is the sound of an obscure (a) found at the end of an unaccented syllable. secondary language skills Correct Answer Reading, spelling, and writing. Generally learned.

semantics Correct Answer the aspect of language concerned with meaning sibilant Correct Answer a speech sound which is uttered with or accompanied by a hissing sound (/s/, /z/, /sh/, /zh/) strephosymbolia Correct Answer term meaning "twisted symbols" coined by Dr. Samuel T. Orton to describe specific dyslexia Skills for Organizing and Reading Efficiently Correct Answer SkORE Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review (SQ3R) Correct Answer Study method in which student surveys the assignment, poses a question, reads to answer the question, recites the answer to the question, and reviews the material read. subvocalization Correct Answer The movement of the lips, tongue, and larynx during silent reading suffix Correct Answer one or more letters added to the end of a base word that changes its form or usage (ing, ed, er, es, s, ful) Inflectional suffixes Correct Answer can modify the tense of the words (to jump: jumps, jumped, jumping). The suffixes - s, - es, - ed, and - ing account for 62% of all suffixed words. syllable Correct Answer a word or part of a word with one vowel sound syntax Correct Answer a set of principles that dictate the sequence and function of words in a sentence in order to convey meaning synthesize Correct Answer blend or continue to form into a whole

synthetic phonics Correct Answer pertaining to instruction or a process that begins with individual letter sounds that are blended together to form a word. Phonics programs utilize this philosophy. Reader blends or synthesizes sounds into words. typography Correct Answer the physical appearance of written letters such as whether they are upper or lowercase or formed in cursive or print tilde Correct Answer a diacritical mark (~) placed over a vowel in a combination or a dipthong: or, ou unequivocal sounds Correct Answer clear; an unequivocal letter represents only one sound (/b/, /t/, /l/, /h/). An unequivocal sound is regularly spelled only one way. VAKT Correct Answer visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile voiced/voiceless sounds (cognates) Correct Answer phonemes produced in the same place of the mouth and in the same manner but that vary in the voicing characteristic (/k/ and /g/) vowel Correct Answer a class of open speech sounds produced with the passage of air through an open vocal tract (open & voiced) Wernicke's Aphasia Correct Answer person speaks with ease but does not understand language word blindness Correct Answer term used in the late 19th & 20th centuries for dyslexia. Word blindness now refers to acquired alexia, "the loss or diminution of ability of reading ability resulting from/or brain trauma, a tumor, or a stroke" (Shaywitz, 2003)

nasal phoneme Correct Answer a sound produced by forcing air through the nose (m, n, ng) stop/plosive phoneme Correct Answer a sound in which the outgoing air flow is completely stopped (p, b, t, d, c, g) fricative phoneme Correct Answer a sound that is produced by forcing air through a narrow opening between the teeth and lips to make a hissing sound (s, z, sh, zh, th, th, f, v, z, h) affricate phoneme Correct Answer a consonant sound that consists of a slowly released stop followed by a fricative (ch, j) glide phoneme Correct Answer flowing and vowel-like (y, w) liquid phoneme Correct Answer a sound produced when the lips and/or tongue are passing from the position for one sound to that of another (r, l) accent Correct Answer stress or emphasis on one syllable in a word or one part of a word; sound is louder, longer & higher. Mouth is open wider while saying an accented syllable. Derivations suffixes Correct Answer can change the part of speech (please: pleasant, pleasantly, pleasurable). The suffixes - able (-ible), - ness, and - ly make up 27% of all suffixed words terms related to oral language Correct Answer accent - stress or emphasis on one syllable in a word articulation - the vocal production of speech coarticulation - the ability to overlap several phonemes

phonograms - strings of letters that represent a single sound (digraphs, trigraphs) four components of language Correct Answer phonological - sounds in speech semantics - meaning of language syntax - structure of language pragmatics - practical application of language; ability to understand the intended meaning otitis media Correct Answer inflammatory diseases of the middle ear that affects articulation terms related to written language Correct Answer alphabetic principle - understanding that letters map into sound alphabetic language - language where letters are symbols for sound analytic - words from whole to parts synthetic - parts to whole words anaphora - pronouns or articles use to refer to something already mentioned appositive - a noun or noun phrase placed after a noun to describe it more fully decoding - reading; to break the phonic code, to determine pronunciation by noting the position of vowels and consonants encoding - spelling; to determine the code of a particular sound orthography - refers to letter pattern in written words Top-Down Theory Correct Answer Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith psycholinguistic guessing game cognitive to sensory whole language "finger-point" reading

Bottom-Up Theory Correct Answer letter and word identification must become automatic in order for readers to be fluent Orton-Gillingham programs - multi-sensory programs Interactive Theory Correct Answer component processes occur at the same time in parallel Rumelhart and Seidenberg's Connectionist Theory Correct Answer involves two-way connection between context and meaning, and two way connections between orthography and phonology (interactive theory) Farnham-Diggory Model Correct Answer meaning based and code-based strategies are taught together; first order skill are enciphering and deciphering; second order skills are comprehension/composition; 1st and 2nd order skills are taught together. (interactive theory) Stanovich's Interactive-Compensatory Model Correct Answer trade-off of sub processes; readers with poor word recognition are more reliant on context than good readers; sill of read as a developing process Gough's Simple View of Reading Correct Answer two abilities required for reading/comprehension

1. ability to look at print and decode it into spoken language (decoding) - accuracy, fluency
2. ability to understand spoken language (listening comp)/general language comprehension skills Chall's Six Stages Correct Answer 1. Stage 0 - prereading state Age 0- 6 *language awareness *ability to name letters *read some popular signs

*understand relationship between pictures and print *able to alliterate and rhyme

2. Decoding - age 6- 7 *grasp alphabetic principle *letter-sound relationship *decoding
3. Confirmation - K-2 age 7- 9 *gain fluency - if not, student will remain "glued to the print"
4. Reading to learn 3rd - 8th age 9- 14 *reading to get new information
5. Multiple Viewpoints Age 14- 18 *critical analysis
6. Constructive - Age 18-adulthood *construct your own knowledge from others Ehri Contributions Correct Answer 1. letters are connected with phonemes
7. units of letters are connected with parts of spoken speech
8. printed word is connected to its meaning - cipher sight reading (words are recognized quickly through cipher strategy) Firth's contributions Correct Answer 1. alphabetic spelling precedes alphabetic reading
9. dyslexics begin to fall behind in "alphabetic phase" Ehri's Four Phases of Reading Strategy Development Correct Answer AKA Phases of word learning
10. The Logographic phase - visual cue phase; recognize signs and symbols
11. The Phonetic-Cue Phase (Early Alphabetic) - recall similar letters in words
12. The Cipher or Alphabetic Phase (Mature Alphabetic) - early sight word meaning, phoneme-grapheme correspondence, left to right sound out letters, complete phoneme awareness, alphabetic principle, accuracy

4. The Orthographic Phase - reading fluency by sound, syllable morphemes; whole words; spelling patterns, onset-rime use in spelling Levine's Developmental Stages of Learning Handwriting Correct Answer 1. Imitation - mimicking of actual writing, motor problems may indicate at risk, hand preference not fully established
5. Graphic presentations - directionality and laterality, reliance on proprioception (subconscious perception of movement and spatial orientation)
6. Progressive incorporation - aesthetic production, cursive writing
7. Automatization - increased writing rate and efficiency, grammar usage, etc
8. Elaboration - writing to establish viewpoint
9. Personalization-Diversification - individual style and talent Moats Sound/Symbol Building Block Correct Answer lowest to highest:
10. phoneme and sound patterns
11. grapheme units and sequence
12. inflectional morphemes
13. syllable spelling
14. derivational spelling phonological processing terms Correct Answer 1. phonological memory - refers to coding instruction phonologically for temporary storage in working or short-term memory
15. phonological awareness - refers to one's awareness and access of sounds; phoneme deletion, segmentation, blending, odd man out strategies
16. rapid naming speed - requires efficient retrieval of phonological information from long-term memory Liberman developmental hierarchy Correct Answer 1. words in sentence

2. syllables in words
3. phonemes in single words Stanovich's Mathew Effect Correct Answer failure to learn to decode words because of poor phonological processing cause subsequent deficits in reading comprehension, vocabulary development, and even IQ; phonological core deficit leads to other problems. auditory discrimination Correct Answer listening for the position of a sound in a word 6 syllable types Correct Answer 1. open accented
4. closed
5. vowel - consonant - e
6. vowel - controlled r
7. vowel pair (vowel team, vowel pair, digraphs, diphthongs)
8. final stable syllable suprasegmental Correct Answer the singular musical quality of language, including intonation, expression, accent, pitch, juncture, and rhythm syllable division patterns Correct Answer VCCV VCV VCCCV VV morphology Correct Answer study of how morphemes are combined to form words morpheme Correct Answer smallest unit of meaning in a language; base words, roots, and affixes Anglo Saxon origin Correct Answer oldest English words

ofte one syllable words of common day things has digraphs, diphthongs, and silent letters French origin Correct Answer words of food, social justice, enlightenment ou - coupon

• ge - garage
• ette - baguette
• que - boutique
• ent - magnificent Latin origin Correct Answer romance/flowery prefix, root, suffix construction dict, vis endings us, um, ae, i, a no vowel pair, and no th greek origin Correct Answer ph = (f) ch = (k) Greek Y morphemes or "combining forms" used for scientific, philosophical, and mathematical terms hydro, morph, school Hindu origin Correct Answer "oo" like shampoo National Reading Panel - 7 Categories of "Comprehension Instruction" Correct Answer 1. Comprehension monitoring

2. Cooperative learning
3. Graphic and semantic organizers
4. Question answering
5. Question generation
6. Story Structure
7. Summarization

Oral to Written language Correct Answer Hearing - > Talking - > Reading - > Writing specific agraphia Correct Answer acquired disorder in which ability to form letter shapes, letter sequences, and motor patterns is impaired Fernald method Correct Answer tracing and naming as you go Causes of dysgraphia Correct Answer 1. graphomotor- coordination of muscle groups involved in writing

2. graphomotor dysfunction - motor memory dysfunction; difficulty integrating motor output with memory input
3. graphomotor production deficit - motor problem; larger muscles of the wrist and forearm are sued during letter formation because of poor control of smaller hand/finger control
4. finger agnosia - motor feedback problem; fingers do not report location back to brain metacognitive strategies Correct Answer strategies that students may use to think about what they are reading and the factors that influence their thinking informal test Correct Answer a test that is structured but not standardized; may accept prompting formal test Correct Answer standardized test using a selected representative sample for whom test was created; manual with strict administration and scoring procedures norm-referenced test Correct Answer permit comparison among people; standardized/formal criterion-referenced test Correct Answer produce description of one students knowledge within the domain represented in the

test; show knowledge attained, and knowledge needed to be acquired curriculum-referenced test Correct Answer a variation of a criterion-referenced test; questions taken from material taught in the classroom Reading First Initiative Correct Answer Components of Reading Instruction

1. Phonemic Awareness
2. Phonics
3. Vocabulary Development
4. Reading fluency/oral reading skills
5. Reading comprehension strategies CTOPP Correct Answer Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing tests phonological processing, phonological memory, rapid naming Picture Peabody Vocabulary test Correct Answer receptive language and vocabulary Formative data collection Correct Answer applies to short term instructional goals and yields information about a child's progress acquiring specific knowledge summative data collection Correct Answer applies to long-term comprehensive teaching goals and yields information about the integration and accumulation of knowledge; usually norm- referenced tests

synthetic instruction Correct Answer presents part of the language and then teaches how the parts work together to form a whole (spelling, reading decks) analytical instruction Correct Answer presents the whole and teaches how to break it down into its component parts (syllable division) alphabetic phonics Correct Answer *evolved from Orton Gillingham *TSRH founders Gillingham, Waites, Childs, Cox *VAKT instruction *spelling deck, reading deck The Association Method Correct Answer *refine oral and written language *Northhampton symbol system for teaching sound symbol relationships *cursive writing *precise articulation *color differentiation used to differentiate phonemes within words The Herman Method Correct Answer *starts at the point of students' deficit *expands skill levels vertically and horizontally as in an inverted pyramid Lindamood-Bell Correct Answer *mouth pictures in Take Flight *LiPS program *teach phonemic awareness through keen understanding of mouth actions during speech *color tiles for spelling *classify and identify speech sounds by articulation

Montessori and Sequential English Education Approach Correct Answer *the SEE program *uses a "memory board" textured surface of masonite board for VAKT instruction Orton-Gillingham Correct Answer *emphasizes association of how a letter looks, feels, and sounds *common rules of English language *syllable patterns *common prefixes and suffixes affix Correct Answer prefix or suffix added to a base word. ex. unhelpful active learning Correct Answer learning in which the learner mentally searches for connections between new and already known information allophone Correct Answer a variation of a speech sound (/t/ in top, stop, spits, swift) analytic Correct Answer pertaining to instruction or a process that separates WHOLE into its PARTS. Analytic phonics separates a whole word into its parts so students can deduce the phonics relationships of the separate orthographic patterns angular gyrus Correct Answer an area of the brain for visual- verbal associations anomaly Correct Answer irregularity; deviation from the common notion of fitness or order ARD Correct Answer advanced reading deck; shows only the letter

auditory discrimination Correct Answer Necessary to "break the code" for reading. It involves being able to perceive the differences between speech sounds and to sequence these sounds into meaningful words.