American Red Cross Lifeguard Training: Exercises and Questions, Exams of Medicine

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American Red Cross Lifeguard, Red

Cross Lifeguarding Test

types of drowning victims - ANS distressed, active, passive distressed swimmer characteristics - ANS -head above water, at the surface of the water -able to call for help -breathing -able to wave for help -horizontal, vertical or diagonal, depending on what they use to support themselves -floating, sculling or treading water compact jump entry - ANS enter water from the deck or an elevated height. If it is an elevated height (above 3 ft from the water) the water must be at least 5 ft deep. AVPU - ANS Alert, Verbal, Painful, Unresponsive giving ventilation: if the victim is not breathing but has a pulse... - ANS adult: give 1 ventilation about ever 5-6 seconds child or infant: give 1 ventilation about every 3 seconds recheck breathing and pulse about ever 2 min. if victim is unresponsive and no breathing but has a pulse, continue giving ventilations. if victim is unresponsive and no breathing or pulse, begin CPR.

standard of care - ANS Communication to help prevent injuries, victim recognition, rescue attempts, and emergency care according to level of training. Negligence - ANS failed to follow the standard of care or failed to act at all Confidentiality - ANS the act of holding information in confidence, not to be released to unauthorized individuals documentation - ANS documenting injuries and incidents implied consent - ANS Type of consent in which a patient who is unable to give consent is given treatment under the legal assumption that he or she would want treatment. refusal of care - ANS the declining of care by a competent person; a person has the right to refuse the care of anyone who responds to an emergency scene RID - ANS Recognition, Intrusion, Distraction CPR Should be performed on a victim who is... - ANS In Cardiac Arrest. An unconscious victim with an obstructed airway has similar steps but the process is not called CPR C.A.B. What does it stand for and when is it used? - ANS Circulation, Airway, Breathing. Chest compressions (30). Airway (open). Breaths (2) Used for CPR Rate of chest compressions during CPR? - ANS 100 BPM (Roughly the tempo of the song "Staying Alive" by the BeeGees. Ironically, it is also the tempo of "Another One Bites The Dust" by Queen.

You are performing CPR when a second lifeguard arrives. What is most appropriate for the second lifeguard to do first? - ANS Check to see whether EMS personell have been called. After an AED says "No Shock Advised," it is best to... - ANS Perform CPR for about 2 minutes. Adult chest compressions, how do you position your hands? - ANS Heel of one hand on the center of the chest with the other hand on top. As the only lifeguard performing CPR on an 7-year old, you would perform cycles of... - ANS 30 chest compressions and 2 ventilations. The cycle of chest compressions and ventilations in two-rescuer CPR for an infant is... - ANS 15 chest compressions and 2 ventilations. Hand placement for CPR for an: Adult, Child, Infant - ANS Adult and child: Heel of one hand in center of chest (on lower half of sternum) with the other hand on top Infant: 2-3 fingers on center of chest (just below nipple line) Process of using AED - ANS Turn on machine. Apply the pads. Plug into machine. Follow instructions. CPR should continue during the setup. Child is choking (conscious). After activating EAP and getting consent from the parents, what should you do next? What about someone unconscious? - ANS Stand or kneel behind the victim and give 5 back blows and 5 abdominal thrusts. For unconscious do CPR. Depth of chest compression for CPR for an: Adult, Child, Infant - ANS Adult and child: 2 inches

Infant: 1.5 inches To ensure effective chest compressions during CPR, what should be noted? - ANS The chest is able to fully recoil between compressions. You are performing CPR on a victim when you notice the chest begins to rise and fall. What do you do first? - ANS Stop CPR and reassess the victim's breathing and pulse. If the breathing is not regular, continue CPR as though no breathing were present. When giving a primary ventilation to an adult who is unconscious and not breathing, you notice the chest is not rising. What should you do next? - ANS Re-tilt the head and attempt another ventilation. You are giving ventilations through a resuscitation mask, and the victim vomits. What should you do? - ANS Turn the victim as a unit onto his or her side. H.A.IN.E.S. Time it takes to administer a rescue breath? - ANS 1 second Adult is unconscious with a pulse but is not breathing, what rate should you perform rescue breathing at? Child? Infant? - ANS 1 ventilation every 5 seconds for adults. 1 every 3 seconds for children and infants. You pull an adult from the water. After a primary assessment, you conclude the victim has a pulse but is breathing irregularly. What should you do first? - ANS Give 2 initial ventilations. To clear airway of any water. A victim is having a seizure in the water. What should you do? - ANS Support the victim with his or her head above water until the seizure ends. How can you protect yourself from possible bloodborne pathogens when treating a victim? - ANS Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as disposable gloves and a breathing barrier.

What is the universal sign that a person is choking? - ANS Clutching the throat. Steps of the Chain of Survival? - ANS 1. Immediate recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of the emergency response system

2. Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with an emphasis on chest compressions
3. Rapid defibrillation
4. Effective advanced life support
5. Integrated post-cardiac arrest care You must keep checking a victim's LOC in a secondary assessment. What does LOC stand for? - ANS Level of Consciousness When providing care to a conscious infant who is choking, what part of the hand would you use to give chest thrusts? - ANS Two or Three fingers. When immobilizing an injured patron's arm... - ANS Leave the arm in the position you find it or in the position the victim is holding it. A boy clutches at his chest and has problems breathing. After obtaining consent for care, his mom informs you that he has asthma, but he does not have his inhaler nearby. What care should you provide? - ANS Call EMS and place the victim in a position that helps breathing. A patron cuts her leg on the bleachers and is bleeding severely. You can tell she may be in shock because she may... - ANS Becomes restless and irritable What should you do when first approaching the scene of an emergency? - ANS Size up the scene, make sure it is safe for you to interact.

You are providing care for a victim having a heart attack. What should you do first? - ANS Summon EMS Personell. When preparing to place AED pads you see: medicine patch, piercings, pregnant, chest hair, body too small for pads so risk of pads touching. What should you do in each situation? - ANS Remove patch using gloved hand. Work around the piercings. Avoid placing pad over baby bump. Shave chest hair. Place pads on the chest and on the back. A victim appears to be having a diabetic emergency. What should you do? - ANS Give them something sweet to drink H.A.IN.E.S. What does it stand for and when is it used? - ANS High Arm IN Endangered Spine. It is used when a victim with a possible spinal injury begins to throw up. F.A.S.T. What does it stand for and what is it used to ID? - ANS Facial drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulties, Time. Used to ID Stroke R.I.C.E. What does it stand for and when is it used? - ANS Rest. Immobilize. Cold. Elevate. Used for musculoskeletal injuries (broken bones, sprained joint) S.A.M.P.L.E. What does it stand for and when is it used? - ANS Signs and Symptoms. Allergies. Medication. Past medical history. Last oral intake (food, meds, drinks, last thing person ingested), Events leading up to incident. Used for patient assessment. How to do head and chin support? - ANS One hand on chin and arm on chest, other hand on back of head and arm under back. squeezing forearms together to secure victim.

How to do in-line stabilization? - ANS Put the victims arms straight up above the head and squeeze together around the biceps Steps for deep water submerged victim. - ANS 1. EAP

2. "Submerged victim, call EMS, get backboard"
3. Compact or stride entry
4. release tube
5. grasp with one arm, use other to pull yourself up using strap
6. put tube between, swim backwards to land Steps for Active victim - ANS 1. EAP
7. "Active victim on the surface"
8. Compact or stride entry
9. (forward facing victim) Push tube to victim with both arms, turn around, push forward to land.
10. (rear facing victim) Grasp under armpits and over, swim backwards to land. Steps for Passive Victim - ANS 1. EAP
11. "Passive victim, call EMS, get backboard"
12. Compact or stride entry
13. (face down) place tube between, grab under armpits and over, roll under victim getting face out of water, swim backwards to land.
14. (face up) go under, place tube between, grab under armpits and over, swim backwards to land
15. secondary holds hands in a crossed position (victim facing forward) and primary gets out
16. put backboard in and flip victim on and remove from water Steps for Deep Water Submerged Spinal - ANS 1. EAP

2. "Possible spinal, submerged victim, call EMS, need secondary, get backboard."
3. Slide in entry
4. Release and completely remove rescue tube
5. Put victim into "in-line stabilization"
6. Secondary place tube under primary's arms
7. Backboard placed under victim, tubes placed near the legs and head
8. Change from in-line stabilization to head and chin support (under the backboard)
9. Primary comes to the head and stabilizes victim with two hands on sides of head
10. Secondary and Tertiary strap victim down (under arms, over arms, over legs)
11. put in head immobilizers
12. place backboard on edge.
13. primary out, secondary out (only if there are 3 LGs) and pull victim out (Communication is key!!) (Everyone should have a tube under them) Steps for shallow water spinal - ANS 1. EAP
14. "Possible spinal, victim on surface, call EMS, need secondary and backboard."
15. slide in entry
16. (face down) in-line stabilization or "head and chin" support, turn onto arm WHILE moving forward.
17. (face up) in-line stabilization
18. Backboard placed under victim, tubes placed near the legs and head
19. Change from in-line stabilization to head and chin support (under the backboard)
20. Primary comes to the head and stabilizes victim with two hands on sides of head
21. Secondary and Tertiary strap victim down (under arms, over arms, over legs)
22. put in head immobilizers

10. place backboard on edge.
11. primary out, secondary out (only if there are 3 LGs) and pull victim out (Communication is key!!) Battery - ANS unlawful touching of another person without consent Assault - ANS attempt to physically harm another person advance directives - ANS A legal document designed to indicate a person's wishes regarding care in case of a terminal illness or during the dying process Three concepts associated with ethical responsibilities - ANS Morals, ethics, and applied ethics To give consent - ANS Identify yourself, level of training, what you observe, ask if you may help and explain what you plan to do. Auscultation - ANS listening to sounds within the body respiratory rate - ANS number of breaths per minute crackles - ANS abnormal, discontinuous, adventitious lung sounds heard Palpation - ANS Examination performed by feeling for a pulse Where is the brachial artery? - ANS upper arm

Hypertension - ANS high blood pressure Arrthymia - ANS irregular heartbeat Cholesterol - ANS Fatty substance in animal products defibrillation - ANS the use of electrical shock to restore the heart's normal rhythm Perfusion - ANS delivery of blood to body cells for gas nutrient and waste exchange Asystole - ANS the absence of a heartbeat electrocardiogram - ANS record of the electrical activity of the heart The two most common conditions caused by cardiovascular disease - ANS Coronary heart disease , coronary CHD artery disease What does AED stand for? - ANS automated external defibrillator Hyperkalemia - ANS high levels of potassium in the blood hypoxemia - ANS low oxygen in the blood grand mal seizure - ANS generalized tonic-clonic seizure involving both hemispheres of the brain Hypervolemia - ANS increased blood volume

Epilepsy - ANS seizure disorder aneurysm - ANS bulging in a blood vessel aphasia - ANS inability to speak diabetes mellitus - ANS Defects in insulin production Embolism - ANS A blockage in an artery cause by a blood clot Sepsis - ANS infection in the blood body is overwhelmed syncope - ANS fainting 5 possible causes of altered mental status - ANS obstructive shock - ANS pulmonary embolism or tension pneumothorax septic shock - ANS Shock caused by severe infection, usually a bacterial infection. three types of distributive shock - ANS neurogenic, septic, anaphylactic phychogenic - ANS What type of shock comes from emotional distress

hemorrhage - ANS the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time Contusion - ANS blood vessel damage Hemostatic dressing - ANS A dressing that has been treated with a specialized chemical that when placed onto a wound promotes clotting Arterial bleeding - ANS The most urgent type of bleeding Oclusive dressing - ANS Does not allow are and fluid to flow through three characteristics of capillary bleeding - ANS Dark red, oozes, and clots spontaneously laceration - ANS A cut with smooth or jagged edges usually due to a sharp object pneumothorax - ANS collapsed lung due to air in the chest cavity Flail chest - ANS fracture of two or more adjacent ribs in two or more places that allows for free movement of the fractured segment subcutaneous emphysema - ANS When gas or air is in the layer under the skin in Chest or neck Evisceration - ANS protrusion of abdominal organs through a wound hemothorax - ANS Accumulation of blood between the lungs and chest wall

percussion - ANS tapping on body to listen to sounds produced. tension pneumothorax - ANS lung collapse and air trapped peritoneum - ANS membrane that lines the abdominal cavity asphyxia - ANS chest injuries can lead to traumatic ligament - ANS Connects bone to bone extremity - ANS limb Tendon - ANS Connects muscle to bone 5 reasons to immobilize an injury - ANS Prevents further damage, reduces risk of serious bleeding, reduces possibility of loss of circulation, and prevents close injury from opening. lessens pain anatomical splint - ANS splinting an uninjured body part to an injured body part what does bvm stand for - ANS bag valve mask Inferior - ANS Lower on the body, farther from the head Proximal - ANS Nearer to the trunk of the body Anterior - ANS front of the body

Medial - ANS Nearer to the midline What is the body's largest organ? - ANS skin 5 major body cavities - ANS cranial, spinal, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic 5 functions of the skin - ANS 1. protection 2. water balance 3. temperature regulation 4. stores minerals

5. vitamin d Hermatoma - ANS a solid swelling of clotted blood under the skin. carotid artery - ANS The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain. Cyanotic - ANS Bluish skin color due to lack of Oxygen hypoxic - ANS low oxygen perfusion - ANS The passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue what's the average bpm for an infant newborn - ANS 120- what's the average bpm for an infant 1-5 months - ANS 90- what's the average bpm for an toddler 1-3 - ANS 80-

what's the average bpm for an toddler 3-5 - ANS 80- what's the average bpm for a child 6-10 - ANS 70- apnea - ANS cessation of breathing aspiration - ANS Breathing fluid, food, vomitus, or an object into the lungs Airway Adjuncts - ANS devices such as oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways that are designed to prevent airway obstruction by the tongue nasal airway - ANS An airway adjunct that is inserted into the nostril of a patient who is not able to maintain a natural airway. It is also called a nasopharyngeal airway. oral airway - ANS curved device that keeps a relaxed tongue positioned forward within the mouth, preventing the tongue from obstructing the upper airway Only with unconscious arterial bleeding - ANS flows in spurts and is bright red venous bleeding - ANS dark red with continuous flow capillary bleeding - ANS slow, oozing flow of blood Hepatitis b - ANS a disease of the liver caused by a virus Hepatitis c - ANS most common blood-borne infection in the US

sprain - ANS injury to a ligament strain - ANS A condition resulting from damaging a muscle or tendon soft splint - ANS blankets, towels, pillows, slings. rigid splint - ANS Splint made from firm materials such as wood, aluminum, or plastic. traction splint - ANS metal devices that immobilize and pull on contracted muscles vacuum splint - ANS A splint that can be molded to the shape of the injured area by extracting air from the splint. standing order - ANS written in advance of a situation that is to be carried out under specific circumstances what does icd stand for - ANS implantable cardioverter-defibrillator DuoDote - ANS A type of kit with pre-measured doses of antidote used to counteract the effects of nerve agents. The first trimester of pregnancy - ANS implantation The second trimester of pregnancy - ANS baby begins to show third trimester of pregnancy - ANS weight gain head starts turning

Braxton Hicks - ANS false contractions substance abuse - ANS persistent use of a substance even though it is causing or compounding problems in meeting the demands of life Stimulants - ANS drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions Depressants - ANS drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions relieving anxiety and pain Inhalants - ANS products that are sniffed or inhaled in order to produce a high MDMA - ANS ecstasy pediatrics - ANS branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases SIDS - ANS sudden infant death syndrome geriatrics - ANS branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and their medical problems NIMS (National Incident Management System) - ANS outlines the structures for response activities and management Incident Command System (ICS) - ANS Management system that organizes who is responsible for overall direction, everyone's roles and resources required. myocardial infarction (MI) - ANS heart attack

These two drags are safe for head neck and spinal - ANS clothes and blanket drag These two drags are not safe for head neck and spinal - ANS Shoulder and ankle drag vector-borne transmission - ANS the spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector respiratory system - ANS Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide. Organs,airway, and lungs. endocrine system - ANS a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream circulatory system - ANS Transports oxygen, waste, nutrients, hormones, heat, etc... around the body, organs heart blood and blood vessels. Scapula - ANS shoulder blade Femur - ANS upper leg bone Clavicle - ANS collar bone Patella - ANS kneecap Joint - ANS A place in the body where two bones come together diastalic blood pressure - ANS The force exerted against the arteries when the heart is between contractions.

systolic blood pressure - ANS the force exerted by blood on arterial walls during contraction Assessing, Recognizing, and Caring - ANS The systematic, continuous approach for rapid assessment, accurate recognition and immediate care ROSC (return of spontaneous circulation) - ANS when pulses return to a patient who has been in cardiac arrest When is an endotracheal tube is in place - ANS If an advanced airway is in place, such as a supraglottic airway device, care must be performed a little differently, deliver a ventilation every 6 seconds. Any body part that is toward the midline of the body is called - ANS Medial What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? - ANS diaphragm