Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development and Piaget's Four Stages of Development, Exams of Economics

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Family and Consumer Science Composite

Erik Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development -

• Trust vs Mistrust: Birth to 18 months (Infancy) - Feeding - Hope
• Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt: 18 months to 3 years (Early Childhood) - Toilet Training - Will
• Initiative vs Guilt: 3 to 5 years (Preschool) - Exploration - Purpose
• Industry vs Inferiority: 6 to 11 years (School Age) - School - Competence
• Identity vs Role Confusion: 12 to 18 years (Adolescence) - Social Relationships - Fidelity
• Intimacy vs Isolation: 19 to 40 years (Young Adulthood) - Relationships - Love -Generativity vs Stagnation: 40 to 65 years (Middle Adulthood) - Work and Parenthood - Care
• Ego Integrity vs Despair: 65 to death (Maturity) - Reflection on Life - Wisdom Trust vs Mistrust (Infants 0 to 1-1/2) - Erikson's First Stage - Theory of Psychosocial Development - Infants forms first trusting relationships with caregivers. Physical needs fulfilled by caregivers. Success in this stage leads to the virtue of HOPE. Warmth, affection, and consistency of care lead to a positive, secure attachment with a primary caregiver. Inadequate care results in fear and mistrust. Since the relationship is the prototype for all others, those with a primarily negative resolution to this stage may struggle with forming close relationships for the rest of their lives. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler: 1-1/2 to 3) - Erikson's Second Stage - Theory of Psychosocial Development - The toddler begins to push for independence. Success in this stage leads to a virtue of WILL. If permitted and encouraged to do things for him/herself, a sense of independence or freedom develops.

If criticized, overly controlled, or not given the opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive, and may then become overly dependent upon others, lack self-esteem, and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their abilities. The child is developing physically and becoming more mobile, and discovering that he or she has many skills and abilities, such as putting on clothes and shoes, playing with toys, etc. Such skills illustrate the child's growing sense of independence and autonomy. Initiative vs. Guilt (Pre-Schooler: 3 to 5) - Erickson's Third Stage - Theory of Psychosocial Development - In this stage children assert themselves more frequently through directing play and other social interaction. These are particularly lively, rapid-developing years in a child's life. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of PURPOSE. Central to this stage is play, as it provides children with the opportunity to explore their interpersonal skills through initiating activities. Children begin to plan activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others. If given this opportunity, children develop a sense of initiative and feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions. Conversely, if this tendency is squelched, either through criticism or control, children develop a sense of guilt. The child will often overstep the mark in his forcefulness, and the danger is that the parents will tend to punish the child and restrict his initiatives too much. Thirst for knowledge grows and child begins to ask lots of questions. If the child's questions are treated as trivial, a nuisance or embarrassing or other aspects of their behavior as threatening then the child may have feelings of guilt for "being a nuisance". Too much guilt can make a child slow to interact with others an may inhibit creativity. Some guilt is necessary or the child would not know how to exercise self control. Industry vs. Inferiority (Elementary School-Aged Children: 5 to 12) - Erikson's Fourth Stage - Theory of Psychosocial Development - At this stage that the child's peer group will gain greater significance and will become a major source of the child's self-esteem. Success at this stage will lead to a virtue of COMPETENCE. The child now feels the need to win approval by demonstrating specific competencies that are valued by society and begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments. If children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, they begin to feel industrious (competent) and feel confident in their ability to achieve goals.

If this initiative is not encouraged, if it is restricted by parents or teacher, then the child begins to feel inferior, doubting his own abilities and therefore may not reach his or her potential. Some failure may be necessary so that the child can develop some modesty. A balance between competence and modesty is necessary. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence: 12 to 18) - Erikson's Fifth Stage - Theory of Psychosocial Development - During this time, the transition from childhood to adulthood is most important. Children are becoming more independent, and begin to look at the future in terms of career, relationships, families, housing, etc. The individual wants to belong to a society and fit in. Success in this stage will lead to a virtue of FIDELITY. This is a major stage of development where the child has to learn the roles he will occupy as an adult. It is during this stage that the adolescent will re-examine his identity and try to find out exactly who he or she is. Erikson suggests that two identities are involved: the sexual and the occupational. Fidelity involves being able to commit oneself to others on the basis of accepting others, even when there may be ideological differences. They explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity based upon the outcome of their explorations. Failure to establish a sense of identity within society ("I don't know what I want to be when I grow up") can lead to role confusion. Role confusion involves the individual not being sure about themselves or their place in society. In response to role confusion or identity crisis, an adolescent may begin to experiment with different lifestyles (e.g., work, education, or political activities). Also, pressuring someone into an identity can result in rebellion in the form of establishing a negative identity, and in addition to this feeling of unhappiness. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early Adulthood: 18 to 40) - Erikson's Sixth Stage - Theory of Psychosocial Development - During this stage, the major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success in this stage will lead to a virtue of LOVE. We begin to share ourselves more intimately with others. We explore relationships leading toward longer-term commitments with someone other than a family member. Successful completion of this stage can result in happy relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship.

Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle-Aged Adult: 40 - 65) - Erikson's Seventh Stage - Theory of Psychosocial Development - Psychologically, generativity refers to "making your mark" on the world through creating or nurturing things that will outlast an individual. Success in this stage leads to a virtue of CARE. During this time there is a need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often having mentees or creating positive changes that will benefit other people. We give back to society through raising our children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations. Through generativity, we develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world. By failing to find a way to contribute, we become stagnant and feel unproductive. These individuals may feel disconnected or uninvolved with their community and with society as a whole. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Older Adult: 65 +) - Erikson's Eighth/Final Stage - Theory of Psychosocial Development - During this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and can develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life. Success in this stage leads to a virtue of WISDOM. We tend to slow down our productivity and explore life as a retired person. If we see our lives as unproductive, feel guilt about our past, or feel that we did not accomplish our life goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to depression and hopelessness. Wisdom enables a person to look back on their life with a sense of closure and completeness, and also accept death without fear. Wise people are not characterized by a continuous state of ego integrity, but they experience both ego integrity and despair. Thus, late-life is characterized by both integrity and despair as alternating states that need to be balanced. Self-esteem is dependent on four factors: -

• Uniqueness

• Connection
• Power

• Control

• The reaction of others: Are we accepted or rejected by others.
• Comparison with others: How do we compare ourselves to our peers?
• Social roles: How much prestige is attributed to our social position or job?
• Identification: What roles do we play? What groups do we belong to? What is the origin of family and consumer sciences? -
  • Domestic economy for girls. Jean Piaget -
  • Associated with creating the four stages of development.
• First theorist in human development to introduce the concept of stages of cognitive development.
• Three basic components:
  • Schemas: building blocks of knowledge
  • Adaptation processes: equilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation
  • The four stages of development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
• His stages of development describe intellectual development from infancy to adulthood. Sensorimotor Stage of Development First Stage - Jean Piaget's Four Stages of Development - Birth to ages 18 to 24 months Preoperational Stage of Development Second Stage - Jean Piaget's Four Stages of Development - 18 to 24 months to age 7 Concrete Operational Third Stage - Jean Piaget's Four Stages of Development - 7 to 12 years old Formal Operational Fourth Stage - Jean Piaget's Four Stages of Development - Adolescence through Adulthood Career Paths in Family and Consumer Sciences -
  • Apparel and Textile Design
• Textile Merchandising
• Dietetics

• Education
• Food and Nutrition Sciences
• Human Development and Family Science
• Hospitality
• Interior Design
• Nutrition and Fitness
• Communications
• Consumer Economics and Financial Planning
• Food and Nutritional Sciences
• Product Development
• Nutrition/Fitness Counseling
• Food Science Technology
• Food Production and Processing
• Food Service Coordination
• Food Editor for Publications
• Consumer Relations
• Food Quality Control
• Food Research
• Food Marketing
• Food Education Most careers in the family and consumer resource management field require: - 4-year college degree Continuous rise of an investment indicates: - A potential scam It is recommended that clothing which is not worn for over what time period be placed in a garment bag: - 1 month A person discovers that someone has stolen money from an electronic transfer. How long does this person have to make a report? - 60 days Certified Financial Planners are certified by: - Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Organic Fibers -
  • Natural fibers grown according to national organic standards without the use of toxic and persistent pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, or genetic engineering.
• Cotton
• Wool
• Silk
• Linen (Flax)

• Hemp Inorganic Fiber -
  • Fibers made from inorganic materials and are classified into the following categories:
• Glass Fiber
• Amorphous Fiber (Rock Wool)
• Carbon Fiber (Cloth of Gold)
• Polycrystal Fiber (Alumina Fiber)
• Monocrystal Fiber (Wollastonite and Potassium Titanate Fiber) Vitamins and Minerals -
  • Promote growth and energy
• Help the body resist diseases
• Unit of measurement adopted for vitamins and minerals is based on regional and cultural food patterns Which method of thawing requires the most attention from the cook? - Cold Water Thawing - safe way to thaw food, but does not take as long as thawing in the refrigerator. However, when food is thawed in cold water, the food must be in a leak proof package, such as a plastic bag or zip bag. If cold water leaks into the meat package, not only can bacteria from the air contaminate the meat, but the cold water can be absorbed into the meat, causing the tissues to break down and cause it to become watery and mushy. Because of this, the cook must pay close attention to the package while it is thawing to ensure there is no contamination. CDC Epidemiology Group - The CDC is responsible for monitoring and investigating the spread and distribution of diseases and illnesses. As part of the CDC's epidemiology group, members work to determine and define foodborne illnesses, track transmission routes and methods and monitor overall outbreaks and epidemics. Members also work with other areas of the CDC to create safety goals and policies. How many techniques are used for proper food storage? - 3
• Dry Storage
• Refrigerated Storage
• Freezer Storage Correct temperature control must be used in order to keep food's nutrient content, control bacterial growth, and hold the food's quality. There are 3 techniques used for food storage. Shigellosis -

• Caused by contaminated water, raw produce, and uncooked foods, dairy products, meat
• Onset: 24 to 48 hours
• Symptoms: Abdominal cramps, fever, bloody or mucus-filled diarrhea
• Duration of Symptoms: up to 7 days Toxoplasma Gondii (T. gondii) -
• Parasite found in undercooked meat (especially lamb and pork), contaminated shellfish (oysters, clams, or mussels) untreated water, cat feces, unwashed produce, raw seafood, unpasteurized dairy
• Onset: 10 to 23 days after exposure
• Symptoms: Muscle pain, fever, and headache Serious complications for pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems
• Duration of Symptoms: Several weeks Food Contamination -
• Term used when food becomes spoiled/tainted due to either microorganisms or toxic substances.
• Two Categories:
• Microbial
• Environmental: heavy metals, chemical agents, and pesticides Parasites -
• Organisms that survive on or in a host and can gather nourishment without killing the host. Protozoa -
• Single cell microscopic organisms Entamoeba Histolytica -
• Transmitted by water that is contaminated
• Onset: 2 to 4 weeks
• Symptoms: Loose feces, stomach pain, and stomach cramping.
• Duration of Symptoms: Requires treatment with antibiotics Giardia Duodenales -
• Most common cause of foodborne and waterborne illnesses in people

• Onset: 1 to 3 weeks after exposure
• Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, gas, greasy stool that can float, dehydration
• Duration of Symptoms: 2 to 6 weeks - occasionally longer Categories of Food Contamination -
  • Two Categories
• Microbial: microorganisms
• Environmental: heavy metals, chemical agents, and pesticides
• Vegetables can be contaminated by not washing them or washing them with infected water.
• Meat/poultry can also become contaminated.
  • Usually through cross-contamination
  • Contamination can also occur through infected food handlers. Universal Design -
  • A concept that promotes designing furnishings, products, and buildings so that everyone can use them.
• Outgrowth of accessible design or barrier-free design.
• Buildings are designed to be accessible by anyone without the need for adapting for disabilities or special needs. -Any kind of garage is not a necessary element for universal design. Child Socialization -
  • Most important factor: Gender
• Parents raise boys and girls to assume different roles in society, although families vary in the extent to which they do so and in the degree to which they treat boys and girls differently. FCSEA -
  • Family and Consumer Sciences Educational Association
• Concerned with family and consumer sciences in schools and colleges
• Voluntary organization
• Comprised of educators, individuals interested in the area of study, and those associated with it
• Works to help individuals understand both family and community life
• Works to broaden curriculum based on family and consumer sciences Sociopersonal -
  • Attributes and behaviors shared by the poor.
• Two most influential sociopersonal causes of family poverty
  • Divorce
  • Single Motherhood
• Non-marital births also cause women to fall into poverty

Personal and General Consumer Finanaces - PRIMARY PURPOSE:

• Prepares students for responsible citizenship
• Help them understand consumer trends and decisions which will affect their lives
• Helps them learn how to control their own finances for the best results
• Lets them see how their actions can affect the general financial status Intense Fear in Pregnancy -
  • Manifests itself in symptoms such as nightmares, heart palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, a racing pulse, and difficulty concentrating
• It is important to trace the anxiety source, consider therapy, and learn relaxation skills Sibling Relationships -
  • As children reach adulthood, the sibling relationship in industrialized societies, particularly those of Western cultures, becomes DISCRETIONARY.
• Meaning, continuing the relationship is a matter of choice and is secondary to the spousal and parent/child relationships. M. Lewis - Theory of the Development of Self-Concept -
  • Awareness of the existential self begins as early as TWO to THREE MONTHS old and arises in part due to the relation the child has with the world.
  • Example: The child smiles and someone smiles back, or the child touches a mobile and sees it move
• Suggests the development of self has two aspects
  • The Existential Self: The most basic part of the self-scheme or self-concept. The sense of being separate from others and the awareness of the constancy of the self
  • The Categorical Self: Now knowing that he or she exists as a separate experiencing being, the child next becomes aware that he or she is also an object in the world. Just as other objects have properties that can be experienced (big, small, red, smooth, and so on) so the child is becoming aware of himself or herself as an object which can be experienced and which has properties.
  • The self too can be put into categories such as age, gender, size, or skill. Two of the first categories to be applied are age ("I am 3") and gender ("I am a girl").
  • In early childhood, categories are very concrete (hair color, height, favorite things). Later self- description also begins to include a reference to internal psychological traits, comparative evaluations, and to how others see them. Children Living in Step-Families -
  • On average, the adjustment of children in step-families does not differ significantly from children in first-marriage families.

• Remarriage of the residential parent with the step-parent amends the negative outcomes of divorce.
• A parent's remarriage decreases incidences of depression for both stepsons and stepdaughters
• Positive stepparent-stepchild relationships result in lower incidences of aggression rates for step-children Polyester -
  • Wash in warm water to prevent creasing and fading of colors
• Wash in hot water, over 120 degrees, to get out severe stains like a ring around the collar
• Strong fiber that should be washed in warm water
• Coldwater will increase the risk of creasing.
• Has few wrinkles and does not need to be ironed regularly Wool -
  • Wool (along with Nylon) score highest for fabric resiliency
• Lay flat to dry
• Wool coats should be cleaned TWICE a year
• Wool clothing, especially coats, should be hung on a sturdy hanger that distributed the item evenly.
• Wool items, especially coats, need to be hung in a spacious and open air space, such as an empty closet or open coat rack.
• The material will stay crisp and shapely when it is allowed to breathe and have air flow.
• If the item is packed into a tight-fitting closet or stored in a box, the material will fade and will not fit properly over time.
• Wool, nylon, and spandex have high elastic recovery Silk -
  • Silk fabrics can be damaged by light, so it is best to store them in a dry, dark place, such as a closet or drawer.
• Silk needs to breathe at all times, so it should not be stored in any airtight containers, such as plastic bags or tote boxes.
• Curls away from a flame and will burn slowly

• Silk and wool may self-extinguish Campylobacteriosis Food Poisoning -
  • Onset: 2 to 5 days after ingestion
• Symptoms: Diarrhea, cramps, fever, and vomiting
• Duration of Symptoms: 2 to 10 days
• Caused by eating raw or undercooked poultry or eating something that touched it. Can be transmitted by other foods such as meat, and produce; by contact with animals; and by drinking untreated water Omega 3 Fatty Acids -
  • Fat is an essential nutrient
• Omega 3 fatty acids are important for the body and is a healthy fat.
• Three types of these omega acids
  • EPA
  • DHA
  • ALA
• Used to lower inflammation and help with development and growth
• Fish choices high in Omega 3 Fatty Acids:
  • Tuna
  • Mackerel
  • Salmon
  • Trout
  • Sardines Freezer Storage -
  • Units must be kept at 0 Degrees Fahrenheit or below
• Correct temperature control must be used in order to keep food's nutrient content, control bacterial growth, and hold the food's quality Protein -
  • Key nutrient that helps build cells and tissues in the body
• As we age, these tissues will break down and become damaged.
• Aging adults should include more lean proteins in their diet to help boost cell growth and repair these tissues.

• Protein is part of antibodies, hormones, and enzymes. Iron -
  • Richest source of iron is found in APRICOTS Cream of Tomato Soup -
  • Best procedure when preparing is to add heated tomatoes to hot cream soup base
• Then the mixture can be blended using a hand mixer designed for mixing hot ingredients or they can be processed in a blender in batches. Bacteria Growth -
  • Most rapid growth occurs between 40 and 140 degrees Fahrenheit.
• At room temperature, between 60 to 80 degrees, bacteria can double their numbers every half- hour.
• Refrigerators should be set below 40 degrees
• It is very important to store food at the proper temperatures, cook it at the proper temperature and keep the kitchen area clean. Meat and Protein, Carbohydrate Intake - Pregnancy -
  • 2 to 3 serving of meat and proteins a day
• Meats and foods high in protein are great sources of iron.
• For pregnant women, iron is not only important for sustaining energy and blood flow, but it also ensures that oxygen is carried throughout the body and to baby.
• 6 servings of carbohydrates are recommended per day to help sustain energy and provide fuel for the baby Customer Service -
  • Never make the customer feel put off, or that their request is not being prioritized.
• Do not simply fill out the form and move them on.
• Always listen to the customer's issues and acknowledge that they are having problems.
• Apologize for the inconvenience and assure them that you will take care of them as promptly as possible.
• Adjust the situation or negotiate a deal with the customer. Carl Jung -

• Theorized four opposites that make up our personalities.
• Extraversion vs. Introversion: focuses on personal energy.
• Sensing vs. Intuition: focuses on the validity of the information.
• Thinking vs. Feeling: deals with how a person processes information.
• Judging vs. Perceiving: focuses on how a person uses information. Maintenance and Management (Family Role) -
• Providing Leadership
• Making Decisions
• Handling Family Finances
• Maintaining Appropriate Family Roles
• Disciplining Children
• Enforcing Behavioral Standards JFCSE -
• Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences Education
• Accepts research paper submissions from all educators and professionals in family and consumers sciences
• Associated with the National Association of Teacher Educators for Family and Consumer Sciences Peer Play -
• Allows children to interact with each other
• Improves prosocial skills and development
• Children who are not accepted by their peers are likely to experience difficulty with prosocial skills such as: sharing, caring, cooperation, and comforting Social-Emotional Development -
• Several core features sucha as developing empathy for others
• Concentrates on regulation of emotions in a positive manner, not only self, but in others.
• Making friends and maintaining relationships
• DOES NOT INCLUDE: conflict avoidance or conflict management, or identifying negative people Authoritarian -

• Expectations for strict adherence to rules
• Use of attention-getting practices such as raising your voice.
• Expectation must be met and consequences taken when they are not
• Approachable and supportive, but expects individuals to stay within the accepted standards Temperamental Traits -
• Characteristics which consist of affective styles of behavior and emotional factors
• There are nine temperamental traits
• activity level
• distractibility
• intensity
• regularity
• sensory threshold
• approach/withdrawal
• adaptability
• persistence
• mood
• Variability in human behavior, which results directly or indirectly from a genetic difference.
• Dimensions of temperament are based on chemical, biological, experiential, interpersonal, and social factors; human beings relate in different ways to give them safe and simpler ways of adapting. Father's Involvement in Parenting -
• Improves the logic and ability of a child
• Requires the parent to demonstrate cognitive ability towards parenting
• Significant influence and impact in spurring the health, development, and well-being of a child Sociology -
• Helps us understand family as a dynamic system
• Roles of the father, mother, children, and breadwinners
• Understand interactions within family Study of Economics -
• Helps to understand the economic diversity among families Specialized Foster Family -
• Therapeutic or treatment foster care
• For children who are disabled, abused, emotionally disturbed or ill are placed in homes equipped to meet their special needs
• Foster families can also be transracial, long- or short-term, relative or adoptive Stable Presence of Parents in Child Growth -
• Child's development is founded in self-confidence, sound mental health, motivation to learn, and achievement in school

Progression (Interior Design) -

• Associated with increasing or decreasing an element's qualities.
• Example: a group of candles that go from smallest to largest Rhythm (Interior Design) -
• Associated with recurrence, continuity, and organized movement.
• Example: repetitive visual pattern. Interior Designer -
• looks at progression, contrast, repetition, and transition to create a rhythm design. Transition (Interior Design) -
• Transition uses a smooth flow to naturally guide the eye from one area to the next.
• Example: a winding path Contrast (Interior Design) -
• Contrast is associated with putting two elements in opposition to each other.
• Example: black and white pillows on a couch. RMBS -
• Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities
• Principal and interest payments from the mortgages generated a stream of income to support bonds issued by the security.
• The security is structured in the three broad segments called TRANCHES
• Each of the tranches supports separate bonds. Public Housing -
• Originally structured so that the federal government paid the costs of building the projects
• Tenants paid for the costs of operating them.
• Local housing authorities issued bonds to finance the costs of project development.
• Maintenance and other operating costs were covered by rental income
• System worked reasonably well into the 1960's. Whole Life Insurance -
• No limited time
• Savings features that are beneficial over time and acts as a savings account

Term Life Insurance - Universal Life Insurance - Variable Life Insurance - Warp Knit -

• lighter-weight and less resilient than filing knits (double-knits, jerseys, weft-insertion)
• Filling knits can be hand or machine-made
• Only machine-made
• Uniform in both directions Stains -
• Hot water should be avoided, as heat can set many stains
• Avoid rubbing the stain with soap
• Use a clean white towel to blot up excess residue
• Pre-treat the stain
• Wash separately when necessary to avoid soiling other items Vibrio Vulnificus -
• Free living ocean bacteria that contaminates seafood Leftover Refrigerated Food -
• Consume within FOUR days
• Food left out at room temperature should be discarded after 2 hours Registered Dietitian -
• Internships last 6 months to 1 year
• Must complete continuing education requirement to keep license.
• Additional certifications in specialized areas may be required for specialized work V. Parahaemolyticus -
• Foodborne illness caused by the vibrio parahaemolyticus organism

• Caused by eating raw or undercooked shellfish; or by exposing an open wound to saltwater or brackish water
• Onset: 4 to 96 hours after ingestion
• Symptoms: watery and bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and fever
• Duration of Symptoms: 1 to 7 days Eggs -
  • Blood spots are not harmful
• The color of the shell has nothing to do with the grade
• Food Grade C is greater than Grade A
• It is illegal to sell ungraded eggs in New York
• Egg Yolks are high in Vitamin D Boiling Green Vegetables -
  • Remove the cover at the beginning of the cooking process to allow steam to escape
• This method of cooking results in the most vitamin loss RDA -
  • Recommended Dietary Allowance
• Based on Age and Gender Infant Formula Feeding -
  • No significant difference to feeding premature infants formula warmed to body temperature versus those given directly from the refrigerator Problem Solving Skills -
  • Brainstorming skills
• Cause and effect analysis
• Flowcharting, root cause analysis
• DELEGATION is not a problem solving skill, but is a MANAGERIAL SKILL FCCLA -
  • Work with students in their development into successful adulthood.
• Focuses on students through the 12th grade.

• Development of skills such as career preparation, critical thinking, communication, and other practical knowledge skills
• Cultivates the management skills that employers look for, in the student members that they mentor.
• FINANCIAL SECURITY or INDEPENDENCE is NOT one of the main focus points of this organization. Good Management Skills -
  • Focus on three areas
• leading in one's self
• leading in others
• leading the business Leading in the community is NOT one of the major topics and is not a priority to employers Body Language -
  • Ear pulling, and eye rubbing are not considered subliminal messages in the interview environment.
• Slouching in the chair says defiance as does hands in the pockets.
• Touching the nose, the back of the neck, and pulling the collar indicate withholding information.
• Picking at lint shows anxiousness or OCD tendencies.
• Try to consciously avoid all of these gestures during the interview. Smith-Lever Act of 1914 -
  • Established the Cooperative Extension System
• Created the Agricultural Extension Services, including home economics
• Provided community educational programs in every county throughout the United States. Executive Functioning (Child Development) -
  • Begin in the preschool years, and allows us to perform many day to day tasks
• Include the management of time effectively, fully completing all of the steps of a process in completing a goal, and thinking before speaking and other types of self control.
• NOT FOCUSED on MEMORIZATION or PRESENTATION Biophilia -

The urge to affiliate with other forms of life, to enhance human development. Unsecured Credit -

• There are no assets involved
• Only the guarantee by the individual borrowing money that they will pay it back
• Line of credit from a bank or credit card Secured Credit -
• Credit that requires security (collateral) that secures payment of the loan
• Collateral can be taken if the credit is not repaid Fabric Weight -
• How much a fabric weighs for a given area or length of fabric.
• Relates to end-use and determines the fabric name
• light-weight
• heavy-weight
• bottom weight Linen -
• Holds the most water in a washing process
• Easy to overcrowd loads with linen clothing, ultimately throwing the machine off balance 20/10 Rule -
• States that a person must not exceed credit spending of more than 20% of their annual income after taxes are taken out. Industrial Sewing Machines -
• Created for factory use and with consistent materials
• NOT Versatile
• Are specific to the weight of the material and the task being performed Triad Color Scheme -
• Uses three colors that are EQUALLY spaced from each other on a color wheel'
• Ex: red, yellow, and blue
• Ex: green, violet, and orange
• Colors can often become muddled or dull with this scheme

• Important to use one color as a dominant and use the other two colors as some for of accent or highlight Asymmetrical Balance -
  • Most CASUAL form of balance
• Associated with achieving a balance by using dissimilar objects that have comparable eye attraction
• Suggests movement Styles of Balance -
  • Radial
• Symmetrical
• Asymmetrical Roth IRA -
  • Not tax deductible
• Traditional IRA's can be converted to Roth IRA's
• Earnings are not taxed
• No mandatory withdrawal Rule 72 -
  • Used to determine the amount of interest and/or time in an account to double the total amount of money EQUATION: 72 divided by the interest rate earned on savings *** 72/interest rate earned on savings *** Fabric Resiliency -
  • High
  • Wool
  • Nylon
• Poor
  • Flax (Linen)
  • Cotton
  • Rayon
  • Acetate Botulism -

• Caused by ingestion of the organism clostridium botulinum which attacks the body's nerves.
• Eating home-canned foods that have not been canned properly and baked potatoes in aluminum foil can cause this.
• Onset: 12 - 72 hours
• Symptoms: vomiting, diarrhea, blurred vision, double vision, difficulty swallowing, and muscle weakness
• Duration: Requires treatment - can be fatal Cooking Fish or Shellfish -
• Cook them for a short time
• Overcooking can cause them to become tough and rubbery Sugar -
• Irritates the digestive tract
• Can improve the average diet by reducing the irritation in the digestive tract Physical Contaminants (Food) -
• Can cause foods to become dangerous to eat or simply inedible
• Can become part of the food substance or mixture, but are considered an additive, so they do not change the food item itself.
• Ex: dirt particles, glass shavings, insects, or insect particles, and rodent droppings Small Intestine -
• Digested food is mainly absorbed in this area Staphylococcus Aureus -
• Bacteria found in cream-filled baked goods, potato salad, cream sauces, ham, eggs, and poultry.
• Onset: 1 to 6 hours
• Symptoms: severe vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramping Duration: Salmonella typhimurium -
• Second most common cause of foodborne illness

• Occurs in raw or undercooked meats, poultry, eggs, fish, unpasteurized milk and juice, and raw fruits and vegetables
• Onset: 6 hours to 6 days
• Symptoms: Diarrhea, fever, stomach cramps, vomiting
• Duration: Esherichia coli -
  • Found in fruit, vegetables, chicken, raw milk, and ground beef Onset: 1 to 10 days (typically 3 to 4) Symptoms: watery diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps Duration: 3 to 7 days Campylobacter jejuni -
  • Occurs primarily when raw poultry is mishandled and not cooked properly
• Onset:
• Symptoms: Duration: Acidity in the body -
  • Dried prunes increase this in the body
• due to the drying process Microbial Food Contaminants -
  • Detected when the growth of microorganisms occur in food
• Ex: bacteria and mold
• Cause the composition of the food to change and releases toxins
• The release of toxins renders the food unfit for consumption and induces illness in the human body ALA -
  • Found in plant oils Calcium Consumption - School Age Children (6 - 12) -
  • 2 to 3 servings per day

• Important source of protein and calcium for this age group
• Supports growth FCCLA Eight Purposes -
  1. To provide opportunities for personal development and preparation for adult life.

2. To strengthen the function of the family as the basic unit of society.
3. To encourage democracy through cooperative action in the home and family.
4. To encourage individual and group involvement in helping achieve global cooperation and harmony.
5. To institute greater understanding between youth and adults.
6. To provide opportunities for making decisions and for assuming responsibilities.
7. To prepare for the multiple roles of men and women in today's society.
8. To develop interest in family and consumer sciences, family and consumers science careers and related occupations. USDA Standardized Terms for Organic Production -
   • 100% Organic: contains 100% organic ingredients

• Organic: contains 95% organic ingredients
• Made with Organic: must contain at least 70% organic materials and may NOT use the USDA seal
• Some Organic Ingredients: contains less than 70% organic materials and may NOT use the USDA seal
• Land must be pesticide-free for at least 3 years Developmental Delay -
  • Used up through age 9 to prevent the possibility of mislabeling
• A noticeable lag in a specific aspect of development that is beyond average variations. Intellectual Disability -
  • Label can not be applied until the age of 10

• A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound Siblings of Large Families -
  • More affiliative
• More affectionate
• Good Leaders
• Less Prone to Depression
• Otherwise Healthier
• May be less individualistic and more cooperative
• Do not do as well at school, on average, as children from small families
• On average, do not advance as much professionally later on as do adults coming from smaller families Student-Centered Learning -
  • Engages the students on a personal level
• Creates dialogue Aptitude Test -
  • Norm-referenced test which is designed to measure an individual students ability to develop or acquire skills and knowledge. Lawrence Kohlberg - Six Stages of Moral Development -
  • First Stage: Pre-Conventional - children focus on obedience and punishment and obey so as not to be punished.
• Second Stage: Individualism and Change - Children behave to avoid punishment but also to seek a reward for good behavior.
• Third Stage: Mutual Interpersonal Conformity - children want to please the people who are important to them (parents and peers)
• Fourth Stage: Law and Order - students recognize the importance of the established order
• Fifth Stage: Social Contract - students begin to understand the importance of individual rights and social contracts