American Red Cross Lifeguarding Exam: Study Guide and Practice Questions, Exams of Medicine

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American Red Cross: Lifeguarding Exam

What will American Red Cross Lifeguarding class teach you? (pg. 2) - ANS Teach you skills needed to prevent and respond to aquatic emergencies. Teach land and water rescue skills plus first aid and CPR Primary Responsibilities of Lifeguards (pg. 2) - ANS Monitor activities in and near water, prevent injuries by minimalizing hazardous situations, enforce facility rules, recognize and respond quickly, administering first aid and CPR, work as a team with other facility employees Secondary Responsibilities of Lifeguards (pg. 2-3) - ANS test pool water chemistry, assisting patrons, cleaning/maintenance of pool area, completing records and reports (pg. 4) Professional Lifeguards SHOULD NOT - ANS Leave your posted station or area while on duty, use mobile phones or other types of communication while on duty, slouch in chair, participate in conversation with other patrons or lifeguard staff, eat on stand, use alcohol or drugs (any that could negatively impact your alertness) F.I.N.D (pg. 6) - ANS F=Figure out the problem I= Identify possible solutions N= Name the pros and cons for each solution. D= Decide which solution is best, then act on it EAP (pg. 6) - ANS Emergency Action Plan Duty to Act (pg. 6) - ANS While on the job, you have legal responsibility to act in an emergency

Negligence (pg. 6) - ANS When a person receiving emergency care has additional harm because lifeguards failed to follow the standard of care Consent (pg. 6) - ANS All people giving medical care MUST obtain consent before helping an individual Rescue Tube (pg. 13) - ANS 45-54 inch vinyl, foam-filled tube with an attached tow line and shoulder strap capable of keeping victims afloat Resuscitation Masks (pg. 13) - ANS Transparent, flexible device that creates a tight seal over the victims mouth and nose to allow you to breathe air into a victim without making mouth-to-mouth contact. Gloves (pg. 13) - ANS Disposable (single-use) gloves are used to protect employees that may be exposed to blood or other bodily fluids. Backboards (pg. 13) - ANS Standard piece of equipment used at aquatics facilities to remove victims from water when they are unable to exit the water on their own. Backboards are also used during head, neck, or back injuries PPE (pg. 14) - ANS Personal Protective Equipment: specialized clothing, equipment, and supplies used to prevent you from coming into direct contact with a victims body fluids BVM (pg. 14) - ANS Bag-Valve-Mask Resuscitator: handheld device attached to a resuscitation mask used to ventilate a victim in respiratory arrest when performing CPR. BVM REQUIRES TWO RESCUERS. Oxygen Cylinder and Delivery Device (pg. 14) - ANS Breathing device used to administer emergency oxygen to a victim experiencing breathing or cardiac emergency AED (pg. 14) - ANS Automated External Defibrillators: portable electronic device that analyzes a victims heart rhythm and delivers electrical shock to re-establich proper rhythm.

RWI (pg. 24) - ANS Recreational Water Illness: earaches, rashes, diarrhea that can cause illness in aquatics facility Formed Stool Emergency (pg. 24) - ANS 1. Continue Operation of Filtration System

2. pH must be below 7.
3. Free chlorine level to AT LEAST 2 ppm
4. Maintain those levels 25 minutes before re-opening pool Diarrheal Discharge Emergency (pg. 24) - ANS 1. Continue operation of circulation system
5. pH must be below 7.
6. Free chlorine level to AT LEAST 20 ppm
7. Maintain those levels for 13 hours
8. Backwash filter and return chlorine levels to normal levels before opening pool Lightening / Thunder in Area (pg. 25) - ANS 1. Clear Pool / Pool Area
9. Listen / Follow National Weather Service Reports
10. Wait for 30 minutes after the last sight or sound of thunder before resuming activity Common Rules (pg. 27) - ANS Swim only when lifeguard on duty, swim diapers required, no swimming with open or infected wound, obey lifeguard instructions at all times, no running, pushing or horseplay, no hyperventilating or underwater breath holding, no sitting or playing near or with drains/suction fittings, dive only in designated areas Management and Safety (pg.30) - ANS As a lifeguard, your job is to follow and enforce your facility's rules and regulations

Addressing Unsafe Conditions (pg. 31) - ANS Lifeguards experiencing any unsafe conditions should report all issues to management MSDS (pg. 31) - ANS Material Safety Data Sheet: list of every chemical stored at facility listing the contents of the chemical Bloodborne Pathogens (pg. 32) - ANS body fluids that may contain disease-causing bacteria and viruses Patron Surveillance (pg. 33) - ANS keeping a close watch over the people in the facility and intervening when necessary (pg. 34) The process of drowning begins when... - ANS water enters the victims airway Laryngospasm (pg. 34) - ANS a sudden closure of the larynx or windpipe (air cannot reach the lungs when this occurs) (pg. 34) Cardiac Arrest can occur within... - ANS 3 minutes of being submerged (pg. 34) Brain Damage or Death can occur within... - ANS 4-6 minutes of being submerged Effective Surveillance (pg. 34) - ANS recognition of dangerous behaviors, victim recognition, effective scanning, zone of surveillance responsibility, lifeguard stations Active Drowning Victim (pg. 37) - ANS a drowning victim who is struggling to remain at the surface of the water (still conscious) Passive Drowning Victim (pg. 38) - ANS a drowning victim who is not conscious. They do not struggle and slip under the water suddenly.

RID Factor (pg. 44) - ANS 1. Recognition (fail to recognize victim)

2. Intrusion (secondary duties, like maintenance, intrudes on lifeguards primary duties)
3. Distraction (distracted from surveillance) Zone of Responsibility (pg.44) - ANS a specific area that you are responsible for when lifeguarding one station. Zone Coverage (pg. 45) - ANS Pool is divided into separate zones. Each lifeguard is responsible for their own zone. Typically zones overlap in certain spots to have double coverage Risk Management (pg. 53) - ANS involves identifying dangerous conditions or behaviors that can cause injuries and then taking steps to minimize or eliminate those conditions or behaviors. Life Threatening Injuries (pg. 53) - ANS drowning, head/neck/back injuries, breathing/cardiac situations, unconsciousness, major cuts Non-life threatening injuries (pg. 53) - ANS slipping, tripping, falling, minor cuts, sunburns, dislocations Preventative Lifeguarding (pg. 53) - ANS trying to make sure emergencies do not happen in the first place PFD (pg. 63) - ANS Personal Floatation Device: swim vests (life-jacket, buoyant vest, flotation vest) should ALWAYS be U.S. Coast Guard Approved EMS - ANS Emergency Medical Services Single-Guard Facilities (pg. 77) - ANS A facility with only one guard on duty at a given time

Chain of Command (pg. 78) - ANS Patrons > Lifeguard > Facility Management > EMS (pg. 247) Head, Neck, or Spinal Injuries often are caused by high-imact/high-risk activities such as.. - ANS -entering head-first into shallow water -falling from greater than standing height -entering the water from a heigh, such as a diving board or water slide -striking a submerged or floating object -receiving a blow to the head -colliding with another swimmer -hitting the water with high impact Signs of Head, Neck, or Spinal Injury (pg. 247) - ANS -Unusual bumps, bruises, or depressions in back of head, neck, or back -Heavy external bleeding around head, neck, or back -Bruising to head -Changes in LOC -Impaired breathing or vision -Nausea or vomiting -Loss of balance -Partial or complete loss of movement of any body area -Severe pain or pressure in head, neck, or back -Persistent headache (pg. 248) For a victim with head, neck, or spinal injury... - ANS avoid / minimize the movement of the head, neck, or spine.

(pg. 248) Higher Priority is given to... - ANS airway management, giving ventilations, or performing CPR than to spinal immobilization (pg. 248) If you suspect head, neck, or back injury, enter the water using the... - ANS Slide-in Entry In Line Stabilization Technique (pg. 248) Order of Operations: Potential Spinal Injury (pg. 248) - ANS 1. Activate EAP

2. Enter Water (slide in method)
3. Check for consciousness: a. If breathing, proceed with spinal back boarding b. If NOT breathing, immediately remove from water using two person pull out with backboard. Concussion (pg. 249) - ANS a temporary impairment of brain function Manual in-line stabilization: HEAD SPLINT TECHNIQUE (pg. 249) - ANS Get the victim to a face up position, minimize head and neck movement Spinal Injury: Victim Face-Up (pg. 249) - ANS approach from behind victims head Spinal Injury: Victim Face-Down (pg. 249) - ANS approach from victims side Alternate Method: Head and Chin Support (pg. 252) - ANS One hand on lower jaw, other on the back bone (apply pressure to support) Head Splint Technique (facing up) pg. 259 - ANS Head Splint Technique (facing down) pg. 260 - ANS

Head Splint Technique (submerged victim) - ANS Head Splint Technique (very shallow water) - ANS Spinal Backboarding Procedure: Shallow Water - ANS 1. First lifeguard (primary rescuer) provides in-line stabilization until another guard arrives with backboard Spinal Backboarding Procedure: Shallow Water - ANS 2. Assisting lifeguard removes the head immobilizer device (from board), enters water with board, and positions the board under the water and lines the body onto the board. Spinal Backboarding Procedure: Shallow Water - ANS 3. Assisting lifeguard raises backboard into place, the primary rescuer moves the elbow that is under the victim to the top of the backboard while continuing to apply pressure to the victims arms as a splint Spinal Backboarding Procedure: Shallow Water - ANS 4. Once board is in place, the assisting lifeguard stabilizes the victim by placing one hand and arm on the victims chin and chest, and the other under the board. Primary rescuer release his or her grip on the victims arms. Spinal Backboarding Procedure: Shallow Water - ANS 5. Primary rescuer lowers victims arms, moves behind the victims head and places the tube under the head of the backboard Spinal Backboarding Procedure: Shallow Water - ANS 6. Primary rescuer balances the backboard on the tube with his hands stabilizing the victims head. Spinal Backboarding Procedure: Shallow Water - ANS 7. Assisting lifeguard secures victim to backboard (minimum of three straps) Strap across chest first, the work down to hips / legs

Spinal Backboarding Procedure: Shallow Water - ANS 8. Rescuers secure victims head to the board using head immobilizer device Spinal Backboarding Procedure: Deep Water - ANS 1. First rescuer (primary rescuer) provides inline stabilization. Secondary rescuer should place tube under the arms of the primary rescuer to help flotation Spinal Backboarding Procedure: Deep Water - ANS 2. Primary rescuer moves victim to side. Assisting lifeguard places tube under victims knees to raise legs Spinal Backboarding Procedure: Deep Water - ANS 3. Assisting lifeguard places backboard under the victim. Primary rescuer maintains stabilization Spinal Backboarding Procedure: Deep Water - ANS 4. Primary rescuer moves elbows so victim is on board flat. Assisting rescuer stabilizes victim head (one hand on chin and chest, other under back of board) Spinal Backboarding Procedure: Deep Water - ANS 5. Primary rescuer lowers victims arms, places tube under head of backboard, and then stabilizes the head of the victim Spinal Backboarding Procedure: Deep Water - ANS 6. Secondary rescuer begins to strap victim in (start with chest work towards hips) minimum of 3 straps. Remove the victim once secured to board Removing Backboard from Water - ANS

Backboarding Standing Victim on Land - ANS Stabilize Head, Secure body to board, stabilize head in device Sizing Up a Scene - ANS Determine if the scene is safe for you; check for hazards that could endanger you or victim, determine cause of injury, determine number of victims, put on appropriate PPE barriers Primary Assessment - ANS Checking victim for responsiveness, breathing, and a pulse (Look, Listen, Feel) Check Airways; Breathing; Circulation ABCs Secondary Assessment (pg. 216) - ANS take a brief history and perform a quick head-to-toe physical exam SAMPLE mnemonic when taking a brief history (pg. 216) - ANS S: Signs and Symptoms A: Allergies M: Medications P: Pertinent past medical history L: Last Oral Intake E: Events leading up to incident LOC - ANS Level of Consciousness Caring for Sudden Illness (pg. 218) - ANS 1. Care for any life-threatening conditions first

2. Monitor victim and watch for changes in LOC
3. Keep victim comfortable and be reassuring
4. Do not give the victim anything to eat or drink

Hypoglycemia (pg. 218) - ANS Low Blood Sugar (Diabetic Emergencies) Hyperglycemia (pg. 218) - ANS High Blood Sugar (Diabetic Emergencies) Diabetic Emergencies (pg. 218) - ANS 1. If conscious and can safely swallow fluids, give the victim sugar in form of juice drink (pg. 219) Seizures last... - ANS 1-3 minutes (pg. 219) When someone has a seizure... - ANS 1. protect the person from injury by moving nearby objects away from the person

2. position the person on his/her size (pg. 219) Contact EMS during seizure if... - ANS 1. seizure occurs in water
3. seizure lasts 5+ minutes
4. person has repeated seizure
5. person is pregnant
6. cause of seizure unknown
7. person fails to regain consciousness after seizure
8. this is the persons first seizure Seizure in Water (pg. 219) - ANS Keep victim stable and their head above water Signs of Stroke Victims (pg. 220) - ANS Sudden Illness/change in how body is working; weakness/numbness in face, difficulty with speech, blurred vision, severe headache, loss of balance FAST (stroke mnemonic) - ANS F: Face-weakness on one side of face

A: Arm-weakness or numbness in one arm S: Speech-slurred speech or trouble speaking T: Time- time to summon EMS if these signs are seen Contact ASAP Soft Tissues (pg. 220) - ANS layers of skin, fat and muscle beneath the skins outer layer Abrasion (pg. 222) - ANS Skin has been rubbed or scraped away Laceration (pg. 222) - ANS Cuts that is deep and bleeds freely Avulsion (pg. 222) - ANS a cut in which a piece of soft tissue or even part of the body such as a finger is torn off Puncture (pg. 222) - ANS a hole that is in tissue; typically does not bleed profusely. Shock (pg. 223) - ANS a natural reaction by the body, typically following a serious injury Signs of Shock (pg. 223) - ANS -restlessness/irritability -altered LOC -pale or ashen -cool, moist skin -nausea or vomiting -rapid breathing and pulse -excessive thirst Caring for Nosebleeds - ANS 1. Have victim lean forward slightly while pinching nose

2. Pinch nostrils for approximately 10 minutes
3. Avoid blowfly or picking nose
4. Contact EMS if nosebleed is excessive or victim changes LOC Caring for Eye Injuries - ANS 1. Summon EMS DO NOT PUT PRESSURE DIRECTLY ONTO EYE
5. Do Not Remove object from eye (if inserted)
6. Loosely bandage area Embedded Objects (pg. 226) - ANS 1. Summon EMS
7. Leave object embedded in body
8. Bandage around the object to stabilize Four Sources of Burns (pg. 229) - ANS 1. Heat Burn
9. Radiation Burn
10. Chemical Burn
11. Electrical Burn Caring for Electrical Burn (pg. 229) - ANS 1. Call EMS; Survey Scene; Primary Assessment
12. Cool Burn with cold tap water
13. Cover burn with dry sterile dressing
14. Be aware that electrocutions can cause cardiac and breathing emergencies Caring for Chemical Burn (pg. 229) - ANS 1. Call EMS; Survey Scene; Primary Assessment
15. Brush off any chemicals with gloved hand / flush area with large amounts of cool water
16. Keep flushing area with water for 20 mins. or until EMS arrives

4. If chemicals in eye, flush eyes with cool running water until EMS arrive Caring for Radiation Burn (Sun Burn) - ANS Cool the burned area and protect the area from further damage. Stay OUT of the sun Heat Cramps (pg. 233) - ANS painful muscle spasms that usually occur in the legs and abdomen Heat Exhaustion (pg. 233) - ANS early indicator that the body's cooling system is becoming overwhelmed. Signs: cool, moist, ashen skin; headache; nausea; weakness; profuse sweating Heat Stroke (pg. 234) - ANS Body stops function because of over heating and is a life threatening condition. Signs: red, hot dry skin; changes in LOC; vomiting Caring for Heat-Related Illnesses (pg. 234) - ANS 1. Move victim to cool place
5. Loosen tight clothing / remove perspiration soaked clothing
6. Apply cool wet towels to skin (neck)
7. Drink small amounts of water
8. If becomes serious, call EMS Hypothermia (pg. 234) - ANS victims entire body cools because of inability to warm Signs of Hypothermia (pg. 234) - ANS shivering, numbness, glassy stare, weakness, changes in LOC Caring for Hypothermia (pg. 234) - ANS 1. Primary Assessment (may be necessary to check pulse for 30- 45 seconds)
9. Call EMS
10. Move victim to warm place / remove wet clothing

4. Warm victim by wrapping in blankets (cover head) DO NOT WARM TO QUICKLY BY IMMERSING IN WARM WATER Frostbite (pg. 235) - ANS Occurs when body parts freeze from having been expose to cold Caring for Frostbite (pg. 235) - ANS 1. Get victim out of cold
5. Do not attempt to warm the frostbitten area
6. Handle area gently and do not rub area
7. Soak in water that is very warm/comfortable to touch (approximately 105 degrees)
8. Avoid breaking any blisters
9. Monitor for shock / prevent hypothermia Fracture (pg. 235) - ANS a complete break, a chip, or crack in a bone Closed Fracture (pg. 235) - ANS The skin over the broken bone is intact Open Fracture (pg. 235) - ANS The fracture occurs when broken bone tears through the skin Dislocation (pg. 235) - ANS displacement of a bone away form its normal position at a joint (more obvious to the eye then a fracture) Sprain (pg. 235) - ANS tearing ligaments at a joint Strain (pg. 235) - ANS Stretching and tearing muscles or tendons RICE: Caring for injuries (pg. 236) - ANS R=Rest

I=Immobilize C=Cold E=Elevate Caring for Muscle, Bone, and Joint Injuries - ANS 1. Call EMS if victim cannot move or use the injured area

2. Support the injured area above and below the site of the injury
3. Check for circulation and sensation below the injured area
4. Immobilize and secure the injured area only if the victim must be moved Anatomic Splints (pg. 237) - ANS Persons body is the splint (injured leg splinted to uninjured leg) Soft Splint (pg. 237) - ANS Soft materials used to form a splint (towels, cloths, bandages making a sling) Rigid Splint (pg. 237) - ANS Boards, folded magazines, or newspapers that can be served as splints Caring for Open Fractures (pg. 237) - ANS 1. Call EMS
5. Bandage with sterile dressings around the fracture
6. Do Not move the exposed bone and limb Emergency Childbirth (pg. 237) - ANS 1. Call EMS: give dispatcher woman's name, age, expected due date, length of time of labor pains, and whether it is her first child
7. Help woman remain calm
8. Place women on her back with towels or sheets around her
9. DO NOT let the woman go to restroom, put the woman's legs together, touch the vagina, or pull the baby.

Cardiac Chain of Survival (pg. 194) - ANS 1. Early recognition and access to EMS (call 911)

2. Early CPR
3. Early Defibrillation
4. Early Advanced Medical Care (EMS) (pg. 194) For each minute CPR / Defibrillation is delayed... - ANS victims chance for survival is reduced by about 10 percent. MI (pg. 194) - ANS Myocardial Infarction = Heart Attack Causes of Heart Attack (pg. 194) - ANS 1. Cardiovascular disease
5. Respiratory distress
6. Electrocution
7. Traumatic Injury
8. Stroke Symptoms of Heart Attack (pg. 194) - ANS ALWAYS SUMMON EMS PERSONNEL IF CARDIAC ISSUES SEEM APPARENT
9. Chest discomfort or paint that last 3-5 minutes
10. Difficulty breathing
11. Pale or ashen skin
12. Dizziness
13. Vomiting
14. Fatigue Cardiac Arrest (pg. 196) - ANS occurs when heart stops beating, or beats too irregularly or weakly to circulate blood effectively.

Signs of Cardiac Arrest (pg. 196) - ANS 1. Sudden Collapse

2. Unconsciousness
3. No Breathing
4. No Pulse CPR - ANS Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation: performed when a victim is unconscious, not breathing and has no pulse Objective of CPR (pg. 196) - ANS Give chest compressions and ventilations to circulate blood that contains oxygen to the victim's brain and other vital organs CPR ADULT (pg. 197) - ANS -Hand Position: heel of one hand in center of chest, other hand on top; elbows locked -Compression Depth: At least 2 inches -Cycles: 30 Chest Compressions; 2 Ventilations -Rate: At least 100 Compressions per minute CPR CHILD (pg. 197) - ANS -Hand Position: heel of one hand in center of chest, other hand on top; elbows locked -Compression Depth: At least 2 inches -Cycles: 30 Chest Compressions; 2 Ventilations -Rate: At least 100 Compressions per minute CPR INFANT (pg. 197) - ANS -Hand Position: 2 or 3 fingers on center of chest (below nipple line); 1 hand on head opening airway -Compression Depth: About 1.5 inches

-Cycles: 30 Chest Compressions; 2 Ventilations -Rate: At least 100 Compressions per minute Once you begin CPR, DO NOT STOP until... - ANS 1. You see obvious signs of life (breathing)

2. AED becomes available
3. Another trained rescuer takes over
4. EMS takes over
5. You are too exhausted to continue
6. The scene becomes unsafe Two Rescuer CPR (pg. 198) - ANS 1. 1 Rescuer gives ventilations; 1 Rescuer gives compressions
7. Switch every 2 minutes to reduce fatigue Two Rescuer CPR Child and Infant (pg. 198) - ANS 15 Compressions; 2 Breaths Two Rescuer CPR Adult (pg. 198) - ANS 30 Compressions; 2 Breaths (NO CHANGE) AED (pg. 198) - ANS Automated Electronic Defibrillator: portable electronic device that analyze the heart's rhythm and provide electric shock to re-establish correct rhythm Ventricular Fibrillation (V-Fib) (pg. 198) - ANS ventricles quiver without any organize rhythm; electrical impulses fire at random preventing the heart from pumping and circulating blood (NO PULSE) Ventricular Tachycardia (V-Tach) (pg. 198) - ANS Abnormal electrical impulse that fire so fast chambers cannot fill and cannot pump Two Rescuer CPR Infant - ANS Two-thumbs-encircling technique

AED Pad Placement (pg. 212) - ANS 1 Pad on Upper Right; 1 Pad on Lower Left AED Pad Placement (pg. 212) - ANS -Child Sized Pads: 1 Pad on Upper Right; 1 Pad on Lower Left -IF CHILD SIZED PADS UNAVAILABLE OR IF PADS TOUCH: 1 Pad across center of Chest; 1 Pad on back (pg. 159) Permanent Brain Damage can occur in only... - ANS 4-6 Minutes after submersion Hypoxia (pg. 160) - ANS is a condition in which insufficient oxygen reaches the cells (pg. 160) Hypoxia may result from... - ANS obstructed airway, shock, inadequate breathing, drowning, strangulation, choking, suffocation, cardiac arrest, head trauma, carbon monoxide poisoning, anaphylactic shock Signs of Hypoxia (pg. 160) - ANS -increased breathing and heart rates -cyanosis (a condition that develops when tissues do not get enough oxygen and turn blue) -changes in levels of consciousness (LOC) -restlessness -Chest Pains Respiratory Distress (Pg. 160) - ANS a condition in which breathing becomes difficult Respiratory Failure (pg. 160) - ANS occurs when the respiratory system begins to shut down Signs of Respiratory Distress (pg. 160) - ANS -slow or rapid breathing -unusually deep or shallow breathing

-dizziness, drowsiness, or light-headedness -changes in LOC Causes of Respiratory Distress (pg. 160) - ANS -obstructed airway -illness -chronic condition (asthma) -electrocution -heart attack -injury to head, chest, lungs, abdomen Caring for Asthma (pg. 161) - ANS Always Obtain Consent First

1. Help person sit up and rest in a comfortable position
2. Help victim take prescribed asthma medication if available (MUST ONLY BE PRESCRIBED TO THE INDIVIDUAL)
3. Monitor persons condition Caring for Respiratory Distress (pg. 162) - ANS 1. Maintain open airway
4. Summon EMS personnel
5. Help victim rest in a comfortable position
6. Assist victim with prescribed medication (if possible)
7. Administer Emergency Oxygen if possible Normal Breathing Rate (pg. 163) - ANS Adults 12 - 20 breaths per minute Breathing Ventilation (pg. 163) - ANS Adult = 1 breath every 5 seconds Child / Infant = 1 breath every 3 seconds

GIVE VENTILATIONS FOR 2 MINUTES; THEN REASSESS FOR BREATHING AND A PULSE

(pg. 163) Continue breathing ventilations until... - ANS 1. Victim begins breathing on own

2. EMS takes over
3. You are too exhausted to continue Agonal Gasps (pg. 163) - ANS isolated or infrequent gasping for air in the absence of breathing in an unconscious victim Resuscitation Masks - ANS allows you to breath air into a victim without making mouth-to-mouth contact (cannot be connected to emergency oxygen) Bag Valve Mask (pg. 165) - ANS a resuscitation mask with three parts (bag, valve, and mask) that is used by two rescuers to deliver breaths (Can be connected to emergency oxygen devices) Frothing (pg. 165) - ANS a white or pinkish froth or foam that comes out of the mouth and nose of a victim that has suffered from drowning. If you see froth, clear the victims mouth with a finger before giving ventilations. Vomiting (pg. 165) - ANS It is common for drowning victims to vomit because water enters the stomach or air has been forced into the stomach during ventilations. If a victim vomits, turn onto side and sweep mouth to clear the airway and prevent the victim from choking Anaphylaxis (pg. 166) - ANS severe allergic reaction that can cause air passages to swell and restrict breathing. For example: bites, stings, food allergies, medications, chemicals can cause anaphylactic shock. Signs of Anaphylactic Shock (pg. 166) - ANS -swelling of face, neck, hands, throat or tongue -itching of body parts

-Rash or Hives -weakness, dizziness, confusion -Shortness of breath, difficulty swallowing Caring for Anaphylactic Shock (pg. 166) - ANS 1. Summon EMS Personnel

2. Assist with prescribed Epinephrine Auto-Injector (EPI Pen) check label, check expiration date
3. Administer Emergency Oxygen (if available) Using Epi-Pen (pg. 167) - ANS 1. Locate outside middle of one thigh
4. Remove Safety Cap
5. Quickly push needle into leg at 90 Degree angle
6. Hold and count to 10 seconds; remove after 10 seconds and massage area (pg. 168) If you suspect head, neck, or back injury in unconscious victim... - ANS ALWAYS take care of the airways and breathing first (pg. 168) If caring for an unconscious victim WITH dentures... - ANS leave the dentures in place, unless the become loose and block the airway, because the dentures will make it easier to seal a breathing mask around the face Mask-to-Nose Ventilation (pg. 168) - ANS If the victim's mouth is injured, you will give ventilations through the nose by:
7. Open air way using head-tilt/chin lift and place mask over victims mouth and nose
8. Use both hands to keep the victim's mouth closed and seal the mask with both hands
9. Give ventilations

Mask-to-Stoma Ventilations (pg. 169) - ANS Some victims breath through stoma (an opening in neck as a result of surgery). Process is:

1. Keep airway in neutral position
2. Look listen and feel for ABCs with ear over Stoma
3. Use pediatrics mask to create seal over Stoma and blow into mask Adult Ventilations (pg. 169) - ANS 1 Breath every 5 seconds Child and Infant Ventilations (pg. 169) - ANS 1 Breath every 3 seconds (pg. 169) Give ventilations for.... - ANS 2 minutes then reassess breathing and pulse (ABCs) (pg. 169) Continue ventilations until... - ANS 1. victim begins to breath on their own
4. victim has NO pulse, in which case you need to begin CPR and use AED Mechanical Airway Obstruction (pg. 170) - ANS When any foreign object is lodged in the airway Requires immediate attention Anatomical Airway Obstruction (pg. 170) - ANS An obstruction that occurs by the body itself; most commonly the tongue. An unconscious victim loses muscle tone, which can cause the tongue to fall back and block the airway. Common Causes of Airway Obstruction (pg. 170) - ANS 1. Swallowing poorly chewed food
5. Drinking alcohol before or during meals (reduces nerves that aid swallowing)
6. Eating to fast, talking while eating, laughing while eating
7. Walking, playing, or running with food or small objects in mouth
8. Wearing dentures (makes it difficult to sense whether food is fully chewed)

Universal Sign of Choking - ANS Conscious Choking Adult and Child Victim (pg. 171) - ANS Obtain Consent and Encourage victim to cough

1. 5 Back Blows
2. 5 Abdominal Thrust Conscious Choking Infant Victim (pg. 171) - ANS Obtain Consent from parent; if not available take action
3. 5 back blows -Arm Flip Technique)
4. 5 Chest Thrusts Unconscious Choking Adult, Child, or Infant Victim (pg. 171) - ANS Conduct Primary Assessment, ABCs, 1 breath
5. Retilt head and attempt a ventilation
6. Give 30 Chest Compressions
7. Look inside the mouth and remove the object if seen
8. Attempt 2 Ventilations Pregnant Choking Victim (pg. 171) - ANS If victim is obviously pregnant, use chest thrusts instead of abdominal thrusts Respiratory Arrest (pg. 172) - ANS Breathing Stops (pg. 172) Normal air a person breaths is.... - ANS 21% Oxygen