American History: Key Events and Concepts from the Late 19th to the Late 20th Century, Exams of Nursing

Download American History: Key Events and Concepts from the Late 19th to the Late 20th Century and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Robert Ezekiel HY 121-1E Final Exam Study Guide Trusts - correct answer ✔✔During the late 19th century, combinations of supposedly competing businesses under a single directorship were known as? The Haymarket Affair - correct answer ✔✔a violent clash in 1886 between union supporters and Chicago police that divided and weakened the labor movement Social Darwinism - correct answer ✔✔Belief developed based upon current biological science and sociology. This belief was used to justify wealthy inequality, was known as? Battle of Little Bighorn - correct answer ✔✔In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died The Dawes Act - correct answer ✔✔An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism. The Farmers Alliance - correct answer ✔✔The Populist movement of the late 19th century, sometimes called the People's Party, first emerged from a large agrarian citizen's movement, originally founded in Texas. What was the name of that original movement? William Jennings Bryan - correct answer ✔✔As the Populist movement began seeking political power and influence, it began attempting to form coalitions with various groups. The most successful was with the Democratic party in 1896. The coalition nominated a young congressman from Nebraska for President, who gave the highly influential "cross of gold" speech. What was this presidential nominee's name? The New South - correct answer ✔✔In the aftermath of Reconstruction the Southern economy rested on an agricultural system based on single crop farming, and a lack of industrialization. Several Southern advocates, most notable Atlanta's Henry Grady, argued for a more commercialized and industrial economic focus, along with a diversification of agricultural products. By what name was this economic concept known? Booker T. Washington - correct answer ✔✔In the face of tremendous pressure from both legal and extra- legal racism, African-Americans in the late 19th had to decide how best to defend their communities, as well as prosper economically. In the "Atlanta Compromise" speech of 1895, a major leader in the African- American community advocated a focus on internal economic improvement, racial uplift, educational expansion (especially vocational training), and a cessation of agitation for political equality. What was the name of this African-American community leader? Plessy v. Ferguson - correct answer ✔✔In 1896 the supreme court made a landmark decision that declared that racially segregated structures and facilities did not violate the constitution as long as they were "separate but equal." What was the name of this court case? Muckrakers - correct answer ✔✔As Americans began to focus more on life in the cities, a new type of social critic began to emerge. These critics, whose number included journalists, writers, photographers, and artists worked to expose societal problems they saw in American life. What term, which later came into widespread use, did Theodore Roosevelt negatively use to refer to them? Fordism - correct answer ✔✔At the beginning of the 20th century, many began linking the new industrial economy with the idea of a mass-consumption based society. Henry Ford, the head of the most effective automotive company in America, devised a system that linked mass-production, the assembly line, and higher wages for workers in order to make them consumers of the very products they manufactured. By what name is this system known as? Pragmatism - correct answer ✔✔One of the central ideas of Progressivism was that reform was possible as long as the correct knowledge was collected, and the will to act was possessed. This idea was influence heavily by a philosophy that emerged in the United States at the time, advocated by people such as John Dewey, that stated that institutions must be judged by their results, not on their adherence to tradition or dogma. This philosophy was known by what name? Hull House - correct answer ✔✔One of the most important centers for advocacy for social reform during the Progressive era were settlement houses. These social work charities sent workers, mostly women, directly into poverty stricken communities in order to help solve issues effecting them. Founded by Jane Addams in Chicago, what was the name of the most famous settlement house? influence the Agricultural sector of the economy. One piece of legislation attempted to raise food prices by paying farmers to either not grow food, or to destroy their crops after growing, despite a large amount of starvation in the nation. What was the name of this legislation? The Welfare State - correct answer ✔✔The centerpiece of the 2nd New Deal was the passage of the Social Security Act of 1935. This act revolutionized how the government interacted with the populace by creating a series of "social safety nets" and social insurance programs to support citizens in times of need. By what term, first used to describe such systems in Europe, is this system sometimes known? The "Court Packing" Scheme - correct answer ✔✔After witnessing the Supreme Court's rulings against programs during the 1st New Deal, and riding high due to his success in the midterm elections, FDR decided to attempt to neutralize the Supreme Court as a source of resistance to his programs through a high controversial attempt to add many more Justices to the Court. In the end, this scheme proved unnecessary, but it still acts as a black eye on the reputation of FDR's time in office. By what name did this scheme come to be known? The Four Freedoms - correct answer ✔✔In his 1941 inauguration address, President Roosevelt presented what he viewed as the nations war goals if it became involved in the Second World War. These goals included freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from fear, and freedom from want. By what name were these goals known as? The Good Neighbor Policy - correct answer ✔✔During his presidency, FDR changed US foreign policy in relation to Latin America. This shift involved the repudiation of the US right to intervene militarily in the internal politics of Latin American nations, and included allowing Cuba to repeal the Platt Amendment. What was this shift in policy known as? The Lend-Lease Act - correct answer ✔✔Originally, the United States placed strict limitations on how it could sell weapons to the Allied nations during the war. As the war continued, nations could no longer afford arms under these limitations. In order to guarantee that America could continue to sell these nations arms, FDR pushed congress to pass a new act that removed these limitations and allowed the US to sell weapons to any nation as long as they provided some form of payment after the war. What was the name of this act? The Double V - correct answer ✔✔Unlike mainstream American society, the African-American community expressed their wanted goals in World War Two not simply as a victory over a foreign tyranny, but also as a victory over internal oppression and bigotry. What was the name of this concept, which involved victory over both these forces? The Long Telegram - correct answer ✔✔As the USSR appeared to have violated promises given during Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam conferences in the aftermath of World War 2, American diplomat George Kennan advised President Truman that he could not treat the USSR as a normal government, and that the US was the only nation that could prevent them from trying to expand their power globally. By what name has Kennan's message to Truman become known as? The Marshall plan - correct answer ✔✔Seeking to rebuild a damaged western Europe, and hoping to prevent a rise in communist power there, the American Chief of Staff, George Marshall, advocated for a massive plan of economic investment in Europe by the United States. This policy, known as one of the most successful foreign aid programs ever, was known as what? The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - correct answer ✔✔In response to the Berlin blockade, and the testing of the Soviet's first atomic weapon, the United States established a massive military alliance with many nations in both North America and Western Europe. This alliance, the first long-term military alliance the US had entered into since the American Revolution, was known as what? The Korean War - correct answer ✔✔The first major test toward the US's containment policy involved a military conflict in east Asia. Due to the USSR boycotting the United Nations at the time, the US was able to organize an international military intervention in this conflict, with the end result being the maintaining of the status quo of a nation divided along the 38th Parallel. What was the name of this conflict? The Great Society - correct answer ✔✔Lyndon Johnson's Presidency became synonymous with the war in Vietnam. However, he had hoped to focus most of his attention on domestic policy, where he championed a policy of government social programs more extensive than even the New Deal. What was the collective name of Johnson's social program policies? The War on Poverty - correct answer ✔✔The centerpiece of Johnson's social programs was a crusade to eliminate poverty in America. Spurred on by the publishing of The Other America, many Americans were open to the idea that it was the government's responsibility to assist those at the bottom economically. Johnson's policies stressed job training, and increasing spirit and motivation over direct aid. What was this crusade known as? The New Left - correct answer ✔✔The 1960s saw a new political locus arise, one base in young people, especially college students from affluent backgrounds. This group, radical in nature, defined itself in opposition to not only conservatism but also what it called the "Old Left." What was the name this political movement gave itself? The Port Huron Statement - correct answer ✔✔One of the major early forces in the radical politics of the 1960s was the Students for a Democratic Society. The SDS pioneered the influential concept of "participatory democracy," an ideal that was extremely popular among young activists during the decade. The SDS presented this idea in a manifesto written at a meeting of sixty of their number in Michigan. What was the name of the manifesto? The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - correct answer ✔✔President Johnson was initially unconvinced that America should continue to intervene in the Vietnam conflict, until political realities forced him to fully commit. A controversial incident in the Gulf of Tonkin involving US naval vessels and North Vietnamese boats was utilize to convince congress to support a "blank check" for Johnson in how he dealt with Vietnam. What was the name of the congressional statement that granted this "blank check?" Levittown - correct answer ✔✔In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII. Baby Boom - correct answer ✔✔A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility. Massive Retaliation - correct answer ✔✔The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy. The Beats - correct answer ✔✔The Beat Generation was a literary movement started by a group of authors whose work explored and influenced American culture and politics in the post-war era. The bulk of their work was published and popularized throughout the 1950s. Brown v. Board of Education - correct answer ✔✔1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated. reverse discrimination - correct answer ✔✔using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people Title IX - correct answer ✔✔A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." Detente - correct answer ✔✔A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks - correct answer ✔✔series of meetings in the 70s, in which leaders of the US and the Soviet Union agreed to limit their nations' stocks of nuclear weapons My Lai Massacre - correct answer ✔✔1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war. Pentagon Papers - correct answer ✔✔A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War. War Powers Act - correct answer ✔✔Act that grants emergency executive powers to president to run war effort Vietnam Syndrome - correct answer ✔✔reluctance to use military force abroad because of the psychological trauma caused by different aspects of the Vietnam War Watergate - correct answer ✔✔The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment. Oil Embargo of 1973 - correct answer ✔✔The 1967 Oil Embargo began on June 6, 1967, one day after the beginning of the Six-Day War, with a joint Arab decision to deter any countries from supporting Israel militarily. Several Middle Eastern countries eventually limited their oil shipments, some embargoing only the United States and the United Kingdom, while others placed a total ban on oil exports Stagflation - correct answer ✔✔a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation) Deindustrialization - correct answer ✔✔process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment Sunbelt - correct answer ✔✔states in the south and southwest that have a warm climate and tend to be politically conservative Helsinki Accords - correct answer ✔✔Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland in 1975 by the Soviet Union and western European countries. Deregulation - correct answer ✔✔The lifting of government restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities. Three Mile Island - correct answer ✔✔1979 - A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius. Camp David Accords - correct answer ✔✔(1978) were negotiated at the presidential retreat of Camp David by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981. Neoconservatives - correct answer ✔✔A group that championed free-market capitalism liberated from government restraints, anti-soviet positions in foreign policy, questioned liberal welfare programs, and called for the reassertion of traditional values of individualism and the centrality of the family Reagan Revolution - correct answer ✔✔the policies of the first reagan administration which increased defense spending reduced social programs and cut taxes they were based on supply side theory of growing the economy by cutting government interference and taxes